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Fort Vancouver
Cultural Landscape Report |
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II. FORT VANCOUVER: TRANSITION, 1829-1846 (continued)
ENDNOTES
103Among them was a young Captain B.L.E. Bonneville, an officer on leave from the U.S. Army who, with a large trapping company he organized, attempted to trap and trade in the Nez Perces region between 1832 and 1835.
104For further information refer to Merk, Fur Trade and Empire; HBRS IV; E.E. Rich, ed., The Letters of John McLoughlin from Fort Vancouver to the Governor and Committee, Second Series, 1839-1844, Hudson's Bay Record Series Vol. VI, (Toronto: Publications of the Champlain Society, 1943) (Hereafter referred to as HBRS VI); E.E. Rich, ed., The Letters of John McLoughlin from Fort Vancouver to the Governor and Committee, Third Series, 1844-46, Hudson's Bay Record Series Vol. VII, (Toronto: Publications of the Champlain Society, 1944) (Hereafter referred to as HBRS VII); Burt Barker, ed., Letters of Dr. John McLoughlin at Fort Vancouver, 1829-32. (Portland, Oregon: Binfords and Mort, 1948).
106W. Kaye Lamb, "The Founding of Fort Victoria," British Columbia Historical Quarterly, VII (April 1943), p. 81; HBRS VII, pp. 87, 177-191.
107British and American Joint Commission on the Settlement of Claims.
108John Ball, "John Ball's 3rd Letter, Part 1, From Beyond the Rocky Mountains," Zion's Herald, 6 January 1834, Mss. 195, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
109HBRS IV, pp. 259-268; HBRS VII, p. 178; Peter H. Burnett, "Recollections of an Old Pioneer," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society V (September 1904), p. 229.
110Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 178.
111Prospectus, 10 March 1832, enclosure in McLoughlin to Governor and Committee, 27 August 1834, D.4/100, HBCA.
112J.H. Pelly to George Cumming, 9 December 1825, Hudson's Bay Company, Miscellaneous, Mss. 1502, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
113John S. Galbraith, "The Early History of the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, 1838-43," Oregon Historical Quarterly LV (September 1954), pp. 235-237.
115Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, pp. 338-9.
116D.C. Davidson, "Relations of the Hudson's Bay Company with the Russian American Company," British Columbia Historical Quarterly V (January 1941), pp. 45-51.
117Galbraith, Puget's Sound Agricultural Company," pp. 241-2.
118Pelly, Colvile, and Simpson to McLoughlin, 14 September 1839, F.11/1, HBCA.
119Mikell de Lores Wormell Warner, trans., and Harriet Duncan Munnick, ed., Catholic Church Records of the Pacific Northwest, Vancouver, Volumes. land II and Stellamaris Mission (St. Paul, Oregon: French Prairie Press, 1972), introduction, n.p.
120Galbraith, "Puget's Sound Agricultural Company," pp. 247-8. The two priests sent overland arrived at Fort Vancouver in 1839.
122Galbraith, "Puget's Sound Agricultural Company," pp. 252-254; D. Geneva Lent, West of the Mountains: James Sinclair and the Hudson's Bay Company (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963), pp. 156-158.
123Governor and Committee to Simpson, 1 March 1841, D.5/6 ins. folio 69, HBCA.
124James R. Gibson, Farming the Frontier: The Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country, 1786-1846 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985), p. 104.
125Governor and Committee to Simpson, 1 March 1841, D.5/6 ms. folio 69, HBCA.
126Galbraith, "Puget's Sound Agricultural Company," p. 259.
127Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," pp. 90, 111.
128British and American Joint Commission for the Final Settlement of Claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound Agricultural Companies, Evidence on the Part of the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, Vol. III (Montreal: John Lovell, 1868), p. 26 (Hereafter referred to as BAJC, Vol. III).
132James Douglas to Angus McDonald, 24 Jan 1842, James Douglas papers, Correspondence Outward 1830-49, PABC.
134B.223/z/4, folio 211, HBCA; "Papers Relative to the Expedition of Lieut's Warre and Vavasour to the Oregon Territory, Inclosed in Letter from Colonial Office of 3rd November 1846," American, Domestic Various, Vol. 457, p. 86 (typescript), Great Britain Foreign Office Papers Relative to the Expedition of Warre..., PABC.
135McLoughlin to Anderson, April 1841, Fort Vancouver Correspondence Outward to 1846, Part I, PABC.
137McLoughlin to Directors, 20 March 1840, F.12/1, pp. 413-5, HBCA.
138John Work to Edward Ermatinger, 24 October 1839, "Documents," Washington Historical Quarterly II (April 1908), p. 264.
139T.C. Elliott, "British Values in Oregon, 1847," Oregon Historical Quarterly XXXII, (March 1931), p. 36.
141"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 54.
142Thomas Lowe, Journal, E.25/1, folios 14-35, Hudson's Bay Company Archives (HBCA).
143Marguerite Eyer Wilbur, ed., Duflot de Mofrás, Travels on the Pacific Coast, Vol. II, Fine Arts Press, (Santa Ana, California: Fine Arts Press, 1937), p. 105.
146BAJC, Vol. II, p. 118; Lewis McArthur, Oregon Geographic Names, 4th ed. (Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society, 1974), pp. 319-20.
149U.S. Congress, Senate, "J.S. Smith, D.E. Jackson, W.L. Sublette to J.H. Eaton, St. Louis, 29 October 1830." Ex. Doc. No. 39, 21st Congress, 2d sess., pp. 21-23.
150For further information refer to Merk, Fur Trade and Empire; Rich, HBRS IV; Barker, Letters ; HBRS VI ;HBRS VII; Anson S. Blake, "The Hudson's Bay Company in San Francisco," California Historical Society Quarterly XXVIII (September, 1949).
151Simpson to Governor and Committee, 1834, D.4/100 6-6v., HBCA.
152Deals are standard sized plants, 2 1/2 inches thick, 11 inches wide, and 12 feet long.
153Eva Emery Dye, "Documents," Washington Historical Quarterly II, (April 1908), p. 260.
154Erwin F. Lange, "Dr. John McLoughlin and the Botany of the Pacific Northwest," Madrono 14 (1958), pp. 268-272; Ansel F. Hemenway, "Botanists of the Oregon Country," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society V (September 1904), pp. 207-214; Harold Fletcher, The Story of the Royal Horticultural Society, 1804-1968 (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), passim; Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis, eds., Magnificent Voyagers: The U.S. Exploring Expedition 1 838.1842 (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1985), passim.
155Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 48.
156A Fort Vancouver historian, Scott Langford, has pointed out that by this time, import duties were charged on the Company's goods, and the Company was prohibited from trading with Indians, citing: Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, Historical Study #14, The United States Customs Service in Oregon 1848-1849 by Harvey Steele and Hyas Tyee (1990), p. 110; Arthur Throckmorton, Oregon Argonauts: Merchant Adventurers on the Western Frontier (Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society, 1961), pp. 76-77.
157John Kirk Townsend, Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River...and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili and Etc. with a Scientific Appendix (Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 1839), pp. 171-2.
158Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 350.
159Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Vol. II, pp. 233-244.
160Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, pp. 97-98.
161Thomas E. Fessett, ed., Reports and Letters of Herbert Beaver, 1836-38, (Portland,, Oregon: Champoeg Press, 1959), pp. 81-82.
162Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, pp. 97-98.
163Parker, Rev. Samuel, A.M, Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains Under the Direction of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Performed in the Years 1835, '36, and '37.... (Minneapolis Minn: Ross and Haines, 1838; reprint ed., 1967), pp. 159-161.
164John Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Historical Data, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Washington, Vol. II (Denver: Denver Service Center, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior), pp. 301-3.
165Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 173.
166Daniel W. Harmon, A Journal of Voyages and Travels... (reprint ed., New York: Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 167.
167Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 310.
170James Gibson, "Food for the Fur Traders," Journal of the West VII (January 1968), pp. 26-28.
171British and American Joint Commission for the Final Settlement of the Claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound Agricultural Companies, Arguments in Behalf of the United States, with Supplement and Appendix..., Vol. XIII (Washington: McGill & Witherow, 1867), p. 36. (Hereafter referred to as BAJC Vol. XIII).
172Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 359-360.
173Barker, Letters, p. 186; HBRS IV, p. 93.
176This contemplated move, however, was never acted upon. Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 334.
178John McLoughlin to Sir George Simpson, 20 March 1844, Oregon Historical Quarterly XVII (September 1916), pp. 224-5.
179The mill's operation is discussed in the section on Mills and Other Industries.
180Unfortunately, Fort Vancouver's journals have been lost.
181[Allan] "Reminiscences," pp.75-76.
182Thomas Vaughan and Priscilla Knuth, eds., "George B. Roberts to Mrs. F.F. Victor, 1878-83," Oregon Historical Quarterly LXIII (March-September 1962), p. 197.
184John McLoughlin to Sir George Simpson, 20 March 1844, Oregon Historical Quarterly XVII (September 1916), pp. 226-7.
185For a further discussion of clerks at Fort Vancouver see Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Vol. II, p. 150-9.
186British and American Joint Commission for the Final Settlement of Claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound Agricultural Companies, Evidence for the United States in the Matter of the Claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound Agricultural Company...Miscellaneous, Vol. XI (Washington D.C.: McGill and Witherow, 1867), pp. 69,88 (Hereafter referred to as BAJC, Vol. XI).
187British and American Joint Commission for the Final Settlement of Claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound Agricultural Companies, Evidence on the part of the Hudson's Bay Company, Vol. II (Montreal: John Lovell, 1868), p. 51 (Hereafter referred to as BAJC, Vol. II).
190HBRS VI, p. 98; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 130.
191Thomas Vaughan and Priscilla Knuth, eds., "George B. Roberts to Mrs. F.F. Victor, 1878-83," p. 183.
192William A. Slacum, "Slacum's Report on Oregon, 1836-7," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society XIII (June 1912), p. 186.
193Landerholm, Carl, ed., Notices and Voyages of the Famed Quebec Mission to the Pacific Northwest... (Portland, Oregon: 1956), p. 26.
194John McLoughlin to Sir George Simpson, 20 March 1844, Oregon Historical Quarterly XVII (September 1916), pp. 226-7.
196McLoughIm to Douglas, 21 March 1833, B.223/b/9 ms. folios 4-4d, HBCA.
197Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 355.
198Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 145.
199Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 188; eventually he and his charges were moved to the island in the Columbia River that today bears his name--Sauvie's Island; see sections of this report under that heading for additional information.
201George B. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," Oregon Historical Quarterly LXIII (March-September 1962), p. 225. For additional discussion of the Capendales and their stay at Fort Vancouver, see Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," pp. 51-53.
202Alexander C. Anderson, "History of the Northwest Coast," (Victoria, B.C., 1878), Mss. 559, v. 2/4, pp. 4142 (typescript), PABC.
208Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 173.
210Clarence Danhof, Change in Agriculture: The Northern United States, 1820-1870 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1969), p. 269.
212Danhof, Change in Agriculture, pp. 254-260.
214"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 46.
215James Douglas to Angus McDonald, 24 Jan 1842, James Douglas papers, Correspondence Outward 1830-49, PABC.
216Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 356-7.
217George B. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," passim.
218McLoughlin to Anderson, April 1841, Fort Vancouver Correspondence Outward to 1846, Part I, PABC.
219A. 26/21, folio 47, HBCA. The seeds were procured from the firm of Gordon and Forsythe.
220Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, passim.
222James Douglas to Angus McDonald, 28 December 1841, James Douglas papers, Correspondence Outward 1830-49, PABC.
225George B. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," pp. 121-2.
226Don Johnson, ed., The Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions to the Oregon Country, 1831-36 (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press), p. 34.
228Roberts Thermometrical Register, Post Journals, B.223/a/7., Fort Vancouver #7, HBCA; HBRS VI, p. 41.
230James Douglas to Angus McDonald, 24 January 1842, James Douglas papers, Douglas Correspondence Outward 1830-49, PABC.
231Thomas J. Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, The Anahuac and Rocky Mountains and in the Oregon Territory (New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1843; reprint ed. Pacific Northwest National Parks and Forests Association, 1983), p. 98.
232Thomas Vaughan and Priscilla Knuth, eds., "George B. Roberts to Mrs. F.F. Victor, 1878-83," p. 197.
236George B. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," pp. 121, 147.
237Danhof, Change in Agriculture, p. 207n.
238Landerholm, Notices and Voyages, p. 26.
240Danhof, Change in Agriculture, pp. 228-239.
241Lowe, Journal, folios 9-10.
242Thermometrical Register, B.223/a/7, HBCA.
243Thomas Vaughan and Priscilla Knuth, eds., "George B. Roberts to Mrs. F.F. Victor, 1878-83," p. 197.
244Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 79.
245Diary of John Warren Dease, Mss. 602 (typescript), pp. 2-8, PABC.
246Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2; Danhof, Change in Agriculture, p. 222.
247Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, p. 98.
248Landerholm, Notices and Voyages, p. 26.
249B.223/d/155 ins. pp. 166-7, HBCA.
251George B. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," p. 122.
252Diary of John Warren Dease, pp. 2-8.
253Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 145.
254Roberts, Thermometrical Register, 1838.
255Slacum, "Slacum's Report on Oregon, 1836-7,"p. 186.
256"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 46.
258Elliott, "British Values in Oregon," pp. 27-45.
260U.S. Congress, Senate, "J.S. Smith, D.E. Jackson, W.L. Sublette to J.H. Eaton, St. Louis, 29 October 1830." Ex. Doc. No. 39, 21st Congress, 2d sess., pp. 21-23.
261Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 324.
262Diary of John Warren Dease, pp. 2-8.
263Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 331.
266McLoughlin to McLeod, 1 March 1832, Washington Historical Quarterly II (October 1907), pp. 40-41.
268[Allan] "Reminiscences," pp.75-76.
269John Work to Edward Ermatinger, 5 August 1832, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
270Johnson, Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions, p. 30.
271[Allan] "Reminiscences," p. 75.
273McLoughlin to McLeod, Alexander McLeod, Mss. 2715, PABC.
274Johnson, Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions, p. 30. Another visitor to the fort that year, John Ball, said McLoughlin had raised "1,200 bushels of wheat, barley, peas, Indian corn, potatoes and garden vegetables." Ball's figures are so out of line with other reports of the harvest that year, that it seems he was either misinformed or he misunderstood. John Ball, "John Ball's 3rd Letter, Part 1, From Beyond the Rocky Mountains," Zion's Herald, 6 January 1834, Mss. 195, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
275B.223/b/8 ins. folios 13d-17, HBCA.
276John Ball, "John Ball's 3rd Letter, Part 1, From Beyond the Rocky Mountains," Zion's Herald, 6 January 1834, Mss. 195, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
277John Work to Edward Ermatinger, 24 February 1834, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society.
278Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 174.
280Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 173.
281John Work to Edward Ermatinger, 24 February 1834, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society.
282Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2. By 1837, however, the fields were definitely being enriched with manure.
284Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 42.
287Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p 52.
288U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Whitman Mission Correspondence Vol. 1, June 3, 1834-March 4, 1843, Olaf Hagan, ed. (San Francisco, 1942), p. 86.
289Slacum reported yields of 8000 bushels wheat, 5500 barley, 6000 oats, 9000 peas, 140,000 potatoes and "large quantities of turnips (rutabaga), pumkins and etc." Slacum, "Slacum's Report on Oregon, 1836-7," p. 186.
290Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 53.
291B.223/b/18 ms folios 25-27d, HBCA.
293Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 79.
295Landerholm, Notices and Voyages, p. 26.
297Sir George Simpson, An Overland Journey Round the World, During the Years 1841 and 1842 (Philadelphia: 1847), p. 143; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 356-7.
302John McLoughlin to Sir George Simpson, 20 March 1844, Oregon Historical Quarterly XVII (September 1916), pp. 226-7.
305Douglas and Ogden to Simpson, 19 March 1846, B.223/b/34 folios 15-29d, HBCA.
306Madeleine Major Fregeau, ed., Overland to Oregon in 1845: Impressions of Journey across North America (Ottawa: Provincial Archives of Canada, 1976), p. 76.
307Joel Palmer, "Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains, to the Mouth of the Columbia River; Made During the Years 1845 and 1846," in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, vol. 30 (Cleveland, 1906), p. 210.
308Douglas and Ogden to Governor and Committee, 2 November 1846, B.223/b/34 folios 1-13, HBCA.
311Inventory of Country Produce, Fort Vancouver, B.223/d/22, 1829, p. 11, HBCA.
312U.S. Congress, Senate, "J.S. Smith, D.E. Jackson, W.L. Sublette to J.H. Eaton, St. Louis, 29 October 1830." Ex. Doc. No. 39, 21st Congress, 2d sess., pp. 21-23.
322Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 356-7.
323Ogden and Douglas to Simpson, 15 March 1847, B.223/b/35 folios 66d-67, HBCA.
324James Douglas to Angus McDonald, 27 December 1841, James Douglas papers, Correspondence Outward 1830-49, PABC.
327Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 310.
328George T. Allan to Archibald McLeod, Archibald McLeod Mss., mss. 2715, PABC.
329Barker, Letters pp.277, 289.
330John McLoughlin to Ermatinger, 3 March 1837, Oregon Historical Quarterly XXIII (December 1922), pp. 369-371.
331H.H. Spalding to William and Edward Porter, 2 October 1836, "Documents," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society XIII (December 1912), p. 374.
333Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 352; Barker, Letters, p. 161.
334John Ball, "John Ball's 3rd Letter," Zion's Herald.
335Barker, Letters, pp. 292-3. Work's journal of expedition indicates that he was only able to purchase a few horses near San Francisco, see Alice B. Maloney, ed., John Work Fur Brigade to Bonaventura, (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1945).
336McLoughlin to Archibald McLeod, Archibald McLeod Mss. 2715, PABC; H.H. Spalding to William and Edward Porter, 2 October 1836, "Documents," p. 374.
337"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, pp. 51-52.
338Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 145.
339Gibson, Farming the Frontier, p. 39. It is unclear from the table in this publication whether the totals listed for Fort Vancouver for each year included cattle pastured on Sauvie Island and in the Willamette Valley; also, after 1839, and the establishment of the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, cattle were moved between Fort Vancouver, Fort Nisqually and Cowlitz Farm; the number of cattle reported depended to some extent on the time of year.
340HBRS IV, pp. 158-9,184; HBRS VI, p. 228; Rich, HBRS II, p. 699.
341"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 51.
344Mathew P. Deady, "Annual Address," Transactions of the ... Oregon Pioneer Association for 1875, p. 27; Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2.
345Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 357.
347Simpson, Overland Journey, p. 106.
348Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 95.
349Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 334.
350Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 53; HBRS IV, pp. 158-9; Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 145.
351Gibson, Farming the Frontier, Table 16, p. 95.
352HBRS II, pp. 73, 230, 236; HBRS VI, pp. 72-73.
353Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 53.
354Robert C. Clark, ed., Puget Sound Agricultural Company," Washington Historical Quarterly XVIII (1927), pp. 57-59.
355Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," pp. 63-64.
356Indent Books, A.26/21, folio 55, HBCA.
357F.G. Young, ed., "The Correspondence and Journals of Captain Nathaniel Wyeth, 1831-6," Sources of the History of Oregon Vol. I (Eugene, Oregon, 1899), p. 176; John Ball, "John Ball's 3rd Letter," Zion's Herald; Parker, Journal, p. 171.
360Thomas Vaughan and Priscilla Knuth, eds., "George B. Roberts to Mrs. F.F. Victor, 1878-83," p. 199; HBRS IV pp. 248-250.
361Dodd Narcissa Whitman, p.50.
365John Minto, "Sheep Husbandry in Oregon," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society III (September 1902), p. 221.
366Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 357-8.
368B.239/1/12, ins. folio 59, HBCA; HBRS VI, pp.390-91.
369Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 357-8.
370Danhof, Change in Agriculture, p. 166.
371HBRS VI, p.228; Galbraith, "Puget's Sound Agricultural Company," p. 259.
372Farnham to Poinsett, Secretary of War, 4 January 1840, U.S. Department of State Documents, #219, PABC.
37527 Cong, 2 Session, House, Rept. of Committee, No 830, 57.
376Douglas to Simpson, D.5/6 ms folio. 198, HBCA.
377Pelly to Palmerston, 30 July 1846, Hudson's Bay Co's Correspondence with Foreign Office Vol. 734, p. 4., Great Britain Foreign Office folder, PABC.
379"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 46.
380McLoughlin to Anderson, April 1841, Fort Vancouver Correspondence Outward to 1846, Part I, PABC.
383Eva Emery Dye, "Documents," Washington Historical Quarterly II, (January 1908), p. 164; John Work to Edward Ermatinger, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society.
384Parker, Journal, p. 171; Whitman Mission Correspondence, p. 86.
385"Papers Relative to the Expedition of Lieut's Warre and Vavasour to the Oregon Territory," p. 94.
386Danhof, Change in Agriculture, p. 177.
387Indent Book, 1831, A. 26/21, folio 50, HBCA; Barker, Letters, pp. 292-293; Alice B. Maloney, ed., John Work Fur Brigade to the Bonaventura, (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1945), pp. 38, 41, 42-43, 44.
388John Ball, "John Ball's 3rd Letter," Zion's Herald.
389"Papers Relative to the Expedition of Lieut's Warre and Vavasour to the Oregon Territory," p. 94.
390Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p.359.
391Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 56.
392Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 170.
394Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 50.
395Bradford R. Cole, "The Letter Book of Henry Hall: An Edited Version with an Introduction by Bradford R. Cole," (Master of Science thesis in History, Utah State University, Logan, 1986), p. 203.
397Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 309. A saw mill was eventually established at Willamette Falls--see the section on the Willamette Valley.
398Jason Lee, "Letter to the Corresponding Secretary of the Missionary Society of the Methodist E. Church," 6 February 1835, printed in Christian Advocate and Journal, 30 October 1835, Jason Lee, Mss. 1212, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
399For additional information regarding the mill and its configuration, see the Sawmill section under Site.
401Thomas J. Farnham, an unaccredited citation by George M. Colvocoresses, Four Years in the Government Exploring Expedition Commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes..., 4th ed. (New York: R.T. Young, 1853), p. 261.
Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 334.
403Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, p. 99.
404Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 358-9.
408Richard Seiber, ed., The Journal of Henry Bridgman Brewer, September 3, 1839 to February 13, 1843... (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press), passim.
409Lowe, Journal, folios 26-31, 49-53.
410Lowe, Journal, 31 July 1845, n.p.; BAJC, Vol. II, pp 104, 109, 113; BAJC, Vol. XI, pp. 218-228; Elliott, "British Values in Oregon," p. 33.
413Blyndwr Williams, ed. London Corresponence Inward from Sir George Simpson 1841.42 (London: Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1973), pp. 73-74.
414H. Bingham to J. Everts, Feb 16 1829 in George Verne Blue, "Green's Missionary Report on Oregon 1829" Oregon Historical Quarterly XXX (September 1929), pp. 164-5.
415Eva Emery Dye, "Documents," Washington Historical Quarterly II, (January 1908), p. 164; John Work to Edward Ermatinger, 24 February 1834, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society.
416George B. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," p. 197.
417Elliott, "British Values in Oregon," p. 33.; BAJC, Vol. II, pp. 184-6.
418This plain was variously referred to as Camass, Kamas, and Kalsas.
419Parker, Journal, pp. 200-202.
420Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, pp.261-2.
421Parker, Journal, pp. 200-202.
422By the 1880s the bridge over the river was called "Burnt Bridge," possibly derived from its destruction in the fire of 1844, and the river was called "Burnt Bridge River," now Burntbridge Creek.
424John Dunn, The Oregon Territory (Philadelphia: G.B. Zieber and Co., 1845), pp 106-7.
425U.S. Congress, Senate, Report to Senate submitted in Boston, April 21, 1838 to John Davis, Judge, U.S. Dist. Court Massachusetts Dist., by John Sinclair, in S. Rept. 206, 25th Cong., 2d sess., 1838. It has been observed that Dunn was a not particularly reliable witness; Sinclair had political reasons to exaggerate the bounty of the Hudson's Bay Company farm--the report he prepared was part of a move to authorize the president to send troops to Oregon. It must also be noted that Douglas may have been under pressure to put more land under cultivation, in response to the decision the previous year to establish the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company.
426Harvest figures are not available for the years 1837-1839 in identified sources.
428U.S. Congress, Senate, "J.S. Smith, D.E. Jackson, W.L. Sublette to J.H. Eaton, St. Louis, 29 October 1830." Ex. Doc. No. 39, 21st Congress, 2d sess., pp. 21-23.
429OHS Mss 1012, Archibald McDonald, letter to Edward Ermatinger Fort Langley, 5 March 1830, typescript, pp. 2-3.
430Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 224.
431Archaeologists have divided the expansion into different phases of construction between 1829 and 1860, corresponding to these dates: 1829 to 1834-6; 1834-6 to 1840; 1841 to 1847; 1848 to 1849-54, and 1849. 54 to 1860. J.J. Hoffman and Lester A. Ross, Fort Vancouver Excavations XIII, Structural Inventory, 1829-1860, (National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, May 1976). This report roughly adheres to these phases.
434Marlessa Gray, "Structural Aspects of Fort Vancouver, 1829-1860: An Historical-Archeological Interpretation" (East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1978); Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver; Louis Caywood, Final Report Fort Vancouver Excavations (National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, July 1955); J.J. Hoffman and Lester A. Ross, Fort Vancouver Excavations XIII, Structural Inventory, 1829-1860, (National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, May 1976). Refer to these reports regarding construction techniques, dimensions, and other detailed information.
435Johnson, Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions, p. 30.
436Marlessa Gray, "Structural Aspects of Fort Vancouver, 1829-1860: An Historical-Archeological Interpretation" (East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1978).
437Diary of John Warren Dease, pp. 2-8.
438Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2.
439Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 170.
440Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Vol. II, pp. 416-422.
441What may have been a fifth well was located outside the stockade, along the north wall in the garden, using remote sensor survey in August of 1991. James W. Bell, Report of the Remote Sensing Survey at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site (Seattle: Pacific Northwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1991).
442John A. Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Historical Data, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Vol. I (Denver: Denver Service Center: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1972), pp. 61-70.
443He was to die at the Dalles in January of 1830.
444Diary of John Warren Dease, Mss. 602, pp. 2-8 (typescript), PABC.
445[Allan] "Reminiscences," p. 75.
446Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 172-3.
447Diary of John Warren Dease, pp.2-8. Most Company employees referred to the residence of the chief factor as the "Big House." See also Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Vol. I, pp.89-90.
448Jason Lee, "Jason Lee's Diary," Oregon Historical Quarterly XVII, (September 1916), p. 262.
449Cyrus Shepherd Diary, 1834-35, Mss. 1219, p. 65, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
450W.H. Gray, A History of Oregon 1798-1849..., (Portland, Oregon: 1870), p. 150.
451Marlessa Gray, Structural Aspects of Fort Vancouver, 1829-1860, pp. 184-197.
453U.S. Congress, Senate, Report to Senate submitted in Boston, April 21, 1838 to John Davis, Judge, U.S. Dist. Court Massachusetts Dist., by John Sinclair, in S. Rept. 206, 25th Cong., 2d sess., 1838.
454Captain Edward Belcher, 1907, The Beaver (September 1954), p. 30.
455Landerholm, Notices and Voyages, p. 26.
456Colvocoresses, Four Years in the Government Exploring Expedition, p. 260.
458Captain Edward Belcher, 1907, The Beaver (September 1954), p. 30.
459Colvocoresses, Four Years in the Government Exploring Expedition, p. 260.
460U.S. Congress, Senate, Report to Senate submitted in Boston, April 21, 1838 to John Davis, Judge, U.S. Dist. Court Massachusetts Dist., by John Sinclair, in S. Rept. 206, 25th Cong., 2d sess., 1838.
461Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 145; Landerhohn, Notices and Voyages, p. 26.
462Colvocoresses, Four Years in the Government Exploring Expedition, p. 261.
463Fessett, Herbert Beaver, pp. 81-82.
464Also referred to in the literature as the Indian Trade Store.
466Captain Edward Belcher, 1907, The Beaver (September 1954), p. 30.
467Landerhohn, Notices and Voyages, p. 26.
468Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 349.
469Hoffman and Ross, Fort Vancouver Excavations XIII, Structural Inventory, passim.
470Fessett, Herbert Beaver, pp. 81-82. A watercolor of the stockade interior c. 1846-47 by Lieutenant Coode showed the central open space colored green, possibly indicating grass, however, the illustration was executed eight years after Beaver's comments (See the section, "The Stockade: 1841-46," for additional discussion of the interior at the time of Coode's watercolor).
472Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 354.
475Joel Palmer, Journals of Travels over the Rocky Mountains to the Mouth of the Columbia River Made During the Years 1845 and 1846, (Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon, 1852), p. 112.
476Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Vol. I, pp. 47-60.
477Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, pp. 97-98.
478"Papers Relative to the Expedition of Lieut's Warre and Vavasour to the Oregon Territory," pp. 53-55.
479See discussion of the bakehouse in Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Vol. II, pp. 47-51.
482Lowe, Journal, folios 14, 27-31.
484Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, pp. 97-98.
485"Papers Relative to the Expedition of Lieut's Warre and Vavasour to the Oregon Territory," pp. 16-17.
487For a discussion of the pattern, see the next section.
488Archaeologists J.J. Hoffman and Lester Ross bracket its construction between 1829 and 1860; Hoffman and Ross, Fort Vancouver Excavations XIII, Structural Inventory, p. 67.
489Gray, Hoffman and Ross (1976).
490Lowe, Journal, February 1845, n.p.
491Lowe, Journal, 31 December 1844, n.p.
493Bryn Thomas and Jerry Galm, "Archaelogical Testing and Data Recovery Excavations for a Proposed Utility Corridor Fort Vancouver National Historic Site," Eastern Washington University Reports in Archaeology and History 100-57 (Cheney: Archelogical and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, 1987), pp. 161-2.
495Thomas and Galm, "Archaelogical Testing and Data Recovery Excavations for a Proposed Utility Corridor," passim. Telephone interview with Thomas, September 1991.
496British and American Joint Commission for the Final Settlement of the Claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget's Sound Agricultural Companies, Evidence for the United States in the Matter of the Claim of the Hudson's Bay Company.... Vol. IX (Washington, D.C.: McGill & Witherow, 1867), pp. 75-77 (Hereafter referred to as BAJC, Vol. IX).
498Elliott, "British Values in Oregon," p. 35.
499Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 173.
501Neither the 1846 Covington map nor the 1844 Line of Fire (Peers) map show this road.
502Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 174.
504Lowe, Journal, folios 17-20.
507"Extracts from British Foreign Office Documents," PABC.
508Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 173.
509Warner and Munnick, Vancouver, I, p. 23. Priests arrived at Fort Vancouver in November of 1838--Fathers Francois Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers.
511Diary of John Warren Dease, pp. 2-8.
512B.223/b/9, folios 4-4d, HBCA.
513There is one cryptic reference to "the small granary" being located within the stockade near "the north pickets" by Thomas Lowe in December of 1844, but the reference at this point is believed to have been to the granary built in 1838-39, even though it was not a particularly small building. See Hussey, Historic Structure Report, Vol. I, pp 72-73.
515Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 79.
516U.S. Congress, Senate, Report to Senate submitted in Boston, April 21, 1838 to John Davis, Judge, U.S. Dist. Court Massachusetts Dist., by John Sinclair, in S. Rept. 206, 25th Cong., 2d sess., 1838.
517Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, p. 98.
518Landerhohn, Notices and Voyages, p. 239.
520Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, p. 98.
521Landerholm, Notices and Voyages, p. 26.
522Eva Emery Dye, "Documents," Washington Historical Quarterly II, (January 1908), p. 164; John Work to Edward Ermatinger, 24 February 1834, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society.
523Slacum, "Slacum's Report on Oregon, 1836-7,"pp. 175-224.
524Landerholm, Notices and Voyages, p. 239.
526Lowe, Journal, folios 17-20.
528Landerhohn, Notices and Voyages, p. 239.
531Born in Ireland, Ryan is first seen in the Vancouver Catholic church records in June of 1848; he married a widow, Suzanne Harless Coquerel; their first child was born in 1849. Warner and Munnick, Vancouver, II, pp.95, 97, 99, 102, 113. The 1850 census lists him as a fanner. Ryan was close enough to some Company employees--Barclay, Petrain, and others--to serve in various capacities at church ceremonies in relation to them, as godfather, witness, and so forth.
532Lowe, Journal, 1 July 1846, n.p.
533Charles Carey, ed., The Journal of Theodore Talbot 1843 and 1849-52, With the Fremont Expedition of 1843 and with the First Military Company in Oregon Territory 1849-1852 (Portland, Oregon: Metropolitan Press, 1931), p. 88.
534Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, pp. 207-8.
535Brief biographies are given of Duchenee (Ducheney), Proulx and Lattie in Warner and Munnick, Vancouver.
536Warner and Munnick, Vancouver, passim.
537Ibid., pp.179-80; 208-213; Bryn Thomas, "An Archaeologic Assessment of the St. James Mission Property, Vancouver Washington," Eastern Washington University Reports in Archeology and History 100-37 (Cheney: Eastern Washington University, 1984), passim.
538For a complete discussion of the Catholic mission, see Thomas, "An Archaeologic Assessment of the St. James Mission Property, Vancouver Washington."
540Thomas, "St. James Mission," p. 12.
541Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 28.
542Frances Fuller Victor, "Flotsam and Jetsom of the Pacific," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society II (March, 1901), pp. 38-39.
543Hussey, The History of Fort Vancouver, p. 126. Information regarding the stockade wall alterations is derived principally from Hoffman and Ross, Fort Vancouver Excavations XIII, pp. 3-11; Marlessa Gray, Structural Aspects of Fort Vancouver, 1829-1860, pp. 184-197.
544Whitman Mission Correspondence, p. 86.
545James W. Bell, "Report of the Remote Sensing Survey at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site," (1991), passim.
546Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 50.
547Whitman Mission Correspondence, p. 86.
548By 1845, however, it was the firm of Evans and Lascelles which was providing the Company with seeds for the North American posts.
549Indent Books A. 26/21, 1831, folio 47, HBCA. Unfortunately, the indent books for the Columbia Department beyond 1831 are not available.
550Charles Pickering, The Races of Man and Their Geographic Distribution, pp. 319-321.
551Wilkes, Narrative, V, p. 143.
552Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 57.
553O.B. Sperlin, ed., "Our First Horticulturist--Brackenridge's Journal of the Chehalis Route, 1841" Washington Historical Quarterly LXXII (April 1931), pp. 140-141.
554Smith to Edmonds, 26 October 1838, London, A.5/12, p. 212, HBCA.
555George B. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," p. 199.
556Portledge Books, 1833-1843, C/3/14, HBCA.
557Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 37.
558Roberts, Thermometrical Register, 1838.
559Tolmie to Smith, 27 July 1842, in Summary Files, Msc. Notes, Vancouver, A.10/15, HBCA.
560Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, p. 98.
561[Allan] "Reminiscences," p. 76.
562Johnson, Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions, p. 30.
563John Ball, "John Ball's 3rd Letter," Zion's Herald.
564Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 170.
566Jason Lee, "Letter to the Corresponding Secretary of the Missionary Society,"Jason Lee, Mss. 1212, Oregon Historical Society.
567Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2.
568ABC Papers, Cherokee Mission, ms vol. 9, item 203.
569Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 50.
570Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 354.
571Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 334.
572Johnson, Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions, p. 34.
573John Ball's letter to Amons Eaton 24 Feb 1833, OHS mss 195.
574Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 170.
577Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2.
578Cyrus Shepherd, "Diary," 1834-35, pp. 65-66.
581Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 50.
582Cyrus and Susan Shepherd, Letters, p. 1, Mss. 1219, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
583W.F. Tolmie to Aunt, 22 September, 1838, Tolmie Add. Mss. 557, V. 1, folder 6, PABC.
584Thermometrical Register by George Roberts, 1838. HBCA Post Journals, B 223/a/7. Fort Vancouver. #7.
585Sperlin, ed., "Our First Horticulturist--Brackenridge's Journal," pp. 140-141.
587Pickering, The Races of Man, pp. 319-321.
588Lowe, Journal, folios 11-14.
590Lowe, Journal, folios 17-20.
593Jesse Applegate to Mrs. Frances F. Victor, 19 October 1868, Letters of Jesse Applegate, Elwood Evans Scrapbook (transcript), Oregon Historical Society, Portland.
594Dunn, The Oregon Territory, pp. 143-47.
595Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 170.
596Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," pp. 36-37, n. 135.
597Sperlin, ed., "Our First Horticulturist--Brackenridge's Journal," pp. 140-141.; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 354.
598Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 354.
599Portledge Books, 1833-1843, C/3/14, HBCA.
600Thomas Vaughan and Priscilla Knuth, eds., "George B. Roberts to Mrs. F.F. Victor, 1878-83," p. 199.
601Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 145; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 332.
602Correspondence Book, Fort Vancouver 1836-37, B.223/b/16 fols 17d., 19d, HBCA.
603Fessett, Herbert Beaver, p. 173.
604Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 50.
605Mrs. H.H. Spalding, to O and C Porter, 2 October 1836, Oregon Historical Quarterly XII (December 1912), pp. 378-79.
606Cyrus Shepherd, 'Diary,' 1834-35, p. 66.
607H.H. Spalding to William and Edward Porter, "Documents," p. 378.
608John Minto, "Beginning Life in Oregon," subtitled "My Beginnings in Horticulture," p. 11, Minto Mss., Files 2-6, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon. The mission was abandoned in 1843, and Minto had a partnership claim on its land for a short time. It should be noted that Lee had arranged with Nathanial Wyeth to ship garden seeds and other materials via Wyeth's brig, the May Dacre, when Wyeth left Boston on his second expedition. Also, Jason Lee and his nephew, Daniel Lee, placed the site of the Methodist Mission near the farm of a French Canadian settler, Joseph Gervais, who at that time, was already growing melons and cucumbers, the source for which was almost certainly Fort Vancouver. The Hudson's Bay Company exercised great influence on the early settlers in the Willamette Valley, many of whom were former engages, although Gervais himself had worked for the Astor company.
609W.F. Tolmie to Aunt, 22 September 1838, Tolmie Add Mss. 557, V. 1, folder 6, PABC.
610National Park Service landscape architect Terri Thomas has determined, using the historic map and archaelogically-located features, that the actual area within the enclosure which was planted with trees was about 380-400 feet by 600 feet.
611No one at that time knowing the Bruce would soon be back at the fort.
612Thermometrical Register by George Roberts, 1838. HBCA Post Journals, B223/a/7. Fort Vancouver.
613Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, p. 98.
614Sperlin, ed., "Our First Horticulturist--Brackenridge's Journal," pp. 140-141.
615Charles Pickering, The Races of Man, pp. 319-321.
618Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," pp. 60-61. For example, Dunn's description of the farm is very similar to T.J. Farnham's description in his book, published in 1843.
619Crabapples native to the Pacific Northwest can be used as rootstock.
620F.G. Young, ed., "The Correspondence and Journals of Captain Nathaniel Wyeth, 1831-6," Sources of the History of Oregon Vol. I (Eugene, Oregon, 1899), p. 255.
621John Minto, "Learning to Live on the Land," p. 4, Minto Mss., Boxes 2-6, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.
622Granville Lowther, ed., The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture: A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture (North Yakima, WA: Encyclopedia of Horticulture Corporation, 1914), p. 63; William Barlow, Reminiscences of Seventy Years," Oregon Historical Quarterly 13, pp. 277-8.
624Landerholm, Notices and Voyages, p. 239; Lowe, Journal, folios 17-20.
625Cyrus Shepherd, "Diary," p. 66.
626Cyrus and Susan Shepherd, Letters, p. 1.
627Paul Kane, Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America From Canada to Vancouver's Island and Oregon Through the Hudson's Bay Company's Territory and Back Again, (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1859), p. 186.
628BAJC, Vol. II, pp. 111, 180.
631It is interesting to note that the 457 cultivated acres Douglas reported for Fort Plain in 1838 is the exact same total reported for the combination of cultivated fields of Fort Plain and Dairy Plain--the portion of Lower Plain near the dairy--prepared for the 1846-47 inventory. See Elliott, "British Values in Oregon, 1847," p.33.
633Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2.
634HBRS IV, p. 205. Captain Edward Belcher reported in 1839, "The average produce of the soil per acre is as follows: 15 bushels pease, 20 bushels wheat, 30 bushels oats, 35 bushels barley..." There is some question whether Belcher was referring to the "Wallamette settlement" or to Fort Vancouver. Captain Edward Belcher, 1907, The Beaver (September 1954), p. 30.
635[Allan] "Reminiscences," p. 75.
636Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 171.
638Acreage was calculated using two different methods: 1) Using a scale based on the known dimensions of the stockade in 1844, based on archaeological evidence, then applied to the 1844 stockade area map; 2) Using the scale shown on the 1844 stockade area map. The range for various field sizes are based on an approximate 8% discrepancy between the two methods. A larger discrepancy between the figures is due to a difference between the 1844 Peers map and the 1846 Covington maps, which conflict regarding the amount of acreage in cultivation south of Lower Mill Road.
639It is not certain whether the potato field or the field to its east, which would have been a barley field, extended to the vegetation along the river. The Peers map does not agree with either 1846 Covington map, which shows the potato field and the barley field area as terminating at Lower Mill Road, while the 1844 stockade area map is vague. In the spring of 1845, the Columbia River flooded, almost to the walls of the stockade; it is possible that these lower 1844 fields were never replanted, as Joel Palmer later remarked.
640Lowe, Journal, folios 17-20; HBRS VII, pp. 37-45.
641Palmer, "Journal of Travels," p. 210.
648"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 46.
649HBRS IV, pp.158-9, 184. Perhaps it was some time soon after this assessment that timothy was sown along the river, to enrich the pasture and avoid Douglas' solution, which was to divide the cattle into three herds, sending two herds off Fort Vancouver farm altogether for the winter months.
652BAJC, Vol. XI, pp 132-3; BAJC, Vol. II, p. 111. Mactavish had been assigned to Fort Vancouver from 1839 on, but was frequently on assignment elsewhere. He assumed management of the Company's post in the 1850s. It is not clear, then, when he says "before my time," to just which time he refers.
654James Douglas to Angus McDonald, 24 January 1842, James Douglas papers, Correspondence Outward 1830-49, PABC.
656Lowe, Journal, folios 17-20.
657Ogden and Douglas to Simpson, Fort Vancouver, 15 March 1847, B.223/b/35, folios 66d-67, HBCA.
658Lowe, Journal, 25 July 1846, n.p.
659P.W. Crawford, Description of Fort Vancouver as it was in 1847 (typescript), PABC. Original ins. at Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Crawford referred to it as Canaka Town in the Narrative, published in 1878; he was at Fort Vancouver in 1847.
660See: Susan Kardas, 1969 Excavations at the Kanaka Village Site, Fort Vancouver, Washington. (National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior and Bryn Mawr College, 1970); David Chance and Jennifer Chance, Kanaka Village, Vancouver Barracks 1974, Reports in Highway Archaeology 3 (Seattle: Office of Public Archaeology, University of Washington, 1976); Caroline Carley, HBC Kanaka Village/Vancouver Barracks 1977, Reports in Highway Archaeology 8 (Seattle: Office of Public Archaeology, University of Washington, 1982); David, Chance, et. al., Kanaka Village, Vancouver Barracks, 1975, Reports in Highway Archaeology 7 (Seattle: Office of Public Archaelogy, University of Washington, 1982); Bryn Thomas and Charles Hibbs, Jr., Report of Investigations of Excavations at Kanaka Village/Vancouver Barracks, Washington, 1980/1981, 2 vols. (Olympia: Washington State Department of Transportation, 1984).
661Diary of John Warren Dease, pp. 2-8.
662John Ball, "Across the Continent," p. 98.
663Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2.
664Colvocoresses, Four Years in the Government Exploring Expedition, p. 260; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 349; Emmons, Journal, p. 4.
665Carey, ed., The Journal of Theodore Talbot, p. 88.
666Townsend, Narrative of a Journey, pp. 171-2.
667Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 349.
670Thomas and Hibbs, Excavations at Kanaka Village/Vancouver Barracks, p.44.
671Warner and Munnick, Vancouver, I & II, p. A45. The timothy was probably grown from the seed sown by the Company, as noted earlier.
672Possibly the same Joseph Tayentas who fathered an illegitimate child by an unnamed Indian woman, which was born in the spring of 1841; Warner and Munnick, Vancouver, I, pp. 63-64.
674See, for example, Henry Tuzo's testimony: "...the Company's corrals were made use of at first, and finally altogether removed by the quarter master's dept." BAJC, Vol. II, p. 180.
676Ibid., pp. 108, 137. A discussion of the building systems and descriptions of the building interiors can be found in Thomas and Hibbs, Excavations at Kanaka Village, pp. 45-47, and Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, passim.
677Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, pp. 174, 176, 178.
678Diary of John Warren Dease, pp. 2-8.
679Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p 224.
681U.S, Congress, Senate, Report to Senate submitted in Boston, April 21, 1838 to John Davis, Judge, U.S. Dist. Court Massachusetts Dist., by John Sinclair, in S. Rept. 206, 25th Cong., 2d sess., 1838.
682Emmons, Journal, p. 3; Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, p. 98.
683Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 223.
688See the Transition Section for a further discussion of army plans for the wharf area.
691John McLoughlin to Ermatinger, 3 March 1837, Oregon Historical Quarterly XXIII (December 1922), pp. 369-371.
692Eva Emery Dye, "Documents," Washington Historical Quarterly II, (January 1908), p. 164; John Work to Edward Ermatinger, 24 February 1834, Ms. 319, Oregon Historical Society; BAJC, Vol. II, p. 197.
694Palmer, "Journal of Travels," pp. 207-9.
695A.G. Harvey, "Meredith Gairdner: Doctor of Medicine," British Columbia Historical Quarterly LX (April 1945), p. 98.
696Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, p. 98.
697U.S. Congress, Senate, Report to Senate submitted in Boston, April 21, 1838 to John Davis, Judge, U.S. Dist. Court Massachusetts Dist., by John Sinclair, in S. Rept. 206, 25th Cong., 2d sess., 1838.
699Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, pp. 97-98.
700Caroline Carley, HBC Kanaka Village/Vancouver Barracks 1977, p. 14.
702BAJC, Vol. II, pp. 80-81, 176, 191.
703Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, pp. 97-98.
704Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 171.
705Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 357.
709Emmons, Journal, p. 9; BAJC, Vol. II, p. 80.
711BAJC, Vol. II, p. 132; Wilkes Narrative, IV, p. 357.
714Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 357.
715BAJC, Vol. XI, pp. 119-122.
724Dodd, Narcissa Whitman, p. 53.
725Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 357.
726Lowe, Journal, 31 October 1845, n.p.
729HBRS VII, pp. 261-2. For a further discussion of American squatters see the chapter, Fort Vancouver: Transition, 1847-1860.
730Approximately in the area of Mill Plain Boulevard and 104th to 164th Avenues today.
732BAJC, Vol. XI, pp. 121-122.
735Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 359.
736Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 186. Harvey married Eloisa (McLoughlin) Rae, John McLoughlin's daughter.
737Kane, Wanderings of an Artist, p. 172.
738Lowe, Journal, July-August, 1843, n.p.
740BAJC, Vol. XI, pp. 119-120.
741Lowe, Journal, folios 17-20.
742Lowe, Journal, 4 September 1846, n.p.
745BAJC, Vol. XI, p. 121; BAJC, Vol. II, p. 224.
747McLoughlin to Anderson, April 1841, Fort Vancouver Correspondence Outward to 1846, Part I, PABC.
748BAJC Vol. II, pp. 104-118. Historian John Hussey has noted that Crate's original contract with the Hudson's Bay Company was made in 1834, and that he spent the winter of 1834-35 at Red River, and therefore the new mill noted by Jason Lee was not the mill built by Crate, but a second mill preceding Crate's mill.
750Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 358-9.
751BAJC, Vol. XI, pp. 119-120.
752BAJC, Vol. II, p. 118. According to historian John Hussey, "fodderers" were listed on the Company's employment rolls for the mill.
753BAJC, Vol. II, pp. 104-118.
754Johnson, Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions, p. 30.
755Jason Lee, "Letter to the Corresponding Secretary of the Missionary Society,"Jason Lee, Mss. 1212, Oregon Historical Society.
756[Allan] "Reminiscences," p. 76.
757BAJC, Vol. II, pp. 104-118. Crate used the different currency values, probably because the mill was built in the U.S., and the cranks imported from England.
759Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 334.
76lWilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, p. 99.
762While Crate testified that he was absent from Fort Vancouver beginning in 1843, he was apparently there in the spring of 1844, when McLoughlin refers to him in a letter to London. See John McLoughlin to Sir George Simpson, 20 March 1844, Oregon Historical Quarterly XVII (September 1916), p. 219.
763Lowe, Journal, 31 July 1845, n.p.
764Hussey, History of Fort Vancouver, p. 204.
765U.S. Congress, Senate, "J.S. Smith, D.E. Jackson, W.L. Sublette to J.H. Eaton, St. Louis, 29 October 1830," Ex. Doc. No. 39, 21st Congress, 2d sess., pp. 21-23.
766[Allan] "Reminiscences," p. 76; Archer Hulbert, ed., The Call of the Columbia; Iron Men and Saints Take the Oregon Trail, Overland to the Pacific, Vol. IV, (Denver 1934), pp. 152-3.
767HBRS IV, p. 260-265; HBRS VI, pp. 223-4.
768BAJC, Vol. II, pp. 104-118.
769Wilkes, Narrative, IV, pp. 335-6.
770BAJC, Vol. II, p. 105; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p.335.
771Elliott, "British Values in Oregon," p. 33.
772G. Simpson to Gov. and Comm., 15 November 1841 in HBRS VI, pp. 160-1, n. 2; Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, p. 98.
773Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 335.
774Lowe, Journal, 31 July 1846, n.p.
775BAJC, Vol. XI, pp. 218-228.
776Lowe, Journal, 31 July 1845, n.p.
777BAJC, Vol. II, p. 105;. Elliott, "British Values in Oregon," p. 33.
778BAJC, Vol. II, pp. 104, 109, 113.
780Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 359.
786[Allan] "Reminiscences," p. 74.
788Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 359.
791Johnson, Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions, p. 33.
792Much of the background on this discussion of the Willamette Valley comes from Hussey, Champoeg: Place of Transition.
793"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, pp. 50-51.
794Ball, "Across the Continent," pp. 82-106. Ball abandoned his farm in the late summer of that same year.
795Slacum, "Slacum's Report on Oregon, 1836-7," pp. 175-224.
796Ibid, For a discussion of additional settlers in 1837, see Hussey, Champoeg, passim.
797"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 51.
798Pickering, The Races of Man, pp. 319-321.
799The Company did not pay cash for these crops; it issued script, which was redeemable at the Company trading shops in goods, a practice which contributed to dissatisfaction and resentment which grew over time.
802Lowe, Journal, folios 14-21.
804Herbert Lang, ed., History of the Willamette Valley, Being a Description of the Valley and its Resources... Together with Personal Reminiscences of the Early Pioneers (Portland, Oregon: Himes and Lang, 1885), p. 257.
807"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, pp. 51-52.
808Lomax, "Sheep Husbandry," pp. 119-20.
810"Copy of a Document," TOPA 1880, p. 54.
811Lowe, Journal, 6 June 1846, n.p.
813Merk, Fur Trade and Empire, p. 298.
816The issues surrounding who owned the claim, and reasons why McLoughlin may have submitted the claim in his own name, and later sent the drafts to Simpson, is discussed in detail in various publications. See HBRS VII, pp. 195-219.
817Lowe, Journal, folios 11-12.
818Landerholm, Notices and Voyages, pp. 145, 178.
819Oregon Spectator, 19 February 1846.
821Johnson, Journals of Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Expeditions, p. 128.
822Thomas Vaughan and Priscilla Knuth, eds., "George B. Roberts to Mrs. F.F. Victor, 1878-83,", p. 234.
823Cole, "The Letter Book of Henry Hall," p. 203.
824Cole, "The Letter Book of Henry Hall, " p. 46-47; 89.
825J.R. Cardwell, "First Fruits of the Land," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, 7 (March 1906), p. 30.
826BAJC, Vol. II, p. 84; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 334.
827Simpson, Overland Journey, p. 106.
828Emmons, Journal, pp. 10-11.
829B.223/d/155, folios 168-9, HBCA.
830Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 177-8.
831Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 188.
833Steven Anderson, The Physical Structure of Fort Nisqually: A Preliminary Study on the Structural Development of a Hudson's Bay Company Site, 1843-1859, (Tacoma, Washington: Metropolitan Park District of Tacoma, 1988), p. 8.
834Wilkes, Narrative, IV, p. 326.
837Hussey, "Fort Vancouver Farm," p. 186.
838Anderson to Simpson, 16 June 1841, Anderson Correspondence, PABC.
839Anderson, Fort Nisqually, pp. 4-5.
840"Plate III, Fort Nisqually Developmental Site Plan" in Steven Anderson, Fort Nisqually, p. 201.
842RG 76, Series 71, map 12, National Archives. The date can be fixed by an area dotted in on the map and notated as "Intended Location of Settlers from Red River." In 1839, after establishment of the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, London made it clear it wanted settlers from the Red River area of Canada to relocate to Nisqually, to bolster the British presence and increase agricultural production in an area they still hoped to retain. The Red River settlers, led by James Sinclair, left for the Columbia in the Spring of 1841, and arrived at Nisqually in September.
843Stevens, Fort Nisqually, p. 167.
844James Douglas to Angus McDonald, 24 January 1842, James Douglas papers, Correspondence Outward 1830-49, PABC; HBRS VI, p. 79.
845Large, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, p. 190; D.4/106; 11 v.12, HBCA.
847Wilkes to A.P. Upshur, Secty. of Navy, WA from Vincinnes 1842, No. 104., "Wilkes" ins. 556 (typescript), p. 19, Oregon Historical Society.
848Wilbur, Duflot de Mofrás, pp. 103-4.
849Edward S. Meany, ed., Diary of Wilkes in the Northwest (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1926), p. 26.
850John McClelland, Jr., Cowlitz Corridor, 2nd ed., (Longview: Longview Publishing Co, 1984), p. 71.
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