.gif)
Fauna Series No. 7
MENU
Contents
Methods and Extent of Present Research
|
Fauna of the National Parks — No. 7
The Wolves of Isle Royale |
|
CONTENTS
Physiography
Climate
Flora
History of Isle Royale Mammals
Moose Irruption
Advent of the Timber Wolf
Methods and Extent of Present Research
Results—The Timber-Wolf and Its Ecology
Wolf Numbers
Packs
Home Ranges and Territoriality
Movements
Social Behavior
Reproduction
Food Habits
Parasites and Diseases
Possible Causes of Population Stability
Moose Herd
Wolf-Moose Relationships
Species of Lesser Significance
Dynamics of Wolf-Moose Coaction
Control of the Moose Population
Maintenance of a Healthy Herd
Future of the Wolves and Moose
Index (omitted from online edition)
TABLES
1. Weather records from Mott Island, Isle Royale, 1940—52
2. Weather records from Grand Marais, Minn., 1931—
3. History of Isle Royale mammals
4. Estimates of Isle Royale moose
5. Dates and extent of fieldwork
6. Sizes of wolf packs observed on Isle Royale
7. Reported home-range sizes of individual wolf packs
8. Distances (miles) traveled by large pack between kills
9. Number of wolves seen or heard from May to October (1958—61)
10. Analysis of food remains in 438 wolf scats collected from trails
11. Chronological distribution, and rate, of moose kill by the pack of 15
12. Reported infections of wolves by Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena
13. Yearling-total population ratios reported for Isle Royale
14. Reported incidences of infection of moose with hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus)
15. Observations of wolves hunting
16. Defensive behavior of moose encountered by large pack of wolves or part of it
17. Results of hunts by the large pack
18. Age distribution of dead moose
19. Occurrence of beaver remains in wolf scats collected on Isle Royale
20. Evidence of increase in hare numbers
21. Analysis of food remains in 295 fox scats collected from trails
22. Calculated age composition of the moose herd just before calving season
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Wolves holding moose at bay
2. Map of Isle Royale
3. Main foot trails of Isle Royale
4. Aerial view of northeast end of Isle Royale
5. Northward view of south-central section of Isle Royale
6. Greenstone Ridge from the north
7. Lush, second-growth hardwoods in 1936 burn
8. The 1936 burn in winter
9. Heavily browsed birch and aspen
10. Major cover types
11. American yew on Passage Island
12. Lush stand of young aspen near Washington Harbor
13. Moose browse in winter
14. Red squirrel
15. Cow and calf moose swimming
16. Washington Harbor
17. Wolf scats
18. Wolf tracks in sand
19. Resort area in Rock Harbor
20. Author's cabin in Rock Harbor
21. Modern lean-to
22. Type of lean-to in park interior
23. Boat used each summer
24. Army "Weasel" used for winter transportation
25. Wright Island cabin
26. Park Service Patrol Cabin on Hatchet Lake
27. The "clothes grinder"
28. Research aircraft and pilot
29. Winter headquarters
30. Closeup of Isle Royale timber wolf
31. Attitude of wolves upon initial approach of aircraft
32. The unconcern shown the aircraft throughout the study
33. Wolf tracks in snow
34. Tracks of five wolves in sand
35. Wolf tracks in snow
36. Wolf tracks in sand
37. Wolf tracks near kill
38. Typical formation of large pack
39. Moose trail used by wolves in summer
40. Summer view toward Canada
41. Territory of large pack, February—March 1959
42. Territory of large pack, February—March 1960
43. Territory of large pack, February—March 1961
44. Territory and observations of small packs, 1959-61
45. Part of large pack in Washington Harbor
46. Major winter routes of small packs
47. Major winter routes of the large pack
48. Two members of the large pack
49. Large pack filing through deep snow
50. Frightened wolf
51., 52., 53., 54., 55. Routes of large pack, Feb. 4 to Mar 7, 1960
56. Part of large pack traveling across ice
57. Social behavior within the large pack
58. Pilot and author examining fresh kill
59. Local snowstorm
60. Fox pups at den
61. Remains of 2-month-old calf
62. Resting attitudes of engorged wolves
63. Remains of calf 45 minutes after being killed
64. Remains of calf 24 hours after being killed
65. Moose remains
66. Author checking femur marrow
67. Normal vs. abnormal femur marrow
68. Lung with hydatid cysts
69. Hydatid cysts
70. Large pack crossing ice
71. Mature bull eating aquatic plants
72. Moose feeding in Washington Harbor
73. Moose track
74. Airborne aircraft used in study
75. Cow with summer coat
76. White birch killed by moose
77. Moose and tracks seen from air
78. Mature bull in June
79. Cow with 2 to 3-week-old calf
80. One of twin moose fetuses
81. Young bull moose swimming
82. Moose distribution, February 1960
83. Calf swimming
84. Moose lacking hair
85. Life cycle of hydatid tapeworm
86. Necrotic moose mandibles
87. Distribution of kills
88. The large pack hunting
89a. Wolves approaching moose
89b. Moose stands its ground
89c. Wolves harass moose
89d. Moose stands until wolves leave
90. Wolves pursuing moose near Malone Bay
91. Wolves pursuing moose near Grace Creek
92. Wolves attacking moose
93. Pack waiting for wounded moose to weaken
94. Lone wolf waiting for wounded moose to weaken
95. Wounded moose stands upon wolf's approach
96. Freshly killed moose
97. Most important relationships in wolf ecology
98. Beaver
99. Snowshoe hare
100. Red fox
101. Ravens teasing resting wolves
102. Seasonal trends in moose herd
103. Profile of age distribution of moose herd
104. Pyramid of biomass
105. Cow and twin calves
Top
Last Modified: Thurs, Jul 4 2002 10:00:00 pm PDT
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/fauna7/faunat.htm
.gif){kind=small}