1. Useful descriptions of the Sierra Nevada and its natural history can be found in Verna R. Johnson, Sierra Nevada, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company (1970), 281 pages; and Stephen Whitney, A Sierra Club Naturalist's Guide to the Sierra Nevada, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books (1979), 526 pages.

2. Nowhere can the effects of glaciers on the southern Sierra be better studied than in Francois Matthes, Sequoia National Park, A Geological Album (edited by Fritiof Fryxell), Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press (1956), 136 pages.

3. William L. Preston, Vanishing Landscapes, Land and Life in the Tulare Lake Basin, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press (1981), 278 pages.

1. C. Kristina Roper Wickstrom, Issues Concerning Native American Use of Fire: A Literature Review, Yosemite Research Center Publications in Anthropology No. 6, National Park Service (1987), page 15.

2. Lorin E. Berryman and Albert B. Elsasser, Terminous Reservoir: Geology, Paleontology, Flora and Fauna, Archeology, History, Sacramento: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1966), pages 14-27; Albert B. Elsasser, Indians of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Three Rivers: Sequoia Natural History Association (revised edition 1988), pages 14-23.

3. A. L. Kroeber, Handbook of the Indians of California, Washington, D.C.: Bulletin 78 of the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution (1925), pages 581-92.

4. Elsasser, op. cit., page 28.

5. Kroeber, op. cit., pages 585-86.

6. Elsasser, op. cit., pages 31-41.

7. Kroeber, op. cit., page 587.

8. Walter Fry, "Hospital Rock in the Sequoia National Park," Sequoia Nature Guide Service, Bulletin No. 5 (February 17, 1925), page 2.

9. Roper Wickstrom, op. cit. passim.

1. Francis P. Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press (1966), pages 15-21.

2. Ibid., pages 23-29.

3. Ibid., page 32.

4. Ibid., pages 31-39.

5. Ibid., pages 59-60.

6. Wallace Smith, Garden in the Sun, Fresno: California History Books (fourth edition 1960), page 74.

7. Walter Fry, "The Discovery of Sequoia National Park...," Sequoia Nature Guide Service, Bulletin Number 1 (November 22, 1924).

8. Ibid.

9. Walter Fry, "Hospital Rock in Sequoia National Park," Sequoia Nature Guide Service, Bulletin Number 5 (February 17, 1925).

10. Fry, "Discovery of Sequoia National Park."

11. Herbert Junep, "A Chronological History of Sequoia National Park," unpublished manuscript in the historical collection of Sequoia National Park (1937), page 4; Fry, "Discovery of Sequoia Park."

12. Francis Farquhar, "Early History of the Kings River Sierra," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 1 (February 1941), page 31.

13. Fry, "Hospital Rock in Sequoia National Park," page 3.

14. Floyd Otter, The Men of Mammoth Forest, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Brothers (1963), page 37.

15. Ibid., page 39.

16. Ibid., pages 29-30.

17. Ibid., pages 31-35.

18. Quoted in Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, page 129.

19. Quoted in William Alsup (editor), Such a Landscape: A Narrative of the 1864 California Geological Survey Exploration of Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon from the Diary, Fieldnotes, Letters & Reports of William Henry Brewer, Yosemite and Three Rivers: Yosemite Association and Sequoia Natural History Association (1987), page 46.

20. Ibid., passim.; Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pages 129-53.

21. Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pages 147-48, 153, and 173-75.

22. Farquhar, "Early History of Kings Canyon," page 38.

23. Samuel Thomas Porter, "The Silver Rush at Mineral King, California, 1873-1882," no place: privately printed (1966), page 4.

24. Ibid., page 10.

25. Ibid., page 45.

26. Ibid., page 50.

27. Tulare County Historical Society, "Early Sawmills in Northern Tulare County," Los Tulares, No. 6 (October 1950).

28. William C. Tweed, "John Muir in the Southern Sierra," Valley Trails, Stockton: Stockton Corral of Westerners (1976), pages 4-6.

29. Ibid., pages 7-9.

30. John Muir, Our National Parks, New York: Houghton Mifflin and Company (1901), pages 268-330.

31. John Muir, "On the Post Glacial History of the Sequoia Gigantea," American Association for the Advancement of Science Proceedings, 25 (August 1876), pages 242-53.

32. Tweed, "John Muir in the Southern Sierra," pages 12-14.

33. Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pages 179-80, and 194-95.

34. Hubert Dyer, "The Mt. Whitney Trail," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 1893), pages 7-8.

35. Farquhar, History of the Sierra Nevada, pages 180-81, and 194-95.

36. Ibid., page 182.

37. Hank Johnston, They Felled the Redwoods, Los Angeles: Trans-Anglo Books (1966), pages 23-25; Douglas H. Strong, Trees — or Timber? The Story of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Three Rivers: Sequoia Natural History Association (1968), pages 20-21.

38. Otter, op. cit., page 70.

39. Johnson, op. cit., passim.

40. William C. Tweed, Kaweah Remembered, The Story of the Kaweah Colony and the Founding of Sequoia National Park, Three Rivers: Sequoia Natural History Association (1986), pages 1-6.

1. William R. Dudley, "Forest Reservations; With a Report on the Sierra Reservation, California," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 7 (January 1896), pages 264-65.

2. Francis P. Farquhar, "Colonel George W Stewart, Founder of Sequoia National Park," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 1 (February 1932), page 49.

3. Douglas Hillman Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," unpublished dissertation: Syracuse University (1964), page 65.

4. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," pages 68-69.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid., page 82.

7. Ibid., pages 84-86.

8. Visalia Delta, June 12, 1890, quoted in Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," page 92.

9. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," page 93.

10. Ibid., page 100.

11. Ibid., page 108.

12. Holway R. Jones, "Mysterious Origins of the Yosemite Park Bill," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 48, No. 9 (December 1963), pages 69-79.

13. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," page 119.

14. Ibid., pages 120-21.

15. Oscar Berland, "Giant Forest's Reservation: The Legend and the Mystery," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 47, No. 9 (December 1962) pages 74-79.

16. Jones, op. cit., page 77.

17. Berland, op. cit., pages 77, 79-80.

18. "Rules and Regulations Prescribed for the Sequoia National Park..., Department of the Interior, October 21, 1890, National Archives, Record Group 79, Entry 1, Sequoia and General Grant. Hereinafter National Archives record group, entry numbers, and file sections will be abbreviated, for example, "NA 79:1," S&GG.

19. Letter, Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of War, October 21, 1890, NA 79:1, S&GG.

20. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," pages 127, 130; Letter, Andrew Cauldwell to Thomas J. Newsham, November 29, 1890, NA 79:1, S&GG.

21. Letter, William Stone, Assistant Commissioner, GLO, to Secretary of the Interior, November 20, 1890, NA 79:1, S&GG.

22. Letter, Cauldwell to Newsham, November 29, 1890, NA 79:1, S≫ Letter, Cauldwell to Vandever, December 5, 1890, NA 79:1, S&GG.

23. Letter, Secretary Noble to Commissioner, GLO, April 6, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

24. Letter, Commissioner, GLO, to Secretary of the Interior, May 25, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

25. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," pages 133-34.

26. Letter, Cauldwell to Commissioner, GLO, June 1, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

27. "Special Report to the Secretary of the Interior Relative to Cutting Timber at Atwell's Mill," September 8, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG. (hereinafter referred to as "Special Report"), page 4.

28. Letter, Commissioner, GLO, to Secretary of the Interior, June 18, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

29. "Special Report," page 5.

30. Ibid., page 4.

31. Letter, Lt. Nolan to Captain Dorst, June 28, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

32. "Special Report," page 5.

33. Ibid., pages 4-6.

34. Ibid., page 7.

35. Ibid., page 8.

36. Ibid., pages 8-11.

37. Ibid., page 11.

38. Ibid., pages 11-12.

39. Letter, Lt. Nolan to Captain Dorst, August 9, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

40. Letters, Sgt. P. Daugherty to Dorst, August 19, 1891 and August 31, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

41. "Special Report, page 13.

42. Letter, Cauldwell to Commissioner, GLO, August 12, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

43. U.S. Department of the Interior, Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Sequoia National Park, 1891, pages 9-10. Hereinafter the annual reports of the superintendents of Sequoia and General Grant national parks will be cited as Annual Report: year.

44. Letter, W. W. Bowers to Secretary of the Interior, September 17, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

45. Letter, Cauldwell to John Noble, September 17, 1891, NA 79:1, S&GG.

46. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," pages 139-40.

47. Ibid., pages 140-42.

48. William C. Tweed, "John Muir in the Southern Sierra," Valley Trails, Stockton, California: Stockton Corral of Westerners (1976), pages 14-16.

49. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," page 141.

50. Ibid., pages 143-44.

51. Report of Special Agent Allen, (February, 1893), quoted in Strong, "History of Sequoia National Park," page 144.

52. Annual Report: 1899, pages 3-4.

53. Ibid., pages 4-5, 10-11.

54. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," pages 160-61.

55. Annual Report: 1900, pages 4-5, 9-10.

56. Strong, "A History of Sequoia National Park," page 153.

57. Letter, J. W. Dobson to Charles S. Newhall, Supt. of Forests, CA, June 1, 1899, NA 79:1, S&GG.

58. Letter, Ernest Britten to Secretary of the Interior, December 22, 1899, NA 79:1, S&GG.

59. Letter, Britten to Secretary of the Interior, January 22, 1900, NA, 79:1, S&GG.

60. Letter, Acting Supt. West to Secretary of the Interior, September 18, 1900, NA 79:1 S&GG.

61. Annual Report: 1901, page 10.

62. William C. Tweed, "Sequoia National Park Concessions: 1898-1926," Pacific Historian, (Spring 1972), pages 37-39.

63. Letter, Britten to Secretary of the Interior, May 9, 1901, NA 79:1, S&GG.

64. Annual Report: 1903, passim.

65. Annual Report: 1907, page 10.

66. Michael P. Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970, San Francisco: Sierra Club (1988), page 9.

67. Joseph N. LeConte, A Summer of Travel in the High Sierra, Ashland, Oregon: Lewis Osborne (1972), page 11.

68. Dennis Gagnon, Guide to the Theodore Solomons Trail, Western Tanager Press: Santa Cruz (1987), pages 5-9.

69. Sierra Club, "Report of the Outing Committee," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 3, page 236.

70. Letter, William Hammond to Secretary of the Interior, January 29, 1902, NA 79:1, S&GG.

71. Rudolph Van Norden, "System of the Mt. Whitney Power and Electric Company," Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas, Vol. 21, No. 26, December 27, 1913, pages 8-10.

72. Louise Jackson, Beulah A Biography of the Mineral King Valley of California, Tucson: Westernlore Press (1988), pages 111-12.

73. William R. Dudley, "Forestry Notes," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 2, (June 1904), pages 146-48.

74. William R. Dudley, "Forestry Notes," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 4 (June 1905), pages 326-27.

75. Quoted in Floyd Otter, The Men of Mammoth Forest, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Brothers (1963), pages 113-14.

76. Annual Report: 1913, pages 3-4.

77. By 1914, in addition to Yellowstone and the three California national parks, Congress had designated Mount Rainier [1899], Crater Lake [1902), Mesa Verde [1906], and Glacier [1910] national parks, and several presidents, using an authority granted to them by the 1906 Antiquities Act, had also designated a number of national monuments.

78. An Act to establish a National Park Service and for other purposes, approved August 25, 1916. (39 Stat. 535).

79. Richard C. McLaren and Henry J. LaSala, "Historical Grazing Records," manuscript in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Library, 1966, passim.

1. For discussion of the early days of the National Park Service see especially Horace Albright and Robert Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service 1913-33, Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers (1985), 340 pages; Ronald Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, Inc. (1984), especially chapter 2; John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press (1961), 325 pages; and Robert Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 3rd edition, New York: Alfred A. Knopf (1970), 370 pages. The best existing summaries of the administration of Sequoia National Park during these formative years are Herbert Junep, A Complete and Chronological History of Sequoia National Park, unpublished manuscript in Sequoia National Park Archives (1937), and Douglas Strong, A History of Sequoia National Park, Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University (1964), 336 pages. Junep's CCC-era manuscript is largely a compilation of superintendents' annual reports while Strong devotes most of his attention to the policies of park creation and expansion, but both contain some reference to administrative policies and goals.

2. Letter, Secretary of Interior Franklin Lane to Stephen Mather, May 13, 1918. The entire text of the letter can be found in: National Park Service, Administrative Policies for Natural Areas of the National Park System, Washington, D.C.: USDI, (1968), Appendix A, pages 68-71, or in Albright and Cahn, op. cit., pages 69-73.

3. Albright and Cahn, op. cit., pages 69-73.

4. Information on Walter Fry can be found in William Tweed, "The Early Naturalist Program in Sequoia National Park," unpublished document in Sequoia National Park Archives (1978), 6 pages; Colonel White is the subject of Rick Hydrick's, "The Genesis of National Park Management: John Roberts White and Sequoia National Park, 1920-1947," Journal of Forest History, Vol. 28, No. 2 (April 1984), pages 68-81.

5. Hydrick, up. cit.; see also Sequoia and Kings Canyon (hereafter cited as SEKI) Annual Superintendent's Reports 1920-31 for eloquent personal expression of Colonel White's ideas and actions.

6. An excellent treatment of this subject is provided in Strong, op. cit., pages 165-92.

7. Daniel J. Tobin, "A Brief History of Sequoia National Park," unpublished manuscript available in the subject file of Sequoia National Park library; for an exhaustive account of the campaign to enlarge Sequoia National Park see Strong, op. cit., pages 193-292.

8. See especially Albright and Cahn, op. cit., pages 81-93; Shankland, op. cit., pages 42-55, 114-28; Letter, Secretary Lane to Mather, May 13, 1918; Administrative Polices, op. cit.

9. National Park Service, The Sequoia and General Grant National Parks: Season of 1916, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (1916), 44 pages, copy available in SEKI Archives; "Our Big Trees Saved," National Geographic Magazine Vol. 31 (January 1917); see also SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1920-1926.

10. For a detailed description of the evolution of the interpretive program, particularly as it affected Sequoia National Park, see William Tweed, "The Early Naturalist Program in Sequoia National Park," op. cit.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Jim Corson, "A Brief History of the Generals Highway," unpublished chronology (June 4, 1963), SEKI Archives File D30.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1920-26, 1935; Corson, op. cit.; Letter, John White to H.E. Petterson of Fresno, July 16, 1921; Letter, Arno Cammerer to W.B. Greeley of the Forest Service, July 20, 1922.

17. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Report 1926.

18. SEKI, "Notes on the Construction of the Wolverton Creek, Lodgepole, Silliman Creek, Clover Creek, and Suwanee Creek Bridges on the Generals Highway," notes taken from Monthly Superintendent's Reports (March 22, 1977), 3 pages. SEKI Library Vertical File "Roads and Trails."

19. For a good indication of the rising control of landscape architects see especially the Annual Superintendent's Reports 1920-1932.

20. SEKI, "Press Bulletin on Completion of Generals Highway" (June 19, 1935), 2 pages.

21. Letter, George Goodwin to John White, October 19, 1920; Memorandum, Arno Cammerer to George Goodwin, May 4, 1921.

22. Letter, Arno Cammerer to Ben Maddox, June 24, 1921; Memorandum, George Goodwin to John White, March 31, 1922; Memorandum, W.M. Austin to John R. White, March 22, 1927.

23. Memorandum, John White to Horace Albright, May 3, 1929.

24. Foresta, op. cit., pages 26-27.

25. Letter, John White to Howard Hays, December 1, 1933.

26. See the voluminous correspondence on Colonel White's "attitude" toward the concessioners and their presence in Giant Forest. SEKI Archives under "Giant Forest Development."

27. Memorandum, Frank Kittredge to Horace Albright, August 3, 1933. SEKI Archives filed under "Middle Fork Road."

28. Letter, John White to Francis Farquhar, August 29, 1934. SEKI Archives filed under "Middle Fork Road."

29. Letter, John White to Horace Albright, March 4, 1938.

30. Tobin, op. cit., pages 10-11.

31. Letter, John White to Thomas Vint January 10, 1928; Memorandum, Frank Kittredge to Horace Albright, March 12, 1930; Letter, John White to Chief N.P.S. Engineer, April 4, 1930. All in SEKI Archives, "Road and Trails" file.

32. See the early years of the Sierra Club Bulletin (especially 1893-1915) for frequent references to the pressing need for new and more trails in the Sierra. Also see the extensive correspondence between Colonel White and William Colby and Francis Farquhar of the Sierra Club filed under "Roads and Trails" and "Sierra Club" in the SEKI Archives.

33. Memorandum, Guy Hopping to John White, February 9, 1938. SEKI Archives under "Roads and Trails."

34. U.S. Forest Service, "John Muir Trail, History," a segment of a larger and unlocatable Forest Service report. This segment is in the SEKI Archives (March 8, 1933); Also see Edward Hyatt, "History of John Muir Trail" (January 14, 1929) given to Colonel White and also located SEKI Archives under the trail name.

35. There is a thick file of correspondence and reports in the SEKI Archives labeled "High Sierra Trail," but for synopsis see William Tweed, "The High Sierra Trail," Sequoia Natural History Association (1982), 48 pages.

36. John White, "Some Notes on the Development of Sequoia National Park" (December 14, 1933), a memorandum in SEKI Archives, pages 1-2.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.; Tobin, op. cit.; Annual Superintendent's Reports 1920-1931.

39. Letter, John White to Stephen Mather, September 20, 1923; Letter, Stephen Mather to holders of semi-permanent camps, October 9, 1924; "Private Camping Sites Definitely Banned in Park," Exeter Sun (July 27, 1933).

40. Letter, John White to H.B. Hommon, February 14, 1923; Letter, H.B. Hommon to John White, April 26, 1923.

41. White, "Some Notes;" SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1920-1932.

42. White, "Some Notes."

43. For a detailed treatment of the early history of concessions in Sequoia National Park see William Tweed, "Sequoia National Park Concessions 1898-1926," Pacific Historian, Vol. 16, No. 1(1972), pages 36-60.

44. Ibid., pages 49-49.

45. Ibid., pages 53-54.

46. Ibid., pages 55-57.

47. Ibid.; "Fred Harvey Co. Buys Parks Firm," Fresno Bee (April 1, 1966).

48. Letter, Howard Hays to John White, August 26, 1927.

49. Ibid.

50. Letter, George Mauger to John White, January 25, 1930.

51. Letter, Howard Hays to John White reporting concession profits, January, 1930-specific date unreadable.

52. SEKI, Fire Management Plan: An Amendment to the Natural Resources Management Plan (April 1984 Revision), pages 14-16.

53. Emilio Meinecke, "Memorandum on the Effects of Tourist Traffic on Plant Life, Particularly Big Trees, Sequoia National Park, California." Unpublished report in SEKI Archives (May 1926), 19 pages.

54. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1930-1931.

55. Letter, John White to Mrs. Edward Breck, April 2, 1930; Memorandum, Horace Albright to John White, April 16, 1930; Memorandum, John White to Horace Albright reporting on destruction of predators, August 26, 1931; Horace Albright response to above address by John White (November 10, 1931).

56. SEKI, Wildlife Management Plan (March 1987), pages 11-15.

57. Ibid., pages 15-23; Annual Superintendent's Reports 1921-1931.

58. SEKI, Wildlife Management Plan (March 1987), pages 11-15.

59. Marcella M. Sherfy, "The National Park Service and the First World War," Journal of Forest History, Vol. 22, No.4 (October 1978), pages 203-05.

60. Memorandum, Walter Fry to Stephen Mather, June 17, 1918; Memorandum, John White to Stephen Mather, April 22, 1924; Letter, Horace Albright to Earl Schlaman, April 15, 1931; Tobin, op. cit., page 5.

61. Walter Fry, "A Twenty-Five Year Survey of the Animals of Sequoia National Park," described and heavily quoted in George Wright, Joseph Dixon and Ben Thompson, Fauna of the National Parks of the United States, Washington, D.C., U.S. Dept. of Interior Fauna Series No. 1 (May 1932), pages 129-31.

62. Referred to in the Wildlife Management Plan, 1987 op. cit., page 16.

63. Meinecke, op. cit.; John White, "Retrospect," a five-page memorandum to the files on development in Sequoia National Park (1932); White, "Some Notes."

64. Meinecke, op. cit.

65. Letter, Stephen Mather to John White, June 17, 1927; White, "Some Notes."

66. Letter, Mather to White, June 17, 1927.

67. White "Some Notes."

68. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Report 1930.

69. Ibid.

70. Letter, Howard Hays to John White, March 14,1931.

71. Memorandum, John White to Director, November 23, 1944 summarizing events and conditions for planning, especially in Giant Forest, 7 pages.

72. See especially memoranda, John White to Horace Albright, February 14, 1930, and March 28, 1932 and Albright to White, March 15, 1932.

73. Memorandum, Horace Albright for Washington office files, July 10, 1931. Copy in SEKI Archives under "Giant Forest Development."

74. Memorandum, White to Director, November 23, 1944.

1. John White, "Atmosphere in the National Parks," address to Special Superintendent's Meeting, Washington, D.C. (February 10, 1936), 6-page transcript in SEKI Archives.

2. For an excellent summary of CCC operations in the national parks see John C. Paige, The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933-1942: An Administrative History, Washington, D.C: National Park Service, USDI, (1985), 250 pages.

3. Ibid., pages 66-70, 131-32.

4. See especially Annual Superintendent's Reports 1933-1938 and White, op. cit., page 6.

5. Paige, op. cit., pages 70-73; SEKI, "Seasonal Narrative Reports of ECW Projects, 1933-1941," housed in SEKI library.

6. Paige, op. cit., pages 66-93.

7. Filmore Criss, interview conducted by Dana Abell (August 1974), two-page interview summary in SEKI files under CCC.

8. Rod DeVoe, interview conducted by Peter Pellegrin (September 23, 1982), two-page interview summary in SEKI files under CCC.

9. SEKI, "Statement of Conditions in Sequoia National Park Before CCC (1933) and Now (1941)," list and description of changes and accomplishments in SEKI archives (1942).

10. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1918, 1940 and 1941.

11. Paige, op. cit., pages 51-52.

12. White, op. cit.

13. Ibid.

14. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1931 and 1941.

15. Rick Hydrick, "The Genesis of National Park Management: John Roberts White and Sequoia National Park, 1920-1947," Journal of Forest History, Vol. 28, No. 2 (April 1984), page 75.

16. Ibid; White, op. cit.; Letters, Howard Hays to John White, December 6, 1937; Arno Cammerer to John White, September 6, 1931; John White to Horace Albright, May 31, 1930; John White to Regional Director, March 18, 1946.

17. See Annual Superintendent's Reports 1936-1938 under "Winter Use."

18. Letter, Lawrence Cook to John White, September 15, 1933.

19. Letter, Daniel Tobin to Yosemite Superintendent C.C. Thompson, September 26, 1934.

20. Ernest Davidson, A Study Plan and Schedule for Completion of Development Removal Program Giant Forest Area, Sequoia National Park, in-house report by the Regional Landscape Architect (December 1943), 10 pages.

21. Ibid.

22. Hydrick, op. cit.; Letter, John White to William Colby, May 14, 1938.

23. Letter, Horace Albright to John White, March 15, 1932.

24. Letter, John White to Horace Albright, March 28, 1932.

25. Davidson, op. cit.; Annual Superintendent's Reports 1935-1938.

26. Letter, John White to Landscape Architect Thomas Carpenter, May 9, 1933.

27. Letter, John White to George Mauger, October 3, 1933.

28. Letter, George Mauger to John White, August 24, 1936.

29. Letter, John White to George Mauger, September 7, 1936.

30. Letters, John White to Harold Bryant, September 17, 1937; Ernest Davidson to Regional Director, September 15, 1938; John White to George Mauger, March 4, 1938; Annual Superintendent's Report 1940.

31. Letters, John White to Eivind Scoyen, February 25, 1941; Eivind Scoyen to John White, Match 3, 1941.

32. Memorandum, John White to Regional Director, September 13, 1941.

33. Charles C. Adams, An Ecological Survey in Northern Michigan: A Report from the University Museum, University of Michigan, Michigan Board of Geological Survey Report (1905); An Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Michigan State Biological Survey (1908); "Ecological Conditions in National Forests and National Parks," The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 20 (June 1925), pages 561-93.

34. Lowell Sumner, "Biological Research and Management in the National Park Service: A History," The George Wright Forum (August 1983), pages 3-27.

35. Ibid.

36. George M. Wright, Joseph Dixon and Ben Thompson, Fauna of the National Parks of the United States, Fauna Series No. 1, USDI, National Park Service (1933), 157 pages.

37. Sumner, op. cit.

38. SEKI, Wildlife Management Plan (March 1987), pages 24-26.

39. Ibid., pages 17-24.

40. Sumner, op. cit.

41. SEKI, Development Zone Vegetation Management Plan (September 1987), pages 4-26.

42. Emilio Meinecke, "Relocation of Public and Operator Developments in Sequoia National Park," confidential memorandum to National Park Service, November 1944, 11 pages SEKI Archives.

43. Newton Drury, "Park Meadows and Tree Encroachment," excerpt from the minutes of the Regional Director's Conference of the National Park Service, Chicago (January 6 to 15, 1944). Located in SEKI Archives under "conferences.

44. John Armstrong, A Study of Grazing Conditions in the Roaring River District, Kings Canyon National Park, with Recommendations, report submitted to Superintendent, Sequoia National Park (April 21, 1942), 58 pages plus photos. Located in office of the Chief Ranger, Sequoia National Park.

45. Letter, John R. White to Mrs. W.K. Webber, January 17, 1927; "Seven Counties Concerned in Greatest Summit-Parks Highway; Plan Organization," Visalia Daily Times (January 17, 1927); "proposed New Routing for Parks Highway," The Fresno Morning Republican (July 15, 1929).

46. See minutes of the meetings of the Sierra National Parks Highway Association contained in SEKI Archives in three folders listed as "Sierra Way."

47. Ward P. Webber, Report on the Reconnaissance of a North and South Road Sequoia National Park and Approaches, Office of Chief Engineer, Branch of Engineering, National Park Service (September 1931), 8 pages plus maps. Located in SEKI Archives under "Sierra Way."

48. Letters, John White to Arno Cammerer, December 28, 1935 and January 4, 1936.

49. Letter, Frank Kittredge to Arno Cammerer, January 8, 1936.

50. Letter, Arthur Demaray to Frank Kittredge, March 18, 1935.

51. Letter, Acting Director Demaray to Secretary Harold Ickes, November 30, 1935; minutes of the San Joaquin Valley Council of the California Chamber of Commerce (December 12, 1935).

52. H.A. Alderton, Jr. and E.E. Erhart, Route Study of the Proposed Western Divide Highway Between Greenhorn Summit and South Boundary of Sequoia National Park, USDA, Bureau of Public Roads (September 1935), 24 pages plus maps and photos.

53. The Commonwealth Club of California, "Should We Stop Building New Roads into California's High Mountains?" The Commonwealth, Vol. 12, No. 22 (June 2, 1936), pages 327-86.

54. Memorandum, Frank Kittredge to Arno Cammerer, March 19, 1936.

55. "Sierra Way Revived to Handle 'Stub' Freeway Traffic," Sierra Club Bulletin January 1961).

56. Letters, Arno Cammerer to Allen Hughes, December 15, 1936; Frank Kittredge to Arno Cammerer, January 8, 1936; memorandum, John White to Newton Drury, April 18, 1944.

57. Memorandum, John White to Frank Kittredge, July 15, 1944.

58. Annual Superintendent's Reports 1941-1945.

59. Letter, Daniel Tobin to Lt. Colonel Joe Myer, April 10, 1944.

60. Memorandum, Herbert Maier to Western Region Superintendents, December 9, 1942; letter, John White to B.M. Hobbick, October 22, 1943; memorandum, Daniel Tobin to Newton Drury, February 7, 1945; Annual Superintendent's Reports 1943-1945.

61. Newton Drury, "The National Parks in Wartime," American Forests (August 1943); Duncan McDuffie, "Grazing in Recreational Areas," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 4 (August 1942), pages 115-16; John R. White, "Grazing Article for National Parks Magazine," draft of a position statement dated May 7, 1943, 14 pages.

62. Reference to this memorandum is contained in a memorandum from Regional Director Owen Tomlinson to John White June 10, 1942.

63. Davidson, op. cit.

64. Letter, Howard Hays to Newton Drury, June 1, 1945.

65. Memoranda, Lawrence Cook to Newton Drury, January 19, 1944; Thomas Vint to Drury, September 4, 1944; John White to Drury containing a recapitulation of Olmsted's conclusions, November 3, 1944; Meinecke, op. cit.; Davidson, op. cit.; John White, "Arguments for and Against Removal of Giant Forest Lodge and Village to New Site," memorandum to the Director, September 16, 1944.

66. Memorandum, John White to Owen Tomlinson, June 4, 1945.

67. See both SEKI Archives and SEKI Central Files under Giant Forest Development for the years 1945 and 1946.

68. Memorandum, John White to Newton Drury, September 22, 1945; Eivind Scoyen to Lawrence Merriam, January 8, 1951.

69. Memorandum, John White to Owen Tomlinson, June 4, 1945.

70. Memorandum, Eivind Scoyen to Lawrence Merriam, January 8, 1951.

71. Annual Superintendent's Reports 1920 and 1947.

1. John Muir, "A Rival of the Yosemite—The Canyon of the South Fork of the Kings River," Century, Vol. 21(1891), pages 77-82.

2. Francis Farquhar, "Kings Canyon National Park," unpublished manuscript in Bancroft Archives, University of California, Berkeley (ca. 1938), 9 pages.

3. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1979).

4. Joseph B. Lippincott, Storage of Water on the Kings River, California, Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey (1902).

5. Ralph Randell, Storage Resources of the South and Middle Forks of the Kings River, California, Washington, D.C.: Federal Power Commission (1930).

6. Letters, Chester Warlow to John White, Frank Kittredge, and William Colby, SEKI Archives under "Kings Canyon" (1927-1933).

7. Douglas Strong, A History of Sequoia National Park, unpublished dissertation, Syracuse University (1964), pages 219-92; see also the extensive correspondence between William Colby and Francis Farquhar of the Sierra Club, Stephen Mather and John White of the National Park Service, Chester Warlow of Fresno, Congressman Barbour, and representatives of Southern California Edison in the Sequoia National Park Archives (1921-39).

8. Letter, Chester Warlow to John White, date unclear, 1931, SEKI Archives under "Kings Canyon."

9. Strong, op. cit.

10. Sierra Club, "Kings River Power Development," Confidential memorandum in the Francis Farquhar papers, Bancroft Archives, University of California, Berkeley (1948).

11. Randell, op. cit.; letter, Chester Warlow to Regional Forester S.B. Show, March 30, 1931 attached to Randell Report.

12. Letter, Warlow to Show, March 30, 1931.

13. George Gibbs, Preliminary Plan for Development of Kings River Canyon for Recreation, United States Forest Service (1933); George Gibbs, Reappraisal of the Development Plan for the Kings River Canyon, United States Forest Service (1934); letter, Regional Forester to George Gibbs, February 23, 1934, attached to 1933 Gibbs report.

14. Joseph Elliott, "Description of the Master Plan for the Kings River District," Sequoia National Forest, by the Forest Supervisor, in Sequoia National Park Archives (1935), 9 pages.

15. Memorandum, Frank Kittredge to National Park Service Director Arno Cammerer, January 8, 1936; San Joaquin Council, California Chamber of Commerce, minutes of meeting on Sierra Way, March 13, 1936, Sequoia National Park Archives.

16. See especially Barry Mackintosh, "Harold Ickes and the National Park Service," Journal of Forest History, Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1985), pages 78-84.

17. Ibid; also see S.B. Show, "Background and Events of Kings Canyon Controversy, Part 4 of an unpublished interview by Amelia R. Fry, Bancroft Archives, University of California, Berkeley (1963), pages 175-211.

18. William Colby, unpublished interview by Corrinne Gibb, Bancroft Archives, University of California, Berkeley (1951), pages 51-56.

19. Mackintosh, op. cit.

20. Quoted in Mackintosh, page 82.

21. Memorandum, Harold Ickes to Arno Cammerer, Francis Farquhar Papers, Bancroft Archives, University of California, Berkeley. [September 20, 1935].

22. Frank Kittredge, "Kings Canyon National Park," unpublished memoir of the former Regional Director, National Park Service, Sequoia National Park Archives (1950), 20 pages; B.F. Manbey, seventeen unpublished memoranda to the Regional Director of the National Park Service reporting on meetings with San Joaquin Valley citizens and associations (1938).

23. Kittredge, op. cit.

24. Manbey, op. cit.

25. Kittredge, op. cit.

26. Corson, J.W., "A Brief Talk on the Future of Cedar Grove and Tehipite Valley," transcript of a presentation made February 17, 1964, Sequoia National Park Archives; memorandum, B.E Manbey to National Park Service Regional Director, July 27, 1949, 12 pages; National Park Service, "Resume of Correspondence and Actions regarding the exclusion of Cedar Grove and Tehipite areas from Kings Canyon National Park, Sequoia National Park Archives (February 14, 1952).

27. National Park Service, "A List of Organizations Opposed to the Creation of Kings Canyon National Park," Sequoia National Park Archives (March 1939).

28. Kittredge, op. cit.; Show, op. cit.

29. Irving Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Northland Publishing Company, Flagstaff, AZ (1987), 350 pages; see chapter 10 on Kings Canyon.

30. Kittredge, op. cit.; Letter, Chester Warlow to Frank Kittredge, date unclear, 1939.

31. Show, op. cit.

32. Mrs. Charles Edge, "Statement on H.R. 3794 to House Committee on Public Lands," in: Establishing the John Muir-Kings Canyon National Park, California, hearings before the Committee on the Public Lands of the 76th Congress, (March 1939), pages 428-34; James A. Foote, "Statement on H.R. 3794 to House Committee on Public Lands," in: Establishing the John Muir-Kings Canyon National Park, California, hearings before the Committee on Public Lands of the 76th Congress, (March 1939), pages 290-99; Brant, op. cit.

33. The entire amazing account of Elliott's misdeeds, Gearhart's response and the reaction of House members is available in Congressional Record, House, Vol. 84, 76th Congress, 1st Session (May 2,1939).

34. Congressional Record, House, Vol. 84, Appendix to 76th Congress, 1st Session (August 4, 1939).

35. Ise, op. cit.; Kittredge, op. cit.

36. SEKI, Superintendent's Annual Report 1940.

37. Memorandum, Acting Director Arthur Demaray to Secretary Ickes, May 14, 1940.

38. Memorandum, C.M. Granger to Regional Forester Show, July 11, 1940.

39. Memorandum, M.E. Griffith, U.S. Commissioner, Sequoia National Park, to Eivind Scoyen, July 14, 1949.

40. Memorandum, Eivind Scoyen to the Regional Director, May 20, 1949.

41. See especially letters, Chester Warlow to Arthur Demaray, December 30, 1938 and May 24, 1940 and to George Mauger September 14,1954.

42. See especially letters, William Colby to Newton Drury, September 5, 1946 and John White to Arno Cammerer, November 11, 1940.

43. Letter, John White to Guy Hopping, October 23, 1940.

44. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., "A Report on Kings Canyon Development Plans," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 32 (1947), pages 112-24; Letter, John White to Guy Hopping, November 1, 1940.

45. Letter, Warlow to Demaray, December 30, 1938.

46. Ibid.

47. Letter, Arthur Demaray to Chester Warlow, January 20, 1939.

48. Letter, Warlow to Demaray, May 24, 1940, page 2.

49. Letter, Chester Warlow to Arthur Demaray, June 10, 1940; Letter, Warlow to Eivind Scoyen, March 5, 1952.

50. Olmsted, op. cit.

51. Letter, Thomas Carpenter, National Park Service Landscape Architect, to Regional Director O.A. Tomlinson, July 27, 1948; Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 34 (1949), page 13.

52. Letter, Carpenter to Tomlinson, July 27,1948.

53. Olmsted, op. cit.

54. Ibid; Memorandum, Superintendent Eivind Scoyen to Director Newton Drury, February 3, 1950.

55. Olmsted, op. cit.

56. David Brower, "Kings Canyon National Park; Landscape Planning in the South Fork Canyon," introduction to the report by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 32 (1947), page 112.

57. Olmsted, op. cit.; Memorandum, Regional Director O.A. Tomlinson to Director Newton Drury, January 27, 1950.

58. National Park Service, "Kings Canyon Development Plan," three-page summary of the proposed development on the canyon of the South Fork prepared for the Sierra Club (ca. spring 1947).

59. Letter, Regional Director O.A. Tomlinson to Chester Warlow, August 1947.

1. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1943-1945.

2. Conrad Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press (1980), page 61.

3. Quoted in W.A. Carnes, A Look Back to Look Ahead, paper delivered at the Mission 66 Frontiers Conference (April 24, 1961), page 4.

4. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1940, 1947, 1955.

5. "Road Will Open New Scenic Area in Kings Canyon," The Fresno Bee (March 25, 1947); SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1948, 1952, 1954-1958.

6. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1947, 1952-55.

7. Wirth, op. cit., pages 237-45.

8. Ibid., pages 237-38.

9. Ibid., pages 237-63.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. SEKI, "Mission 66 for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks" (narrative report on plans released in Washington D.C. 1956); SEKI, "Summary of Mission 66 Objectives and Program for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks" (Detailed Bulletin, May 7, 1956); SEKI, "Statistical Report for Mission 66: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks" November 9, 1955.

13. SEKI, "Statistical Report," op. cit.

14. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Report 1959.

15. SEKI, "Mission 66 Accomplishments, July 1, 1956-June 30, 1966," Sequoia National Park Archives, 12 pages.

16. Letter, Howard Hays to Conrad Wirth, August 15, 1955.

17. Letter, Newton Drury to George Mauger, February 4, 1941; letter, Secretary of Interior J. Krug to Representative J.H. Peterson, July 7, 1949.

18. Letter, George Mauger to John White, January 5, 1945; Memorandum, John White to Newton Drury, January 8, 1945.

19. SEKI, "Master Plan Development Outline, Kings Canyon Area, South Fork Region" (May 1957) pages 10-12; NPS, Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California (October 1961), Chapter 5, pages 4-7. Also for information on the concession contract agreement see memorandum, Chief of Concessions Management Donald Lee to Regional Director Merriam, November 12, 1953. All in SEKI Archives.

20. See especially memorandum, NPS Administrative Officer to Assistant Superintendent of SEKI, February 24, 1972 and also the large volume of correspondence between the NPS in both Washington and the regional office; George Mauger, B.F. Quinn, and Walter Lindborg of the concession company; and representatives of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company filed under Cedar Grove Development (1957-1972). All in SEKI Archives.

21. See two memoranda, Eivind Scoyen to Regional Director Tomlinson, June 4, 1948 and August 31, 1949.

22. Memorandum, Acting Superintendent Carlson to Regional Director Merriam, March 3, 1952; memorandum, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power to the California State Board of Water and Power Commissioners, April 1952.

23. Charles Kaupke, "Summary of Development of the Pine Flat Project," Kings River Water District (December 1952); Memorandum, Acting Director Wirth to W.A. Hoyt, Commissioner of Reclamation, September 12, 1949; Michael Straus and Richard Boke, North Fork Kings River Development, Central Valley Basin Plan, California, Bureau of Reclamation Project Planning Report No. 2-4, 23-3 (August 1949), 27 pages. All in SEKI Archives.

24. J.W. Corson, "A Brief Talk on the Future of Cedar Grove and Tehipite Valley," transcription of a talk delivered by the NPS representative in Fresno (February 17, 1964).

25. Ibid.

26. Letter from Attorney Northcutt Ely to Howard Hays, August 4, 1954.

27. See the voluminous correspondence between George Mauger and NPS officials from SEKI, the regional office, and Washington during the period 1960-1963. SEKI Archives under Cedar Grove Development.

28. SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1965-1972.

29. SEKI, "Master Plan Development Outline, Sequoia and Kings Canyon: Kings Canyon Area, South Fork Region" (May 1957).

30. SEKI, 'Draft of Proposed Replacement of National Park Service and Concessioner Facilities, Cedar Grove, Kings Canyon National Park" (July 15, 1972).

31. Read especially correspondence under files for "Development" in the two parks to see the preponderance of attention given to reports accepted from landscape architects from 1925 to the 1950s. Also see reports of the park scientist and Annual Superintendent's Reports for the same period.

32. Memorandum, Director Demaray to Regional Director Merriam, June 22, 1951; memorandum, Superintendent Scoyen to Regional Director Tomlinson, August 18, 1948; memorandum, Merriam to Director Wirth, February 8, 1954; SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Reports 1948-1952.

33. See correspondence between George Mauger and Howard Hays on one side and SEKI and Western Region officials on the other from 1947 through 1952 filed under "Development—Giant Forest" and "Concession Relations in SEKI Archives.

34. Memorandum, Demaray to Merriam, June 22, 1951; memorandum, Merriam to Wirth, February 8, 1954; memorandum, Scoyen to Tomlinson, April 28, 1948; White predicted what the concessioner would do in a memorandum to Regional Director Tomlinson, June 4, 1945.

35. See especially Memorandum, Demaray to Merriam, June 22, 1951; memorandum from Thomas Carpenter to Merriam, March 3, 1955; plus SEKI, "Master Plan Development Outline," the section on concessions (1952).

36. Letter, George Mauger to Assistant Superintendent Oscar Carlson, June 6, 1947, gives inventory of concession structures.

37. Memorandum, Landscape Architect William Rosenberg to Chief, Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, February 21, 1957.

38. Ibid.; SEKI, Annual Superintendent's Report 1950-53.

39. See especially letter, John Davis to George Mauger, February 5, 1964; letter, George Mauger to John Davis, January 23, 1965; and correspondence listed under "Roads and Trails" and "Development——Giant Forest" between Mauger and park officials.

40. Letters, George Mauger to Thomas Allen, July 7, 1956, August 13, 1956 and January 17, 1957; and letter, Thomas Allen to George Mauger, May 3, 1957.

41. Memoranda Eivind Scoyen to Regional Director Tomlinson, September 15, and September 25, 1950; letter, Howard Hays to Secretary Oscar Chapman, October 25, 1950; memorandum, Regional Forester Burnett Sanford to Superintendent Scoyen, October 9, 1950.

42. See especially George Mauger, "Felling the Leaning Sequoia Tree," unpublished essay in SEKI Archives (November 1950), 6 pages; memorandum, Newton Drury to Regional Director Tomlinson, October 30, 1950.

43. See general correspondence in file "Hazard Trees" for the period September through November 1950. SEKI Central Files.

44. Memorandum, Eivind Scoyen to Owen Tomlinson, September 25, 1950; memorandum, Scoyen to Lawrence Merriam, June 23, 1953; Mauger, op. cit.

45. SEKI, "Mission 66 for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks", op. cit.

46. Ibid.

47. Yosemite National Park, Report on the Effects of Human Impact Upon the Giant Sequoias of the Mariposa and Tuolumne Groves—Yosemite National Park, Committee Report to Superintendent Preston (1954).

48. Emilio Meinecke, "Relocation of Public and Operator Developments in Sequoia National Park," report to Superintendent White (November 1944), 13 pages.

49. Richard Hartesveldt, "The Effects of Human Impact Upon Sequoia Gigantea and its Environment in the Mariposa Grove," preliminary report to the National Park Service (1959). Hartesveldt completed his extensive dissertation with the same title for University of Michigan in 1962.

50. Memorandum, John Davis to Regional Director Merriam, June 20, 1960.

51. SEKI, "Recommendations from the Giant Forest Development Meeting" (June 1960).

52. Memorandum, Conrad Wirth to Lawrence Merriam, August 16, 1960.

53. Bureau of Public Roads, Reconnaissance Report of Generals Highway Route From Ash Mountain Park Headquarters to Vicinity of Red Fir, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Tulare County, California. U.S. Department of Commerce (1961) 12 pages; Bureau of Public Roads, Supplementary Report of Generals Highway Route 1... (1962) 11 pages. Much of the data in these reports can be found on enclosed maps.

54. D. Jackson Faustman, Traffic Analysis, Master Plan Studies Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, Report to the National Park Service (October 1969), 27 pages and many enclosures.

55. Letter, Regional Director Chapman to Senator John Tunney, October 15, 1974.

56. Memorandum, Superintendent John McLaughlin to Regional Director William Bowen, September 2, 1969.

57. SEKI, Master Plan (1971), 28 pages.

58. Memorandum, Acting Regional Director Mulvany to Superintendents, Western Region, October 23, 1968.

59. Without any explanation, all the correspondence and planning documents from 1965 on discuss a pillow limit of 1,200 or 1,240 while those of 1963 specifically maintain the original 1,000. There is no documentation extant concerning this important change.

60. Memorandum, Park Forester Chris Cameron to Chief Ranger R. Stenmark, January 3, 1967.

61. SEKI, "Draft of Construction and Development Program Proposed for Inclusion in Written Supplemental Agreement with Government Services, Incorporated for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks" (November 6, 1972).

62. SEKI, Master Plan, op. cit.

63. Quoted in Lowell Sumner, "Biological Research and Management in the National Park Service: A History," The George Wright Forum (August 1983), page 18.

64. Ibid.

65. Stanley Cain, Ira Gabrielson, Clarence Cottam, Thomas Kimball, and A. Starker Leopold, "A Vignette of Primitive America," Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 48, No. 3 (March 1963), pages 2-11. Also published as "Wildlife Management in the National Parks," The Living Wilderness, No. 83 (Spring 1963), pages 11-24.

66. Ibid.

67. American Men of Science, 11th edition, R.R. Bowker Company, New York (1966).

68. Cain, et. al., op. cit., page 4.

69. Ibid., page 5.

70. Ibid., page 8.

71. Sumner, op. cit.; memorandum, Assistant Director to All Field Offices, October 14, 1965; memorandum, Director Hartzog to All Field Offices, September 22, 1967; letter, Secretary Udall to Leopold Committee Members, printed with the report in Sierra Club Bulletin, op. cit., page 3.

72. Sumner, op. cit.; Annual Superintendent's Report 1963.

73. See correspondence and memoranda from the Research Biologist and from the chief ranger for the period 1965-1972 filed under "Wildlife," SEKI Archives plus the Master Plan op. cit.

74. Cain, et. al., op. cit., page 6.

75. SEKI, Wildlife Management Plan (March 1987), pages 24-25.

76. Ibid.; memorandum, Park Biologist Sumner to Superintendent Scoyen, August 12, 1955, on the deer reduction program of 1955 and summarizing actions up to that time.

77. See annual reports from the park biologist to the superintendent on the deer reduction program. SEKI Archives under "Wildlife."

78. SEKI, "1964-65 Deer and Range Management Plan for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks" (1964).

79. Wildlife Management Plan, op. cit.

80. See SEKI, Bighorn Sheep Management Plan (August 1986), 15 pages.; also letter, Forest Supervisor Rodel, USFS, to Superintendent McLaughlin, January 5, 1971.

81. See especially SEKI, Bear Management Plan (December 1987 revision), 34 pages.

82. Wildlife Management Plan, op. cit., pages 10-11.

83. Hartesveldt, op. cit.

84. Cain, et al., op. cit.; SEKI, Fire Management Plan (April 1984 revision), pages 21-31.

85. SEKI Fire Management Plan.

86. Ibid.

87. John Armstrong, A Study of Grazing Conditions in the Roaring River District, Kings Canyon National Park, with Recommendations, SEKI Report (1942), 177 pages; Lowell Sumner, Special Report on a Wildlife Study of the High Sierra in Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks and Adjacent Territory, SEKI Report (1936), 60 pages; Lowell Sumner, Special Report on Range Management and Wildlife Protection in Kings Canyon National Park, SEKI Report (1940), 288 pages; Lowell Sumner, Erosion in the Roaring River District, Kings Canyon National Park—A Checkup After Six Years, SEKI Report (1947), 46 pages.

88. Lowell Sumner, Tourist Damage to Mountain Meadows in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, 1935-1948, SEKI Report (1948), 29 pages.

89. Bruce Black, Erosion in the Roaring River District, Kings Canyon National Park: A Pictorial Review After Ten Years, SEKI Report (1952).

90. Memorandum, Stanley Bechtel to chief ranger, May 2, 1952.

91. John A. Rutter and Bruce Black, Back Country Use Report, SEKI Report (February 1953), 32 pages.

92. Ibid., page 32.

93. Memorandum, Lowell Sumner to NPS Regional Naturalist, April 1, 1953, SEKI Archives (also included at the back of the Back Country Use Report).

94. Letters, Superintendent Scoyen to B.F. Bole, October 18, 1951, April 25, 1952, June 1, 1953; Superintendent to Richard Leonard, Sierra Club, October 1, 1951; Mrs. Virginia Romaine to Superintendent Scoyen, October 5, 1951.

95. Henry M. Brown, "Lewis Camp," Los Tulares, No. 80 (March 1969); memorandum, Ranger John Nealis to Chief Ranger, November 11, 1952.

96. Memorandum, Howard Stagner to Superintendent Scoyen, January 3, 1952.

97. See the enormous amount of correspondence between these two associations and the parks between 1945 and the present housed in SEKI Archives under "Stock Use" and "Backcountry Management."

98. Memorandum, Assistant Director Thomas Allen to Superintendent Scoyen, November 7, 1953.

99. Letter, Chief Ranger Irwin Kerr to Superintendent, Lassen Volcanic National Park, March 10, 1955.

100. See correspondence between Hugh Traweek and his many supporters and the Park Service filed under "Traweek" in the SEKI Archives (dating from January 1, 1958, to September 14, 1961).

101. Annual Superintendent's Report 1958.

102. Carl W. Sharsmith, A Report on the Status, Changes and Ecology of Back Country Meadows in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (1959), SEKI Report, 122 pages.

103. Ibid.

104. See especially William J. Briggle, A Report on the Restrictions Imposed on Public Camping and Grazing at Kearsarge Lakes and Bullfrog Lake in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Report to the Superintendent, SEKI (January 19, 1960).

105. SEKI, Backcountry Report, (1960), Annual Report to the Chief Ranger and Superintendent.

106. Maurice Thede, Lowell Summer and William Briggle, Backcountry Management Plan for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. (1963), 106 pages.

107. See Annual Backcountry Reports filed for the years 1960-1969 as well as correspondence filed under "Stock Use" for the same dates. All in SEKI Archives.

108. Annual Backcountry Reports 1959 and 1972.

109. Annual Backcountry Report 1971, pages 9-10.

110. H.T. Harvey, R.J. Hartesveldt and J.T. Stanley, Wilderness Impact Study Report, Interim Report to the Sierra Club Outing Committee (September 1972), 87 pages.

111. Rendel Alldredge, Some Capacity Theory for Parks and Recreation Areas, Report from the NPS to the Secretary of the Interior (June 1972), 23 pages.; memorandum, Howard Chapman to superintendents, Western Region, November 27, 1972.

112. Memorandum, Bruce Kilgore to Chief Scientist, Washington office of NPS, February 1, 1972,; memorandum, Gordon Boyd to Superintendent Henry Schmidt, January 23, 1973; A Use Limit Plan for Portions of the John Muir Wilderness and Kings Canyon National Park, Interagency Plan by U.S. Forest Service and National Park Service (March 16, 1973).

113. The "Wilderness Act," Public Law 88-577, 88th Congress, (September 3, 1964).

114. Ibid.

115. SEKI, "Wilderness Proposal for Sequoia and Kings Canyon" (November 1975). This proposal includes a two-page synopsis of the events and actions which occurred in the planning and public hearing procedures from the time of the original proposal of November 1966.

116. Ibid.

117. Ibid.

118. Although strongly biased against the Forest Service and Walt Disney Productions, the best account of the Mineral King controversy in print is John L. Harper, Mineral King, Public Concern with Government Policy, Arcata, California: Pacifica Publishing Company (1982), 223 pages.

1. U.S. Department of the Interior, Master Plan, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, National Park Service (1971), pages 10-18.

2. Sasaki, Walker Associates, Development Concept Plan, Giant Forest and Lodgepole, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California (1974), page 7.

3. Ibid., page 28.

4. National Park Service, News Release, "Sequoia Park Development Plan Being Revised," November 20, 1974.

5. National Park Service, Development Concept Planning Alternatives Draft, May 1975; and attached "Planning Alternatives Response Booklet."

6. National Park Service, News Release, "Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks to Hold Public Meetings," December 21, 1977.

7. National Park Service, Draft Development Concept Plan, Giant Forest/Lodgepole Area of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, September 1977, inside cover.

8. Ibid, pages 21-51.

9. National Park Service, Draft Environmental Statement, Proposed Development Concept Plan, Giant Forest/Lodgepole Area, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park (November, 1977).

10. National Park Service, Final Environmental Statement, Proposed Development Concept Plan (June 1979), pages 266/39 - 266/41.

11. National Park Service, Planning Alternatives Draft, Cedar Grove, Kings Canyon National Park (1975), pages 6-21.

12. National Park Service, Environmental Review, Development Concept Plan, Cedar Grove, Kings Canyon National Park (May 1976); and NPS, Development Concept Plan, Cedar Grove, Kings Canyon National Park (May 1976).

13. Visalia Times-Delta, "High Court Rejects Sierra Club Suit," (April 19, 1972).

14. San Francisco Chronicle, (May 5,1972).

15. U.S. Forest Service, Draft Environmental Statement, Mineral King Recreation Development (1974).

16. U.S. Forest Service, Summary, Final Environmental Statement, Mineral King Recreation Development, Sequoia National Forest (1976).

17. National Park Service, "Department of the Interior, Feasibility Report, Mineral King, California," page 46.

18. Letter, John Krebs to John Maguire, Chief U.S. Forest Service, February 17, 1977.

19. San Francisco Chronicle, "Mineral King Plan Appears Doomed," (January 26, 1978).

20. National Park Service, Comprehensive Management Plan, Mineral King, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (November 1980), page 3.

21. National Park Service, Environmental Assessment for the Development Concept Plan, Grant Grove and Redwood Mountain, Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks (1983), pages 21-32.

22. National Park Service, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Development Concept Plan, Grant Grove/Redwood Mountain (1987), pages 4-5.

23. National Park Service, Plan for the Management of Backcountry Use (May 22, 1973), 34 pages.

24. Letter, Superintendent Evison to Interested Citizens, February 27, 1984.

25. National Park Service, News Release, "Comment Period Extended," March 28, 1984.

26. National Park Service, Natural Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment (December 1976).

27. National Park Service, News Release, "Park Service to Modify Way of Managing Fire in Sequoia Groves in Response to Report of Committee of Independent Experts," March 2, 1987.