Chapter 3
The Wright Brothers' First Business
With a four year age difference between Wilbur and Orville, they were
not particularly close as children. Yet, about the time the family
returned to Dayton, the two boys were discovering they had many
interests in common and worked well together. Throughout the next few
years, Wilbur and Orville developed a partnership that was to last until
Wilbur's death. This working relationship started with several large
projects and grew to a joint business. Through these various projects
and their initial business venture, the Wright brothers formed a great
partnership. They worked with each other by using the best ideas from
each of them to complete a project or a venture. Their synergistic
relationship grew from their ability to discuss ideas and weigh each
idea for its potential advantage.
Returning to Dayton in 1884 after spending six years in Iowa and
Indiana, the Wright family found a larger and busier Dayton than they
remembered. While their neighborhood on the West Side, although slightly
larger, was still a streetcar suburb of the main city, the city of
Dayton had grown and developed at a rapid pace. Between 1870 and 1880
the city's population grew from 30,473 to 38,721 people. As described in
Dayton: A History in Photographs, "By 1870, Dayton was impatient for
adulthood, but many of its childhood problems remained unresolved: poor
sanitary conditions, muddy streets, disease, poor lines of communication
with its boundaries and beyond, and inadequate medical facilities." By
the time the Wrights returned to the city, most of these growing pains
had been alleviated. [1]
Dayton struggled to improve its muddy streets, poor sanitation
conditions, and inadequate communication lines while dealing with
inflation and unemployment. Despite the Panic of 1873, the city's
industry expanded and helped reduce the high unemployment rates. New
companies included The Ohio Rake Company, Stoddard Manufacturing
Company, and the Davis Sewing Machine Company. With the increased
industry, the city continued to grow and solve the problems of previous
years. The YMCA was brought to the city; St. Elizabeth's Hospital was
founded; the first telephone line was installed in 1878; electric lights
were introduced in 1882; and paved streets and a sewer system soon
followed. In addition, the Holly Company also provided the city with a
reliable water system. [2]
One of the largest post-war additions to the city was the central
branch of the Soldier's Home. On March 31, 1865, the U.S. Congress
approved the establishment of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer
Soldiers for disabled Union soldiers. Four locations were established,
the central branch located three miles west of Dayton. The Soldier's
Home opened on March 26, 1867. Besides being a home for disabled
soldiers, the site became a popular destination for Daytonians, for the
grounds contained several lakes, gardens, and recreational areas. In
addition, the facility became the number one attraction for sightseers
from outside of Dayton. [3]
MILTON WRIGHT
(Courtesy of Wright State University, Special Collections and Archives)
|
Not all of these advancements affected the Wright family directly. As
residents of West Dayton, they were separated from the center of the
city by the Great Miami River. Many of the improvements took several
years to appear in the West Side neighborhoods. For instance,
electrical service was not available until after 1913 and streets were
not paved until sometime in the 1890s. Despite this, West Dayton
continued to grow. It soon became a popular neighborhood for both the
working class and professionals. Although Dayton had grown, the Wright
family found few changes in their old neighborhood and the children
quickly reintroduced themselves to it. While a close relationship
between Wilbur and Orville began developing about the time the family
returned to Dayton, each was also interested in locating their old
Dayton friends. One of the first people Orville reacquainted himself
with when he returned to Dayton was his old friend Ed Sines. Although
they did not live on the same block until the Wrights returned to 7
Hawthorne Street in October 1885, both boys attended Intermediate School
at the southeast corner of Brown and Hess Streets. Orville entered the
seventh grade on his return to Dayton despite the fact that he lacked a
certificate of completion from the sixth grade in Richmond. Dayton
school officials tried to place Orville in the sixth grade, but
Orville's vehement protests led the authorities to allow him to try the
seventh grade. Orville was successful, and he was promoted to the eighth
grade at the end of the year. [4]
Orville and Ed soon discovered they both had developed a love of
printing. While in Richmond, Orville became interested in wood
engraving. After researching the subject in an encyclopedia, he
fashioned an engraving tool from an old pocket knife spring. After
creating several woodcuts, Orville printed them using a small press
Milton owned for copying letters. The following year, Milton gave
Orville a set of engraving tools for Christmas. [5]
The other Wright children became interested in wood cuts and often
joined Orville in carving designs on blocks cut from kitchen stove wood.
Within the Wright Brothers Collection at Wright State University are
several prints from blocks carved by Wilbur and Orville in later years.
One print by the brothers is a landscape that can be turned upside down
without altering the drawing. Another engraving, by Wilbur, is a cat's
head labeled "Thomas Grimalkin." [6]
FRONT AND BACK PAGES OF THE MIDGET
(Courtesy of Dayton and Montgomery County Public Library)
|
This budding interest occupied the children during their father's
frequent travels away from home. In turn, Milton considered their
hobbies constructive activity and encouraged it. While attending the
General Conference of 1885, Milton Wright was elected bishop of the West
Coast. This was a tactical move by the Liberal component of the church
to move the bishop as far away from the ruling bodies of the church as
possible. With the disagreement between the two factions deepening, it
was to the advantage of the Liberals to have Milton, who was the
unofficial leader of the Radical movement, in a remote area. In his new
position Milton was responsible for all of the United Brethren church
activities in Oregon, Washington, and California. This meant that for
six months of every year, Milton traveled to his district to visit west
coast congregations. He spent the remaining six months of each year in
Dayton recruiting support for the Radicals. Milton continued with this
schedule until the next General Conference in 1889.
Since Milton was away from home for at least six months of each year,
Susan was responsible for taking care of the family. In 1883 she began
exhibiting the signs of tuberculosis and was often sick. But she
continued to play an important role in her children's lives, for she was
able to maintain the strong family foundation laid by her and Milton
during his absences. By this time, the children had matured to the point
that they were most likely more of a source of help than a burden to
her.
Upon returning to Dayton in 1884, Orville was delighted to discover
that his friend Ed owned a small printing press. While Ed's press
provided an opportunity to experiment with printing, it was not of much
practical use, for it only printed one small line at a time. The size of
the press did not discourage the two friends, and they soon formed the
printing company of Sines & Wright. Orville and Ed set up their
business in a corner of the Sines' kitchen. [7]
One of the first projects of Sines & Wright was a twelve page
illustrated publication. Each page displayed an illustration and the
imprint of Sines & Wright. Four of the images are from woodcuts and
the other eight are from heat transfer needlework designs most likely
obtained from their mothers' sewing supplies. [8]
As Orville's interest in printing continued to grow, his father
encouraged him in his endeavors. Milton suggested to Wilbur and Lorin
that they sell a boat they had constructed and seldom used and purchase
a small printing press for Orville with the profits. The boys sold the
boat and purchased a press that printed a page measuring three by four
and a half inches. In addition, Milton gave Orville twenty-five pounds
of brevier (eight point sized type) type to use with the new press. [9]
The new equipment required more working space than the Sines' kitchen
allowed, so Orville arranged to use the summer kitchen at the rear of
the Wright family home. When the weather was cold, the boys were likely
to be found working in the Wright dining room. Later, Orville's mother
cleared out an upstairs room for the two boys to use as their printing
headquarters. [10]
The next endeavor of Sines & Wright was a four page newspaper for
their eighth grade classmates called The Midget. Within the paper the
young publishers described their endeavor as, "a journal devoted to the
interests of the Intermediate School." Milton Wright prohibited Sines
& Wright from distributing the paper when he discovered that the
third page only consisted of two ornate printings of the firm's name.
Orville's father felt this was unprofessional and slighted the paper's
patrons. [11]
After abandoning the idea of publishing a newspaper, Orville and Ed
continued with job printing. A Sines & Wright business card
advertised that the firm printed business cards, letter heads,
circulars, envelope addresses, labels, receipts, bill heads, tickets,
visiting cards, and engravings "cheaper than any other office in town."
One client of the young proprietors of Sines & Wright paid the boys
with ears of popcorn. Ed felt that they should consume the profits,
while Orville felt that they should sell the popcorn for a profit and
purchase more type. The two resolved the dilemma with Orville buying out
Ed's share of the business since Orville owned the press and the
majority of the type. The two remained friends throughout their lives,
and Ed continued to work as an employee at the printing business for
wages and commissions. [12]
Orville furthered his knowledge of the printing business by working
for Jacob K. Graybill during the summers of 1886 and 1887. The summer
employment, amounting to sixty-hour work weeks, provided Orville an
opportunity to gain more experience at typesetting and other printing
skills. Orville assisted Graybill with the printing of The Christian
Conservator, the official newspaper of the conservative leaders of the
United Brethren Church, a bi-weekly newspaper introduced in July 1885.
In 1887 Wilbur joined his brother at The Christian Conservator office
where he was employed as a mailing agent. Additionally Wilbur did some
work during the year as a job printer, his first employ as a printer.
[13]
On March 4, 1886, The Christian Conservator converted to a weekly
paper. Immediately thereafter, both the office for the paper and
Graybill moved to Dayton. This offered Bishop Wright the opportunity to
become the greatest influence in shaping the editorials that appeared in
the newspaper. Graybill's office was first located at his home at 1528
West Second Street, and the following year Graybill's residence and
office moved to 1450 West Third Street. [14]
Orville worked with Graybill to learn the printing trade, and he
continued to accept job printing commissions and expand his printing
equipment. In January 1887, Orville received a case of type and most
likely used it when, on January 12, Milton recorded in his diary that,
"Orville printed circulars," and then it continued, "Orville set and
printed another circular for Reuchlin." While often printing materials
for family members, Orville also accepted various job printing
commissions from local businessmen and individuals. [15]
At the same time Orville pursued his interest in printing, Wilbur
took several classes at Central High School to prepare for college,
which he hoped to attend in the near future. Three of Wilbur's
certificates survive from this period. The first, dated November 26,
1884, was for trigonometry in which he obtained a grade of 81. The other
certificates were for classes Wilbur took in the winter of 1885. One was
for a course on the Roman politicians Sallust and Cicero in which he
obtained an 83.5, and the other course was rhetoric for which he
received an 87. [16]
Wilbur also participated in sports at Central High School. His
neighborhood pal, John Feight, remembered him as an athlete and as one
of the fastest members of the football team. Playing in the backfield,
Wilbur was a quiet participant, but when given the ball he could move it
quickly downfield. [17]
Wilbur also became a member of The Annual Club of Ten Dayton Boys,
which was a social club. It was based on the idea of a "last man" club
where members met annually and the last member alive usually consumed a
bottle of an alcoholic beverage, purchased when the club formed, as
tribute to the other members. Edgar W. Ellis conceived of the club in
the summer of 1886 when his friend Joseph Boyd informed him that he
intended to move to Denver, Colorado, in the near future. Both thinking
the club was a good idea, chose a third member, then those three chose a
fourth member. This pattern continued until the membership numbered ten.
The final roster of club members included Wilbur, his brothers Lorin and
Reuchlin, Edgar Ellis, Joseph Boyd, William Andrews, Charles W.
Ollinger, Irvin G. Koogle, Wilbur E. Landis, and Frank J. Gilbert. [18]
The first meeting of The Annual Club of Ten Dayton Boys occurred on
October 9, 1886, at Reuchlin's home at 1533 West Second Street. At this
meeting the club was officially formed and a constitution adopted. [19] The stated purpose of the organization
was "to preserve a closer relation of friendship existing between its
members, and to keep them posted as to the future lives of their fellow
members." The members agreed that annual meetings, consisting of
banquets, would be the second Saturday in October, and each member
needed to submit a written personal report updating the other members of
his life in the last year. [20]
The minutes for each annual meeting included a status report of each
member. Wilbur's statement in the minutes from the first meeting in 1886
included the fact that he worked as a clerk in J.I. Hoffman's grocery
located at the southeast corner of Sixth and Brown Streets. Reuchlin
lived at 1533 West Second Street and worked as a clerk at E. Wright and
Son's lumber yard and Lorin, who lived at 7 Hawthorne Street, was a
bookkeeper at Farmer's Friend Manufacturing Company. [21]
Wilbur's active lifestyle, his education goals, and social life,
changed dramatically when he was injured in an accident, most likely in
early 1886. Milton described the incident in later years:
...in playing a game on skates, at the Soldier's Home, the bat of
a young man flew out of his hand and struck Wilbur, and some two or
three weeks later palpitation of the heart developed, and for some years
he was unable to pursue a student's life... [22]
The complications that developed from his accident led the family to
insist on a prolonged period of recuperation for Wilbur. For almost the
entire year, he lived quietly, assisting in the house as needed. His
lifestyle led Lorin to comment in a letter about Wilbur serving as a
"cook and chambermaid." [23]
The accident had further effects on Wilbur that profoundly altered
his life. Now doubting his health and stamina, he began to question the
practicability of attending college, although, by the end of 1886,
Milton noted in a reflection on the past year that "Wilbur's health was
restored." Succumbing to depression over the uncertainties of his
future, Wilbur remained content to care for his mother, Susan. Her
tuberculosis had grown worse, and by 1886 she was an invalid who needed
constant care. Wilbur spent his free time reading volumes from his
father's large library. [24]
The Wright family experienced much change during this period. While
Wilbur assisted with the housework and the care of his mother, the
Wrights also employed a housekeeper. Milton recorded in his diary on
Thanksgiving Day 1886, that the family gave Mrs. Thompson, "a fowl,
figs, etc. for their dinner, she being our hired help." It is quite
probable that Milton and Susan often changed domestic help, for in
January 1887, only three months after Thanksgiving, Milton mentioned
that Susan fired Ella Shell, the domestic, for growing cross. [25]
Both Reuchlin and Lorin moved from their boarding house at the
northeast corner of West Third Street and Euclid Avenue into the family
home at 114 North Summit Street when their family returned to Dayton in
1884. Reuchlin established his own home on Second Street when he married
Lulu Billheimer, the daughter of United Brethren missionaries, on April
27, 1886. Reuchlin's financial situation was not stable, and the young
couple faced further difficulties when their daughter, Catherine Louise,
was born thirteen months later. For part of 1887, Reuchlin and his
family lived in Alabama in the hopes of improving their financial
situation, but they returned to Dayton by the end of the year. Once
again in hopes of finding better circumstances, Reuchlin traveled west
searching for work in February 1889. He planned to send for his wife and
daughter when he was settled. Eventually locating a bookkeeping job in
Kansas City, Reuchlin moved his family to that city, where they remained
for the rest of their lives. [26]
Lorin remained in the Wright home through the spring of 1886 when he
departed for Kansas City in search of a better job. Discouraged and
broke, Lorin returned to Dayton in the fall, but he returned to Kansas
again in April 1887, this time to Coldwater, located forty miles
southeast of Dodge City. While in Coldwater, Lorin was employed as a
bookkeeper and then as the deputy treasurer of Comanche County. Lorin
enjoyed the adventurous life on the Kansas frontier, but he was also
homesick. He returned home to Dayton in September 1889, and on January
12, 1892, he married his childhood sweetheart, Ivonette Stokes. [27]
The one constant force among the Wright children was Orville's
growing printing activities and partnership with Wilbur. In 1888 Orville
began to design and build his own printing press. By the time the press
was completed and operating, it was such an unusual contraption that
people would stop by the office to see it in operation. In later years,
Orville retold a story of a foreman from a Denver printing house who
looked at the press, and wondered how it worked, for the machine seemed
to defy common operating logic. [28]
The press was constructed of non-traditional parts such as tombstones
and a buggy spring. As Orville progressed with the project, Wilbur, who
was emerging from the effects of his injury, offered his assistance in
completing it. Together the two brothers worked to devise a printing
press that used the tombstones for imposing stones, the buggy spring to
force the type against the printing surface, and a wooden frame. [29]
With the new press, Orville was able to accept more printing jobs and
soon Wilbur was assisting him in completing orders. In July 1888,
Orville wrote to his father about a job that he and Wilbur were
completing for Joe Hoffman and William Bartels who were opening a new
grocery on the northeast corner of Third and Summit Streets. While the
press was not yet completed, Orville was optimistic of its capabilities.
Soon they were able to print two pages of The Christian Conservator at
once, and Orville believed that, "the work we can do on this press is
much better than that done on the old one. The new press works in an
entirely new way." [30]
Orville was able to competitively bid for printing jobs with the
larger press. One of his first jobs was to print a tract written by
Wilbur. Entitled Scenes in the Church Commission During the Last Day of
Its Session, it argued in favor of the beliefs supported by the
Radicals. Wilbur had once considered becoming a minister, and he
supported his father in the United Brethren controversy. He joined the
United Brethren Church when he was about twenty, but in protest over the
split he severed his links to the church. Released in the spring of
1888, Wilbur's tract is the first instance in which the name "Wright
Bros: Job Printers, 7 Hawthorn Street," appeared in print. Printing of
the tract was an immense job, for it was sold through The Christian
Conservator and later given away in large numbers to local
conferences and church congregations. Distribution of the pamphlet
numbered several thousand. [31]
Wilbur's research for the article took place three years prior when
the General Conference of 1884 met in Dayton. Milton, along with all the
other United Brethren Bishops, was named to the Church Commission.
Believing the commission to be unconstitutional, Milton declined the
appointment and left for the west coast prior to the first commission
meeting. Wilbur, with his brother Lorin, attended the last of the
meetings on November 23, when the commission debated the issue of secret
societies and other changes to the church's Constitution. Wilbur took
meticulous notes and recorded the new Constitution and Confession of
Faith that would be introduced to all church members to vote on for
ratification. When The Religious Telescope published the proposed
Constitution and Confession of Faith in January 1887, Wilbur was shocked
to discover that the documents did not match those prepared by the
commission, but appeared to have further alterations inserted by the
Liberal leadership. Scenes in the Church Commission chronicled these
events and promoted the Radical beliefs. As the controversy grew it
became apparent that unless an agreement between the two factions could
be reached, a division in the church was imminent. [32]
Early in 1889, Orville began considering starting a newspaper for the
community of West Dayton, and he soon carried out his idea. Called the
West Side News, the first issue of the paper appeared on March 1,
1889, and listed Orville Wright as the publisher. It was distributed
throughout the neighborhood free of charge to attract customers. The
West Side News billed itself as "a paper to be published in the
interests of the people and business institutions of the West Side" and
cost forty cents for a one year subscription or ten cents for ten weeks.
The paper consisted of four pages measuring 8 13/16 inches wide by 12
1/16 inches long. In a later issue, Orville described the newspaper:
[I]t shall be our aim to insert, each week, the news of interest
to the citizens of our part of the city, and also original contributions
from any of our readers on matters pertaining to the West Side, space
not occupied thus, will be filled with choice selected matter. [33]
Following this description, the West Side News contained clipped
articles from other newspapers and magazines, editorials, local news,
and advertisements. [34]
Paul Laurence Dunbar, a classmate of Orville's at Central High
School, may have contributed poems for the West Side News.
Orville, in later years, said that he and Paul had been "close friends
in our school days and in the years immediately following." [35] While nothing is attributed to the poet,
several unsigned poems from as early as March 1889 reflect a writing
style similar to Dunbar's. One of these poems appeared in the last issue
of the newspaper:
Come, come assist me, trusted Muse! For I would sing of the
West Side News: A sheet that's newsy, pure and bright- Whose
editor is Orville Wright; And by his side another shines Whom
you shall know as Edwin Sines, Now all will buy this sheet I
trust, And watch out for their April "bust." [36]
The West Side News is an excellent source for documenting the
printing business, the Wright brothers' humor, and the growth and status
of West Dayton. In the March 30, 1889, issue, Orville advertised for "A
boy between 13 and 15 years of age to work in a printing office. No
experience required. Apply at 7 Hawthorne Street." This employee would
join the small staff of the West Side News that consisted of Orville and
his former printing partner, Ed Sines, who was the business manager. [37]
Throughout the thirteen month run of the newspaper, Orville hired
several employees to assist with its publication. While none of these
individuals worked at the office for the entire time that Wright &
Wright published the newspaper, their presence for part of the time
signifies the success of the business and the ability of Wilbur and
Orville to pay salaries. Other employees in addition to Ed Sines
included Harry Ewing, Marion Stevens, and Ed Brown who worked for the
paper in various capacities. [38]
The relocation of the offices from 7 Hawthorne Street to a rented
space on West Third Street further documented the success of Orville's
business. In the April 13, 1889, issue Orville wrote:
We are glad to inform the friends of the News that we have secured
a neat little office on Third Street near the corner of Third and
Broadway, where our business will be conducted thereafter. Persons
wishing to subscribe for the paper or to insert advertisements will find
us in the new building at 1210 West Third Street. [39]
The first issue of the paper from the new office appeared on April 20
with several changes. Most importantly, Wilbur was now listed as the
editor, while Orville remained the publisher. Also, the size of the
newspaper increased to 10 7/8 inches wide by 15 15/16 inches in length.
Along with the changes appeared a new rate. A subscription now cost
twenty cents for three months or ten cents for six weeks. [40]
Authors of many of the news items, the Wright brothers' humor was
apparent throughout their newspaper. In the March 1, 1889, issue readers
were encouraged to vote "early and often" in the city elections held on
April 1, and on October 5 the Wrights illustrated a problem at a local
church saying, "One of our West Side churches has some trouble to keep
its young ushers awake during the sermon. Cannot some remedy be found?
Paper wads are troublesome." References such as these are scattered
throughout issues of the newspaper. [41]
By chronicling the local news, the Wright brothers also illustrated
the development occurring in West Dayton. Third Street had always
functioned as the main thoroughfare and business district of the West
Side, but by 1889 the street began to develop rapidly. Many of the
one-and twostory frame structures that housed businesses and homes were
replaced by large brick business blocks. The West Side News
highlighted the construction of the Waters Block on April 27, 1887.
Shortly thereafter mention was made of the business blocks being built
by J.W. Booth and L.B. Gunkel. These business blocks were all
three-stories tall with stores on the first floor, apartments on the
second floor, and a meeting hall on the third level. The West Side
News reported that with the simultaneous construction of these three
buildings "if a half dozen enterprising business men can be found to
occupy them, we will find things just humming about Christmas time." [42]
In addition to new buildings, progress was made on the condition of
the streets and the available utilities. While Third Street was not
paved, it was frequently scraped and sprinkled with water to maintain a
smooth surface and decrease the amount of dust. Later, it was covered
with gravel. Despite the constant upkeep, the deplorable condition of
the streets was a favorite topic in the West Side News. Comments
ranged from "if Miami City only had as much enterprise about it as it
has mud, it would soon be the center of business," to "business is
reported to be rather dull on the West Side this week owing to the
condition of our streets." Installation of sidewalks began in May 1890,
with the newspaper reporting the laying of cement on the north side of
Third Street and on the west side of Williams Street north of Third
Street. [43]
In addition, in 1889 the West Side was equipped with natural gas
lines. On June 1, the West Side News mentioned that the gas lines
were ready to be installed on Williams Street and by July natural gas
lines were also installed along Third Street. The natural gas lines were
turned on in September although the installation of additional lines
continued. The staff of the West Side News reported that, "Our
office is now heated by natural gas and our devil rejoices because he
has no more fires to build or ashes to carry out. Likewise our neighbors
rejoice and wonder why their coal holds out so well." [44]
As his printing business grew and occupied most of his time, Orville
decided at the end of his junior year to drop out of Central High
School. This was not due to a lack of scholastic interest but a feeling
that his senior year would be a review of all he had previously learned.
By the end of his junior year in 1890, Orville had completed all the
requirements for graduation except for the length of time in school, and
he felt the review of subjects in his senior year would not justify the
time spent in the classroom. While Orville was no longer a full-time
student, he did register to take classes in Latin at Central High School
in the fall of 1890. For these he attended school approximately one to
two hours a day. [45]
By the spring of 1889, the family expressed concern for Susan's
declining health. Wilbur wrote to Milton, who was headed to Oregon for
church business, back in August 1888, that, "Mother thinks that while it
is not absolutely necessary on account of her health that you should
return before your time is up, yet she would feel more comfortable if
you were here." Since the general election approving the new
Constitution and Confession of Faith, Milton had been traveling from
congregation to congregation collecting signatures for a petition he
planned to present at the General Conference of 1889. Wilbur's letter
reached Milton while he was in Indiana ready to depart for the west
coast. Facing a dilemma, Milton chose to continue his travels, but he
returned to Dayton several weeks early. [46]
The United Brethren Church General Conference of 1889 took place in
York, Pennsylvania, and Milton left Dayton and his ailing wife to attend
the May 9 meeting. His departure illustrated the importance of this
meeting and Milton's commitment to the old church tenants, for he was
hesitant to leave Susan. At the conference, the opening message
addressed the establishment of the new Constitution and Confession of
Faith. Of the six church bishops, Milton was the only one who did not
sign the discourse.
The final vote to accept or reject the new church documents passed
with 111 voting for adoption and only 20 against. In response to the
acceptance of the new statements, Milton and fourteen of the twenty
delegates who voted against the approval of the new documents met at the
Park Opera House in York, and began conducting "lawful" church business,
following the old constitution. This group organized what became the
Church of the United Brethren in Christ (Old Constitution). Milton, who
was the undisputed head of the Old Constitution church, was re-elected a
bishop along with Horace T. Barnaby, Halleck Floyd, and Henry J. Becker.
[47]
When Milton returned to Dayton on May 21, he found his wife near
death. In his diary entry for June 28, Milton noted, "Susan has been
very feeble and uncomfortable for some days past." Her health continued
to decline and in the afternoon of July 4, 1889, she died. "About 4:00,
I found Susan sinking, and about five awakened the family. She revived
about 7:00 somewhat, but afterward continued to sink till 12:20
afternoon, when she expired, and thus went out the light of my home."
[48]
Susan's funeral was at two o'clock on July 6 at the house on
Hawthorne Street. Bishop Halleck Floyd and Reverend William Dillon
conducted the service. Afterwards, she was buried in Woodland Cemetery.
Milton had purchased a lot in the cemetery the day before for $135, but
Wilbur suggested he change to a different one. [49]
KATHARINE WRIGHT
(Courtesy of National Park Service)
|
In the next issue of the West Side News, Wilbur and Orville
included an obituary for Susan on the second page. In the Victorian
newspaper tradition, the editorial was printed with turned rules which
created a wide mourning border instead of the traditional narrow column
lines. In the editorial the brothers described their mother as, "of a
retiring disposition, very timid and averse to making any display in
public, hence her true worth and highest qualities were most thoroughly
appreciated by her family and those who were most intimate with her."
[50]
Milton remembered Susan every anniversary of her death with an entry
in his diary. These statements reveal Milton's feelings for Susan and
her role within the Wright family. On the first anniversary of her
death, Milton wrote, "A sad day. It was the anniversary of my loss of
Susan. It has been a year of the light of home gone." [51] The theme of Susan's position in the
home was constant in Milton's thoughts. In 1894 he wrote:
This is the fifth anniversary of the death of my dear wife. In
intellect, in sensibilities, and in disposition she was all that heart
could desire. At home her shining was gentle and pure as the glory of a
pearl, and she had no ambition to shine anywhere else. [52]
With Susan no longer overseeing the Wright family home, Milton turned
to Katharine, now fifteen years old, to fill her place.
In the years prior to Susan's death, Milton reminded Katharine of her
future position in the household and prepared her to step into the role.
In 1888 Milton wrote, "You must take good care of Mother while I am
gone. Take especially good care of yourself. You have a good mind and
good heart, and being my only daughter living, you are most of my hope
of love and care, if I live to be old." As much as running the
household, Katharine served as her father's representative in Dayton
when he traveled. She immediately forwarded all mail to him and took
care of financial matters. [53]
HOOVER BLOCK IN 1893
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The biggest change after Susan's death was Katharine's role in the
family. Milton continued with the church and Wilbur and Orville
proceeded with their printing business. During the spring of 1890,
Orville decided to change the weekly newspaper into a daily. The last
issue of the West Side News appeared on April 5 and its replacement, The
Evening Item, appeared on subscribers doorsteps on April 30. The new
paper continued the coverage of local news started in the West Side
News as well as adding stories from a wire service that included
both national and international news. Along with Wilbur and Orville, Bob
Stevens worked for Wright & Wright delivering papers and feeding the
press. At times, his brother Tom would also assist with the delivery of
the newspapers. Wilbur and Orville began The Evening Item with very
little capital, and after four months they suspended publication to
avoid going into debt. [54]
In the farewell article, "Our Parting Word," the brothers mentioned
that they had discovered that a daily paper for the West Side could
exist, but profits would be small for the first year or two. They found
that, "if the people of Miami City as a whole had manifested a genuine
interest in the paper we would have continued, but too many were content
with the promise to subscribe.... We could not afford to wait on them."
Instead, Wilbur and Orville decided to focus on more profitable types of
printing such as job printing. [55]
Before the newspaper's demise, the West Side News reported
that Z.T. Hoover, who operated a drug store at the northeast corner of
West Third and Williams Streets, recently completed plans for a
three-story business block on the southeast corner of the same
intersection. The West Side News and The Evening Item chronicled
the construction of the Hoover Block from the signing of the
construction contract in April 1890 to its near completion in July. The
tracking of the construction in the Wright newspapers is significant,
for upon the completion of the building, the offices of Wright &
Wright moved from 1210 West Third Street to a second floor office in the
Hoover Block. [56]
Like the other business blocks built on the West Side around 1890,
the Hoover Block had three distinct functions. The first floor was
divided into thirds and leased for businesses. The second floor was
suites and the third floor a large hall. Besides Wright & Wright who
leased space on the second floor, the early tenants in the Hoover Block
included the Cincinnati Grocery Company; Ross Miller, a barber; Charles
Chaffee's Restaurant; and three clerks, William A. Hughes, Fred C.
Keller, and Emma Lenz. The third floor hall was used for weekly meetings
by the Knights and Ladies of Honor, Gem City Lodge Number 1484, and the
Order of United American Mechanics, Putnam Council Number 30. [57]
When the Wright brothers moved their printing office into the Hoover
Block, legend has it that Paul Laurence Dunbar scrawled this tribute to
Orville on the wall:
Orville Wright is out of sight In the printing business.
No other mind is half as bright As his'n is. [58]
In her biography on Paul, Virginia Cunningham states that this
occurred on a Saturday when Paul stopped by the printing office to visit
with Orville and Ed. [59]
Wright & Wright, Job Printers, continued to service West Side
businesses and the United Brethren Church with job printing commissions.
The ledgers for the firm reveal that much of their business was from
individuals who requested visiting cards, note cards, and postal cards.
In addition, local businesses ordered circulars, envelopes, bill heads,
and statements. Clients of the firm included James Manning, the builder
who sold the 7 Hawthorne Street house to Milton; Joe Boyd, a friend and
member of the Ten Dayton Boys; John Dodds, who operated an agricultural
implement factory in West Dayton; the Christian Conservator; and the
West Side Building Association. In October 1891, Orville, writing to his
father, noted that in addition to the profits from printing the Scioto
Minutes and Auglaize Minutes for the United Brethren Church, they had
approximately fifteen or twenty dollars worth of job printing each week.
From these orders, the brothers netted between ten and fifteen dollars
profit. [60]
In addition to commissioned jobs, the Wrights also printed
advertising books for special events and holidays. One of the surviving
examples is TID-BITS for Thanksgiving, 1890. This twenty-page booklet
included jokes, light reading, and local advertising. The advertisements
ranged in price from $2.00 to $3.50 with each advertiser then given
copies to distribute to customers. [61]
During the summer of 1892, a dispute over the division of print shop
work between the brothers illustrated one aspect of their working
relationship. In July Wilbur and Orville agreed to build a printing
press for the printers, Matthews & Light. Matthews & Light,
located at 1263 West Third Street, was a frequent customer of Wright
& Wright, Job Printers. The Wright & Wright, Job Printers
ledgers recorded Matthews & Light requesting printing jobs for
circulars, cards, visiting cards, and various other commissions. Shortly
after agreeing to construct the press, Lorin presented his two brothers
with a rush printing job for the United Brethren Church. The two agreed
that Wilbur would continue to work on the press while Orville
concentrated on the printing job with the profits, about $2.00 to $3.25
a day, being evenly divided. Orville began to think that in this deal he
received the bulk of the labor, and he convinced Wilbur to quit working
on the press and assist him. Still dissatisfied, Orville then tried to
dissolve the agreement. In response, Wilbur took the case to the
"Circuit Court of 7 Hawthorne St." for a decision. [62]
In his argument, Wilbur requested that the court direct Orville, the
defendant, to pay Wilbur, the plaintiff, one-half of the payment for the
United Brethren printing while the work on the press was suspended and
further prays an order directing said defendant to apologize for his
insulting conduct, and requesting him to keep his mouth shut in future
lest he should be again guilty of befouling the spotless and innocent
character of others.
While there is no record of the resolution of this dispute, it serves
to illustrate the working relationship of Wilbur and Orville as partners
in Wright & Wright, Job Printers. [63]
The brothers often argued with each other to solve a problem. Tom
Crouch, in his biography on the Wright brothers, states, "Their ability
to argue through to a solution of a problem would prove very useful to
them. It was but one of the important elements of an enormously
successful partnership..." [64] Wilbur
and Orville would debate an issue, sometimes using humor as illustrated
in the court case, to finally reach a solution. This process was
important to their future efforts in solving the problem of human
flight.
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