Crater Lake
Historic Resource Study
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Endnotes



Chapter 1


1. Archeological evidence of man's presence in the area has been found also at Table Rock, Cougar Mountain, Medicine Rock Cave, and other sites. Ruth Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975), pp. 23, 25.

2. Ibid., p. 24.

3. John R. Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971), pp. 459-62, 464-65.

4. Robert F. Spencer, Jesse D. Jennings, et al., The Native Americans (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1965), pp. 213, 216.

5. Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, pp. 26-27, 29; Spencer, Native Americans, pp. 225-26.

6. Spencer, Native Americans, p. 228.

7. Ibid., pp. 216, 225-29.

8. Keith A. Murray, The Modocs and Their War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959), pp. 8-13; Harry L. Wells, "Fremont and the Modocs," West Shore v . 10, n. 3 (March 1884), p. 79; F. Ray Verne, Primitive Pragmatists: The Modoc Indians of Northern California (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963), pp. xi-xiv; Alice Marriott and Carol K. Rachlin, American Indian Mythology (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1968), p. 27; Carrol B. Howe, Ancient Tribes of the Klamath Country (Portland, Ore.: Binfords & Mort, Publ., 1968), pp. 97, 105.


Chapter 2


1. Lindsay Applegate, "Notes and Reminiscences of Laying Out and Establishing the Old Emigrant Road into Southern Oregon in the Year 1846," Oregon Historical Quarterly, v. 22, n. 1 (March 1921), p. 15; Alice Applegate Sargent, "A Sketch of the Rogue River Valley and Southern Oregon History," Oregon Historical Quarterly, v. 22, n.1 (March 1921), pp. 1-2.

2. Stephen Dow Beckham, Requiem for a People: The Rogue Indians and the Frontiersmen, Vol. 108 in The Civilization of the American Indian Series (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), pp. 24-26.

3. Ibid., pp. 27-29; David Lavender, Land of Giants: The Drive to the Pacific Northwest, 1750-1950 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1958), pp. 133-34.

4. Beckham, Requiem for a People, pp. 30-32.

5. Ibid., pp. 36-37.

6. Wells, "Fremont and the Modocs," pp. 79-80; Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, p. 31.

7. Beckham, Requiem for a People, p. 39; Howe, Ancient Tribes, pp. 39-41; Walter E. Meacham, Applegate Trail," 1947, brochure in Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 3-26; Gold Hill ( Ore.) News, June 23, 1932; Applegate, "Notes and Reminiscences," pp. 12-45; United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Overland Migrations West of the Mississippi, Subtheme to Theme XV, National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings ([Washington, D.C.]: Government Printing Office, 1959), p. 39; Lavender, Land of Giants, pp. 254-55; Jesse Applegate, "Views of Oregon History," 1878, manuscript in Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 47-48; Irene D. Paden, Prairie Schooner Detours (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949), pp. 139-41, 147; and Jack Sutton, The Mythical State of Jefferson: A Pictorial History of Early Northern California and Southern Oregon (Josephine County, Ore., Historical Society, 1965), pp. 28-31.

8. Lavender, Land of Giants, pp. 270-71; Benjamin Franklin Gilbert, "Influence of the Mining Frontier upon the Trans-Mississippi West," typescript, 1958, Rocky Mountain Regional Office Library, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado, p. 28; Work Projects Administration, Oregon: End of the Trail, American Guide Series (Portland, Ore.: Binfords & Mort, 1940), p. 47; Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, p. 32.

9. Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, pp. 32-33; Beckham, Requiem for a People, pp. 73-76; L. J. C. Duncan, "Settlement in Southern Oregon," Jacksonville, Ore., 1878, manuscript in Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, p. 9; Sutton, Mythical State of Jefferson, pp. 44-45.


Chapter 3


1. J[ohn] W. Hillman, "Discovery of Crater Lake," Steel Points, v. 1, n. 2 (January 1907), p. 77.

2. Ibid., p. 78.

3. Accounts of the discovery of Crater Lake by Hillman may also be found in Howard and Marian Place, The Story of Crater Lake National Park (Caldwell, Ida.: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1974), pp. 15-18; and M.W. Gorman, "The Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," Mazama, v. 1, n. 2 (1897), pp. 150-54. See Appendix A for a full account of the Hillman party's discovery.

4. [John W. Sessions,] "Blue Lake," by "One of the Party," published in Oregon Sentinel (Jacksonville), November 8, 1862, Steel Points, v. 1, n. 2 (January 1907), pp. 85-86. See Appendix B.

5. Accounts of the Nye party's discovery of Crater Lake may be found in Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," pp. 154-55, and Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 21.

6. Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," p. 156.

7. O[rson] A. Stearns, "How Crater Lake was Discovered," Ashland (Ore.) Tidings, February 24, 1888. See Appendix D.

8. F[ranklin] B. Sprague, "Lake Majesty," written at Fort Klamath, Ore., August 25, 1865, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA. See Appendix C.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Gold Hill ( Ore.) News, July 16, 1931; also see Fred Lockley, "Pioneer Days, the War and Crater Lake," Oregonian (Portland), September 1, 1913, in William G. Steel Scrapbooks (3 vols.; v. I: 1885-1907; v. II: 1907-1913; v. III: 1913-1934. In library, Crater Lake National Park), v. II, for another variation of this tale.

12. Oregon Observer (Grants Pass), May 30, 1903.

13. Sprague, "Lake Majesty," August 25, 1865.

14. "Oregon's Great Curiosity," Oregon Sentinel (Jacksonville), August 12, 1865.

15. Stearns, "How Crater Lake was Discovered," Ashland ( Ore.) Tidings, February 24, 1888.

16. Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," p. 156.

17. Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 24.

18. "Lake Majesty," Oregon Sentinel (Jacksonville), September 12, 1868.

19. Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," pp. 157-58; Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, pp. 24-26.


Chapter 4


1. Horace M. Albright and Frank J. Taylor, "Oh, Ranger!" A Book about the National Parks (Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press, 1928), p. 96.

2. Stanton C. Lapham, The Enchanted Lake: Mount Mazama and Crater Lake in Story, History and Legend (Portland, Ore.: J.K. Gill Co., 1931), p. 134.

3. Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 20.

4. "Crater Lake," Oregonian (Portland), January 5, 1886, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. I.

5. Owen Wilson, "A Playground on a Crater's Edge," World's Work, v. 16 (May 1908), p. 10259.

6. National Parks of the West, by the editors of Sunset Books and Sunset Magazine (Menlo Park, Ca.: Lane Magazine and Book Co., 1965), p. 70.

7. Will G. Steel, "The Mountains of Oregon," Steel Scrapbooks, v. I.

8. George W. Kirkman, U.S.A., "Crater Lake," Harper's Weekly, v. 40 (September 19, 1896), p. 932.

9. Howe, Ancient Tribes, p. 153.

10. Verne, Primative Pragmatists, pp. 33-35.

11. Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, p. 29.

12. "Klamath Land," Overland Monthly, v. 11, n. 6 (December 1873), p. 553.

13. Mrs. F.F. Victor, "The Gem of the Cascades. (Crater Lake)," West Shore, v. 2, n. 3 (November 1876), p. 34.

14. "Rogue River Valley and Crater Lake," West Shore (November 1881), p. 266.

15. Lapham, Enchanted Lake, p. 126.

16. Ibid., p. 127.

17. O[liver] C. Applegate, "The Klamath Legend of La-O," Steel Points, v. 1, n. 2 (January 1907), pp. 75-76.

18. Mark Brickell Kerr, "Crater Lake, Oregon, and the Origin of Wizard Island," Sierra Club Bulletin, v. 1, n. 1 (January 1893), pp. 33-36. A more detailed version of this can be found in Lapham, Enchanted Lake, pp. 51-55.

19. Martelle W. Trager, National Parks of the Northwest (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1939), pp. 165-67.

20. Walter F. Backus, untitled article, Sunday Oregonian (Portland), June (16?), 1910, Steel Scrapbooks, v. II.

21. "The Legend of Crater Lake," in Lapham, Enchanted Lake, p. 126. Lapham presents the story in much more detailed fashion, which is worth reading, on pp. 127-34.

Another version very similar to the preceding is the one reputed to have been told to William Colvig by Chief Lalek at Fort Klamath. According to Colvig, this myth, as he continued to hear it told through the years, took on some variations, such as having Llao straddle Mount Thielsen and Mount Pitt as he hurled his thunderbolts:

22. Dorothy B. Vitaliano, Legends of the Earth: Their Geologic Origins (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973), p. 125.

23. National Parks of the West, p. 68.

24. Ella E. Clark, "Indian Geology," Pacific Discovery, v, 16 (1963), p. 2. Also see Appendix E, a compilation of legends concerning Crater Lake by W. Craig Thomas, a ranger-naturalist at Crater Lake National Park in 1934.

25. "Legend of the Llaos," Steel Points, v. 1, n. 2 (January 1907), pp. 35-37.

26. "A Legend of Crater Lake," Sunday Oregonian (Portland), July 26, 1896. In addition to various Indian myths and legends associated with the creation of landforms, there exists a modern geographic folklore whose tales concern the feats performed by the magnificent woodsman Paul Bunyan, hero of northern logging camps, and his loyal companion Babe, the blue ox. In addition to his many projects further East that included the digging of the St. Lawrence River, the formation of the Green Mountains of Vermont, and the creation of the Thousand Islands, Bunyan performed notable deeds as far west as Oregon that resulted in Spencer's Butte, the Columbia River, and Crater Lake:

Once when Paul and Babe were in the northwest, Babe was frightened by the roar of Spokane Falls and ran away with the provision sled, dragging the swamp hook. The hook gouged out the Columbia River Gorge and finally caught fast in the Cascade Mountains. When Paul pulled the hook free, water poured into the bottom of the hole it left. He started to throw in some rocks to stop the leak, but had to stop because the blue ox was getting too nervous. The hole filled up, forming Crater Lake. One of the rocks dropped by Paul is Wizard Island in that lake. (Vitaliano, Legends of the Earth, pp. 56-57)

After the lake had filled, it was said, Paul dumped into it some blue snow that melted and produced the azure color that dazzles its viewers today. Work Projects Administration, Oregon, p. 81.


Chapter 5


1. J.S. Diller, "The Wreck of Mount Mazama," Steel Points, v. 1, n. 2 (January 1907), p. 49.

2. Ibid., and pp. 50, 54.

3. Ibid., p. 56.

4. Wallace W. Atwood, Jr., "The Glacial History of an Extinct Volcano, Crater Lake National Park," Journal of Geology, v. XLIII, n. 2 (February-March 1935), pp. 142-44.

5. Dr. Howel Williams, quoted in Lillie L. Madsen, "Crater Lake History Probed," Oregon Statesman (Salem), October 22, 1972, Sec. B, p. 1.

6. Joseph S. Diller and Horace Bushnell Patton, The Geology and Petrography of Crater Lake National Park, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 3 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902). Dr. Howel Williams, well-known volcanologist who researched Crater Lake thoroughly, also believed the "crater" was formed by collapse of the peak due to withdrawal of support, but differed from Diller on the method by which the void beneath the crest was formed. Williams thought the material was both blown from the mountain in a huge upheaval and spewed over the side in a great overflow of volcanic material.

7. Descriptions of Mount Mazama's birth and death may be found in Howel Williams, Crater Lake: The Story of its Origin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1941); Atwood, "Glacial History," pp. 142-48; Lyman J. Briggs, "When Mt. Mazama Lost Its Top," National Geographic, v. 122, n. 1 (July 1962), pp. 128-33; Diller, "Wreck of Mount Mazama"; Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, pp. 6-8; Bob and Ira Spring, Crater Lake National Park, Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges, Lava Beds National Monument, text by Harvey Manning (Seattle, Wash.: Superior Publishing Co., n.d.), n.p.; National Parks of the West, pp. 68-70; and Irving Robert Melbo, Our Country's National Parks, v. 2, 50 States Ed. (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1961), pp. 204-7.

8. Robert L. Bates and Julia A. Jackson, eds., Glossary of Geology, 2d ed. (Falls Church, Va.: American Geological Institute, 1980), p. 124.

9. A letter from Elbert C. Solinsky, Superintendent, Crater Lake National Park, to The Director, National Park Service, March 12, 1930, stating that the diary of the caretaker of Crater Lake Lodge mentions that on February 5, 1924, the entire surface of the lake was frozen over for four days. Solinsky also mentions it freezing over in 1925 and 1926. Central Classified Files, 1907-49, Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

10. Joaquin Miller, "Crater Lake," Steel Points, v. 1, n. 1 (October 1906), p. 24. See Appendix G for the complete essay.

11. "Why is Crater Lake So Blue?" Carnegie Institution of Washington, News Service Bulletin, School Edition, v. IV, n. 4 (1938), p. 44; Edison Pettit, "On the Color of Crater Lake Water," Proceedings, National Academy of Sciences, v. 22 (1936), p. 146.

12. "Deep Blue Color of Crater Lake Explained at Last," Gold> Hill (Ore.) News, July 16, 1936.

13. Margaret Carter, "Fire Born and Fire Breathing," Air Oregon (May/June 1981), pp. 22, 25.

14. Robert Sterling Yard, The Book of the National Parks (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1919), pp. 146-47.

15. Nora Batchelor, "Crater Lake National Park," Overland, v. 41 (May 1903), p. 338.

16. Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, p. 10.

17. Yard, Book of National Parks, p. 190.

18. Ibid., p. 191.

19. The other types of volcanoes are: shield volcanoes, the largest, formed from highly fluid hot basalts spreading quickly over a large area (e.g., island of Hawaii); dome volcanoes , formed from solid masses of stiff lava that oozes out of vents as globs of pasty rock too viscous to flow, causing it to pile up around the vent (e.g., Lassen Peak); and a composite volcano, having a classic cone shape and steep slopes flaring gently at the base (e.g., Mount Mazama), built by quiet lava eruptions alternating with discharges of rock. Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, pp. 4-5.

20. Yard, Book of National Parks, p. 192.

21. Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, pp. 11, 13; Work Projects Administration, Oregon, pp. 504-5.

22. Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, pp. 15-16, 18, 20-21; Melbo, Our National Parks, pp. 207-12; Work Projects Administration, Oregon, pp. 504-5; Albright, "Oh, Ranger!" pp. 75-76; Evening Herald (Klamath Falls, Ore.), August 20, 1915.

23. "Resurrection of a Mountain," American Weekly, March 31, 1946, p. 11.

24. E[rnest] P. Leavitt, Supt., CLNP, to the Reg. Dir., Region Four, December 18, 1945, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA.

25. "Crater Lake Volcano is Not Dangerous," Science News Letter, February 23, 1946, p. 120.


Chapter 6


1. Lapham, Enchanted Lake, pp. 70-71; Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," p. 158.

2. Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 27.

3. "Huckle-Berry Crop," Evening Herald (Klamath Falls, Ore.), October 20, 1908; Kirk, Exploring Crater Lake Country, p. 39.

4. Don C. Fisher, "The Story Behind the Scenery . . . Crater Lake," Oregon Motorist, September 1931, in Klamath County Museum Library, Klamath Falls, Oregon.

5. Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," p. 157. Evidently the camera failed to work, for no pictures from the Sutton expedition have been found.

6. Ruth Teiser and Catherine Harroun, "First Crater Lake Photograph," National Parks Magazine, September 1962, pp. 14-16; Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, pp. 28-30, 34.

7. The September 14, 1877, issue of the Ashland (Ore.) Tidings mentions a party of seventeen that left Ashland for Crater Lake, their number later swelling to over forty by the addition of other tourists by the time they got to the rim. During the next three days eighteen more people showed up, the "largest excursion party which ever left the marts of civilization to encamp among the ruins of what was once perhaps the grandest old volcano of the Cascade chain."

8. Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 37.

9. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Theme XIX, Conservation of Natural Resources, National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings. ([Washington]: Government Printing Office, 1963), pp. 2-3, 6-7.

10. Ibid., pp. 9-19; National Parks of the West, p. 13.

11. USDI, NPS, Theme XIX, Conservation of Natural Resources, pp. 22-23; Albright, "Oh, Ranger!" p. 121; National Parks of the West p. 15.

12. USDI, NPS, Theme XIX, Conservation of Natural Resources, pp. 29, 35-37; Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 53.

13. "Crater Lake," Sunday Mercury (Portland, Ore.), January 16, 1886, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. 1.

14. Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," p. 160.

15. "Crater Lake National Park Observes its 62nd Anniversary; Preservation is Noted," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), May 1964.

16. Clarence E. Dutton, Eighth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part I, p. 156, quoted in Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 45. Another short account of Dutton's conclusions after his visit to the lake is found in "Crater Lake, Oregon, A Proposed National Reservation," Science, v. VII, n. 160 (February 26, 1886), pp. 179-82.

17. Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," p. 159. Data concerning the Dutton survey expedition has been found in ibid., pp. 158-59; Place and Place , Story of Crater Lake, pp. 41-46; Lapham, Enchanted Lake, pp. 69-72; and Steel Points (Junior), July 1925.

18. USDI, NPS, Theme XIX, Conservation of Natural Resources, pp. 9, 32-34; National Parks of the West, pp. 15-16.

19. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), p. 65.

20. USDI, NPS, Theme XIX, Conservation of Natural Resources, pp. 47-50.

21. Ibid., pp. 74-75.

22. Gorman, "Discovery and Early History of Crater Lake," p. 160.

23. Earl Morse Wilbur, "Crater Lake, Oregon," Scientific American, v. LXXV, n. 23 (December 5, 1896), p. 1. Data on the Mazamas may be found in Lapham, Enchanted Lake, pp. 116-20; Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, pp. 48-52; and Will G. Steel, "Trip of a Lifetime--Story of the Great Mazama Excursion of 1896, Official Record of the Ascent of Mount Pitt and the Exploration of Crater Lake, September 13, 1906," Scrapbook 39, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, pp. 81-83.

24. House Report No. 872, Report to Accompany H.R. 4393 [Report No. 1318]--Calendar No 1327, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Passed May 21 for rept. to Prest. May 23, 1902, RG 79, NA, p. 3.

25. John Muir, "The National Parks and Forest Reservations," Harper's Weekly, v. XLI, n. 2111 (June 5, 1897), p. 566.

26. Ibid.; USDI, NPS, Theme XIX, Conservation of Natural Resources, p. 84.

27. Muir, "National Parks and Forest Reservations," p. 563.

28. Runte, National Parks, p. 68.

29. Ibid, p. 67.

30. "The Crater Lake Park," in Scrapbook 41, Oregon Historical Society, p. 205.

31. Ibid.

32. Runte, National Parks, p. 67.

33. House Report No. 872, Report to Accompany H.R. 4393, RG 79, NA, p. 1.

34. "The Crater Lake Park," Scrapbook 41, Oregon Historical Society, p. 205.

35. Runte, National Parks, pp. 67-68.

36. House Report No. 872, Report to Accompany H.R. 4393, RG 79, NA, p. 2.

37. Runte, National Parks, p. 68.

38. H.R. 4393 [Report No. 1318]--Calendar No. 1327, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Passed May 21 for rept. to Prest. May 23, 1902, RG 79, NA.

39. General Land Office, June 23, 1902, Departmental Instructions for governing of Crater Lake National Park, RG 79, NA.

40. H.R. 4393, RG 79, NA.

41. The post of United States Commissioner for Crater Lake National Park was a judicial position created by the 1916 Crater Lake Jurisdiction Act. The incumbent would reside in the park, administering federal rules and regulations and promptly passing sentence upon offenders, obviating the necessity of removing them to points outside the park for trial before a U.S. Commissioner or federal court. "Steel Appointed Park Commissioner," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), November 24, 1916, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. II

42. Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 39.

43. W[illiam] G. Steel, "Crater Lake and How to See it," West Shore, v. 12, n. 3 (March 1886), p. 10.

44. "Tunnel to Crater Lake is Suggested," Oregonian (Portland), January 5, 1915, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

45. "Crater Lake's Greatest Need Tunnel--Bryan," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.) July 30, 1915, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

46. "Plan of Building Road to Water's Edge of Crater Lake Disapproved," Coos Bay Harbor (North Bend, Ore.), June 10, 1932.

47. Larry Smith, "Conservation According to Will Steel," typescript, 1976, Crater Lake National Park library.

48. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for> the iscal Year Ended June 30, 1918 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1918), p. 63.

49. A.E.D. to Arno B. Cammerer, December 17, 1924, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA.

50. Thirty-Third Legislative Assembly--Regular Session, House Joint Memorial No. 3, Introduced by the Game Committee and read January 21, 1925, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 1

51. "Diamond Lake Will not be Included in Crater Park," Gold Hill (Ore.) News, August 12, 1926.


Chapter 7


1. "Parkhurst on Way to Lake," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), June 16, 1910, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. II.

2. "Crater Lake National Park, Oregon," pamphlet issued by the Crater Lake Company, ca. 1912, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. II.

3. "Governor Pleased with Crater Trip," Oregonian (Portland), June 29, 1915, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

4. Thos. D. Murphy, Seven Wonderlands of the American West (Boston: L.C. Page & Company, 1925), pp. 303, 305-6.

5. R. W. Price, Crater Lake National Park Company, to E.P. Leavitt, Supt., CLNP, June 23, 1938, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA.


Chapter 8


1. See Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, pp. 73-76, for details of the trip.

2. Earl Morse Wilbur, "Description of Crater Lake," Mazama, v. 1, n. 2 (1897), p. 141.

3. Ibid., p. 142.

4. Ibid., p. 143

5. "Crater Lake Routes," Sunday Oregonian (Portland), August 28, 1898, in Steel Scrapbooks, v.1.

6. W[illiam] F. Arant, Supt., CLNP, to Secretary of the Interior, October 13, 1902, Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks, 1872-1907, RG 79, NA.

Oregon Observer (Grants Pass), May 9, 1903.

8. W[illiam] F. Arant, Supt., CLNP, to Secretary of the Interior, July 31, 1903, Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks, 1872-1907, RG 79, NA. Early Crater Lake National Park records often refer to "Anna" Spring and "Anna" Creek. These names will therefore occasionally appear in this report.

9. W[illiam] F. Arant, Supt., CLNP, to Secretary of the Interior, August 31, 1903 (monthly report), Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks, 1872-1907, RG 79, NA; Ken McLeod "Along Nature's Trail," Herald and News (Klamath Falls, Ore.), June 26, 1953.

10. "Crater Lake Improvements," Oregon Observer (Grants Pass), December 5, 1903.

11. W[illiam] F. Arant, Supt., CLNP, to Secretary of the Interior, October 23, 1904, Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks, 1872-1907, RG 79, NA.

12. W[illiam] F. Arant, Supt., CLNP, to Secretary of the Interior, October 1, 1905, Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks, 1872-1907, RG 79, NA; W.F. Arant, Supt., CLNP, to Secretary of the Interior, August 31, 1905 (monthly report), ibid.

13. "Improve the Park," Oregonian (Portland), November 7, 1907, in Steel Scrapbooks, v.1.

14. "First Man to Ride to Lake in Car Visits Scene Again," Medford (Ore.) Daily News, July 20, 1932.

15. Harry Nordwick, "Five-Day Wagon Trip to Crater Lake was Real 'Outing' for Hardy 1909ers," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), December 6, 1953.

16. "Ballinger Caught by Forest Fires," Sunday Oregonian (Portland), August 28, 1910, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. II. Ruth Kirk mentions mile-long "Pummy Grade," where the pumice was so loose that visibility was nil unless it had recently rained. Traction was almost impossible, necessitating dragging a tree down the hill behind the car so that its limbs could serve as a brake. (Pumice Hill was near the Rogue River south of Prospect.) Exploring Crater Lake Country, p. 39.

17. Albright, "Oh, Ranger!" pp. 123-24.

18. "Park will be Improved," Oregonian (Portland), September 12, 1910, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. II.

19. Nordwick, "Five-Day Wagon Trip," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), December 6, 1953.

20. Samuel M. Evans, "Forty Gallons of Gasoline to Forty Miles of Water: Recipe for a Motor Trip to Crater Lake, Oregon," Sunset, v. 27 (October 1911), p. 396. This article ends with several tips on motoring to Crater Lake.

21. Letter from The Acting Secretary of War, Transmitting, With a Letter from the Chief of Engineers, Report of Examination and Survey, With Maps and Plans of Survey, for Roads and Trails in Crater Lake National Park, Oreg., Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA.

22. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Report of the Superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1912 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1912), pp. 7-8.

23. Will G. Steele [sic], "New Roads to Give Easy Access to Crater Lake, one of West's Wonders," Morning Oregonian (Portland), January 1, 1914; "Improvements are Contemplated for Next Season at Crater Lake," Sunday Oregonian (Portland), December 19, 1915; Steel Points (Junior), v. 1, n. 1 (July 1925).

24. USDI, NPS, Report of the Superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1912, p. 8.

25. Place and Place, Story of Crater Lake, p. 79.

26. Steele [ sic], "New Roads to Give Easy Access to Crater Lake," Morning Oregonian (Portland), January 1, 1914.

27. "Twenty Miles of Government Roads Finished in Park," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), October 23, 1914, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

28. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Charles W. Snell, Chapter IX: Formation of the National Park Service, 1913-1929. Supplement to Theme XIX, National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1963), p. 10.

29. Will G. Steel to Superintendent of National Parks, November 10, 1916, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA.30. USDI, NPS, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918, p. 61.

31. Steel Points (Junior), July 1925.

32. Murphy, Seven Wonderlands of the American West, p. 322.

33. "Crater Park Draws Crowds," Gold Hill (Ore.) News, September 9, 1926; "Crater Lake Highway is Receiving a Coat of Shale," Gold Hill (Ore.) News, October 28, 1926.

34. George T. Hopper "Final Construction Report on Rehabilitation of Goodbye Creek Bridge, Account No. 504," Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA.

35. "Goodbye Bridge O'er Deep Canyon in Park Finished," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), July 30, 1929, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

36. Ibid.

37. Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), June 10, 1930, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

38. "Suggestions for Discussion of Crater Lake National Park in The Director's Annual Report" (for period ending September 30, 1928), Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 1; "Road Progress Well Underway," in Annual Report, 1927, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 2.

39. "Goodbye Bridge O'er Deep Canyon in Park Finished," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), July 30, 1929; "Crater Lake Rim High Way is now Planned," Gold Hill (Ore.) News, October 31, 1929.

40. "Bids for Six Miles of Road at Rim Asked," Gold Hill (Ore.) News, April 30, 1931.

41. "Park Road Work Will be Rushed Ere Snows Fall," Oregonian (Portland), July 9, 1932.

42. "Plan of Building Road to Water's Edge of Crater Lake Disapproved," Coos Bay Harbor (North Bend, Ore.), July 10, 1932.

43. "Road Contracts Let for Crater Park Work," Gold Hill ( Ore.) News, July 13, 1933.

44. "Crater Lake Park Has Good Season," Oregonian (Portland), 1934, Central Classified Files, RG 79, NA.

45. "Report to the Chief Architect Through the Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park, October 20, 1934, Public Works Administration," Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, p. 11.

46. David H. Canfield, "Building the Rim Road at Crater Lake," Earth Mover, v. 23, n. 4 (April 1936), pp. 7-10.

47. See Nelson Reed, "Autumn Best Time to See Crater Lake; Road-Building Tales Told," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), October 12, 1958.

48. M[erel] S. Sager, "Report to the Chief Architect Through the Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park, Emergency Conservation Work, Camps Nos. 1 and 2," October 13, 1933, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, p. 8; Francis G. Lange, "Report to the Chief Architect Through the Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park. E.C.W. April 17, 1934 to October 1, 1934," October 22, 1934, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA, p. 15.

49. Box 2, 312,000, 600-01, Crater Lake, Master Plans, from Master Plan of February 1952, RG 79, NA; 101, Crater Lake, Historical File, 3, 312,000, Effect of War on Crater Lake National Park, 1944, Memo, RG 79, NA.

50. George T. Hopper, "Final Construction Report on Emergency Repairs to Annie Creek Bridge, Account No. 505," n.d., Central Classified Files, 1907-49, Crater Lake, 207-022, RG 79, NA, p. 1.

51. Hopper, "Final Construction Report on Rehabilitation of Goodbye Creek Bridge," Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-2.

52. "Final Construction Report on Account No. 510, Construction of Detour Road Around Annie Creek Bridge," October 25, 1945, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

53. "Crater Bridge Details Ironed Out at Meeting," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), March 18, 1946.

54. Data from scrapbook, Crater Lake National Park library.

55. Superintendent's Monthly Narrative Report, July 1941, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA.


Chapter 9


1. Wilbur, "Description of Crater Lake," p. 145.

2. Batchelor, "Crater Lake National Park," p. 335.

3. "Crater Lake Improvements," Oregon Observer (Grants Pass), December 5, 1903.

4. "Improve the Park," Oregonian (Portland), November 7, 1907.

5. "Crater Lake," Ladd & Bush Quarterly, v. 2, n. 4 (December 1914), p. 12.

6. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Report of the Superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park to The Secretary of the Interior, 1915 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915), in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

7. Roscoe Howard to Hon. N[icholas] J. Sinnott, September 5, 1916, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-2.

8. United States Railroad Administration, National Park Series, "Crater Lake National Park, Oregon" (Chicago: Rathbun-Grant-Heller Co., 1919), Oregon Miscellany, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, p. 8; Murphy, Seven Wonderlands, p. 307.

9. Report on Operations and Approved Construction Projects, Season of 1931 (1932 Fiscal Year), RG 79, NA, p. 23.

10. C[harles] G. Thomson, Supt., CLNP, to The Director, NPS, November 12, 1927, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 1; "Suggestions for Discussion of Crater Lake National Park in The Director's Annual Report" (for period ending September 30, 1928), Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 1.

11. Myrna Bush, "Trail Construction in Crater Park Opens New Vistas of Beauty to Eye of Visitor; Garfield Peak Favorite," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), August 26, 1930, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

12. J.C[arlisle] Crouch, "Crater Wall Trails in Crater Lake," February 14, 1944, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, Crater Lake, 640, RG 79, NA, n.p.

13. Wilbur, "Description of Crater Lake," p. 146.

14. "Crater Lake Improvements," Oregon Observer (Grants Pass), December 5, 1903.

15. "Educational Trip Around Lake a New Feature," Gold Hill (Ore.) News, July 30, 1931.

16. Wilbur, "Description of Crater Lake," p. 148. See Illus. 20.

17. "Improve the Park," Oregonian (Portland), November 7, 1907.

18. USDI, NPS Report of the Superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1912, p. 8.

19. Will G. Steel to Superintendent of National Parks, November 10, 1916, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA.

20. USDI, NPS, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918, p. 62.

21. U.S. Railroad Administration, "Crater Lake National Park, Oregon," p. 10; Oregon Voter: Magazine of Citizenship for Busy Men and Women, December 20, 1919, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

22. Bush, "Trail Construction in Crater Park," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), August 26, 1930.

23. W[illiam] E. Robertson, "Crater Lake National Park, Report on 1931 Construction Activities as of November 1, 1931," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, pp. 4, 7

24. "Crater Lake National Park, Report on Operations and Approved Construction Projects, Season of 1931 (1932 Fiscal Year)," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, pp. 20-23, 27-28.

25. Merel S. Sager, "Report to the Chief Landscape Architect Through the Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park: A Summary of Construction During the Season of 1932," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, pp. 26-28, 44.

26. Merel S. Sager, "Report to the Chief Architect Through the Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park," October 16, 1933, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, p. 5.

27. Lapham, Enchanted Lake, pp. 91-95.

28. Gold Hill (Ore.) News, July 2, 1931.

29. G.C. Ruhle, "The Back Country of Crater Lake," Nature Notes, n.d.

30. "Crater Lake Routes," Sunday Oregonian (Portland), August 28, 1898.

31. R[ichard] A. Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, to Supt., CLNP, December 3, 1909, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, n.p.

32. Edward W. Dixon to Secretary of the Interior, February 15, 1913, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 11.

33. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Report of the Superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1913 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1914), pp. 6-8; Edward W. Dixon to Secretary of the Interior, February 15, 1913, p. 11.

34. Crater Lake Company, "Crater Lake National Park," 1915?, Oregon Miscellany, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. "Anna Spring" rather than "Annie" was the name mistakenly but officially given by the National Park Service to the first headquarters area.

35. USDI, NPS, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918, p. 62.

36. Campgrounds, in "Crater Lake National Park, Oregon," Appropriations, Estimates File, 1928, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 3.

37. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1934), pp. 28-29.


Chapter 10


1. William F. Arant to Secretary of the Interior, September 28, 1902, Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks, 1872-1907, RG 79, NA.

2. Ibid.

3. William F. Arant, Supt., CLNP, to Secretary of the Interior, February 15, 1906, Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks, 1872-1907, RG 79, NA.

4. Superintendent's Monthly Narrative Report, February 1946, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA.

5. "Summer Plans Made," Evening Herald (Klamath Falls, Ore.), June 17, 1908.

6. "All Buildings at Crater Lake are Caved in by Snow," Evening Herald (Klamath Falls, Ore.), April 29, 1909.

7. Edward W. Dixon to Secretary of the Interior, February 15, 1913, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 5. According to a park scrapbook, one ranger's cabin was built at park headquarters in 1909, a barn and stable were built there in 1907, and another frame ranger s cabin was built at the Fort Klamath entrance in 1915. Crater Lake National Park Library.

8. USDI, NPS, Report of the Superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1913, p. 8.

9. USDI, NPS, Report of the Superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1915.

10. Mark Daniels, "Crater Lake National Park," Oregon Observer (Grants Pass), April 12, 1916.

11. "The Editors Visit Crater Lake," Jacksonville (Ore.) Post, August 12, 1916.

12. "Log Lodges for Crater Park," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), July 11, 1917.

13. William C. Tweed, Laura E. Soulliere, and Henry G. Law, National Park Service Rustic Architecture: 1916-1942 (San Francisco: National Park Service, Western Regional Office, Division of Cultural Resource Management, 1977), p. 23.

14. Albert H. Good, Park and Recreation Structures, Pt. I: Administration and Basic Service Facilities (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1938), pp. 5-8.

15. Ibid., p. 8.

16. "Lay Corner Stone New Kiser Studio Rim Crater Lake," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), July 13, 1921.

17. C[harles] G. Thomson, Supt., CLNP, to The Director, NPS, September 1, 1923 (annual report for year), Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 3; Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), September 7(?), 1923, in Steel Scrapbooks, v.III.

18. Mrs. Josephine H. Forney, "The Lure of Crater Lake," Union Pacific Magazine, v. IV, n. 6 (June 1925), p. 31.

19. E[lbert] C. Solinsky, Supt., CLNP, to The Director, NPS, June 7, 1930, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

20. Forney, "Lure of Crater Lake," p. 34.

21. "General Statement, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon," 1926, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 1.

22. Ibid., p. 2.

23. C[harles] G. Thomson, Supt., CLNP, to The Director, NPS, August 31, 1926 (annual report), Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, n.p.

24. Ibid., October 1, 1927 (annual report), Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 5.

25. Exhibit B, pp. 1-7, in Exhibits to Accompany Estimates, Fiscal Year 1928, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA.

26. Public buildings, in "Crater Lake National Park, Oregon," Appropriations, Estimates File, 1928, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-2.

27. Report of Superintendent of Activities for month of September 1928, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, n.p.

28. "Wording of Appropriation and Justification for Appropriation Committee," 1929, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, n.p.

29. Tweed et al., National Park Service Rustic Architecture, p. 66.

30. "Park to Get Buildings," Oregonian (Portland), June 1, 1930.

31. Sinnott Memorial Open," Oregonian (Portland), July 17, 1931, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III; "Final Construction Report of No. 408, Sinnott Memorial Building," June 30, 1931, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

32. Horace M. Albright, Dir., NPS, to The Secretary of the Interior, March 14, 1932, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA; J. D. Coffmann, Memorandum for Superintendent [E.C.] Solinsky, July 11, 1931, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, p. 1.

33. "Doctor, Nurse now Stationed in Crater Park," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), June 17, 1931, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

34. "Crater Park Prepares for Tourist Rush," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), May 26, 1931, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

35. "Final Construction Report of No. 406, Employee's Cottage at Headquarters," June 1931, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

36. Robertson, "Crater Lake National Park, Report on 1931 Construction Activities," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, pp. 10, 15.

37. "Big Improvement Program carried on, Crater Lake," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), January 1, 1932.

38. "Final Construction Report of No. 402, North Entrance Ranger Station," 1932, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, n. p.

39. "Justification for Individual Cost Projects, Administration Building at Headquarters," 1932, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, n.p.

40. David H. Canfield, Acting Supt., CLNP, to The Director, NPS, July 2, 1934, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA.

41. Good, Park and Recreation Structures, Pt. I, pp. 7-8.

42. Tweed et al., National Park Service Rustic Architecture, pp. 66, 68.

43. "Administration Building Being Replaced at Park," Gold Hill (Ore.) News, August 9, 1934.

44. Armin M. Doerner, Assoc. Landscape Architect, "Report to the Chief Architect Through the Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park, October 20, 1934, re: Public Works Administration projects," Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, pp. 12-13.

45. "Specifications for a Superintendent's Residence and a Naturalist's Residence at Crater Lake National Park," July 6, 1932, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, pp. 1-2, 4.

46. Sager, "A Summary of Construction During the Season of 1932," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 23.

47. "Justification for individual Cost Projects, Ranger Station, Lost Creek," 1932, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, n.p.

48. William E. Robertson, "Report on 1932 Field Activities, Crater Lake National Park," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, pp. 17, 21, 25; "A Summary of Construction During the Season of 1932," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, pp. 16, 18, 20, 22, 23.

49. Tweed et al., National Park Service Rustic Architecture, pp. 75-76.

50. The above information is taken from ibid., pp. 76-77.

51. "Review for Director's Report, 'The Year In the Parks,'" enclosed in C.G. Thomson, Supt., CLNP, to the Director, NPS, October 1, 1927, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA.

52. Sager, "A Summary of Construction During the Season of 1932," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 31.

53. Ibid., pp. 36-37.

54. Sager, "Report to the Chief Architect," October 16, 1933, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, pp. 4-5.

55. M.S. Sager, "Report to the Chief Architect Through the Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park, Emergency Conservation Work, Camps Nos. 1 and 2," Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, p. 4.

56. Ibid.

57. Sager, "Report to the Chief Architect, Emergency Conservation Work, Camps Nos. 1 and 2," October 13, 1933, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, Crater Lake, 207, RG 79, NA, pp. 7-8.

58. E[lbert] C. Solinsky, Supt., CLNP, to The Director, NPS, January 18, 1934, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

59. "Report to the Chief Architect, October 20, 1934, Public Works Administration," Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, pp. 14-15.

60. Superintendent's Monthly Narrative Report, December 1935, RG 79, Federal Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Ca.

61. File No. 207-001.4, Part One, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA.

62. Information Bulletin, 1937, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA.

63. Supt., CLNP, to The Director, NPS, July 14, 1933, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, p. 1. Also recommended for construction under the Emergency Public Works Program were three cottages for employees living in the park the entire season.

64. Ernest P. Leavitt, "Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1940," Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA, p. 8.

65. "Administrative Annual Report, Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1943," Central Classified Files, 1907-49, Crater Lake, 207-001.4, RG 79, NA, p. 2.

66. Thos. C. Parker, Asst. Supt., CLNP, "Partial Construction Report to September 15, 1945 on Completion of Hospital Building," Sept. 10, 1945, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

67. Director, NPS, to Reg. Dir., Region Four, March 30, 1949, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

68. [rnest] P. Leavitt, Supt., CLNP, to The Director, NPS, Sept. 18, 1941, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

69. Herbert Maier, Assoc. Reg. Dir., to The Director, NPS, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA, n.p.

70. Superintendent's Monthly Narrative Report, October 1947, Central Classified Files, 1933-49, RG 79, NA.

71. Superintendent's Monthly Reports, 1935-50 [19491, RG 79, FARC, San Bruno, Ca.

72. Ibid. [1950], RG 79, FARC, San Bruno, Ca.


Chapter 11


1. Tweed et al., National Park Service Rustic Architecture, p. 106.

2. Sager, "A Summary of Construction During the Season of 1932," Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA, p. 26.

3. Park and Recreation Structures, Pt. I, p. 156.

4. Ibid., p. 158.

5. "Lay Corner Stone New Kiser Studio Rim Crater Lake," Mail Tribune (Medford, Ore.), July 13, 1921, in Steel Scrapbooks, v. III.

6. Fred H. Kiser to Board of Geographical Names, Dept. of the Interior, November 16, 1947, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA.

7. Fred H. Kiser to Secretary of the Interior, April 1, 1929, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA.

8. Kiser to Board of Geographical Names, November 16, 1947, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA.

9. Horace M. Albright to E.C. Solinsky, Supt., CLNP, August 30, 1929, Central Files, 1907-39, RG 79, NA.

10. Kiser to Board of Geographical Names, November 16, 1947, Central Classified Files, 1907-49, RG 79, NA.



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