Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resource Study

¹ Major General Amos A. Fries, Editor, "The District of Columbia in the World War," In John C. Proctor, Editor, Washington, Past and Present: A History. (New York: Lewis, 1930), 398-413; A Narrative History of Fort Myer Virginia (Falls Church, VA: Litho-Print Press, 1954?), 3; Ed Fitzgerald to Rock Comstock, September 24, 1973, CRBIB Material, Fort Circle Parks, in Stephen Potter's Office, National Park Service, National Capital Parks; Fort Foote," The Evening Star, June 1, 1926; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II. Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 232; Record Group 328, Records of the National Capital Planning Commission, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG328), General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, William W. Harts, Col, U.S. Army, Officer in Charge, to General William M. Black, Chief of Engineers, June 17, 1917.

² Record Group 42, Records of the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG42), Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System, Civil War Forts Parkway, October 1919 listing of forts RG77; Entry 103, Correspondence, 1894-1923, #124636.

³ RG42, Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System, Civil War Forts Parkway, including 307/6-7, Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia to Honorable Lawrence Y. Sherman, Chairman, Committee on the District of Columbia, United States Senate, November 8, 1919; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155186-3, HR 10695,60th Congress, 1st Session, November 19, 1919; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 66th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 594 (HR 10695).

⁴ RG42, Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System, Civil War Forts Parkway, October 1919 listing of forts; Record Group 46, Records of the United States Senate, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG46), 67th Congress, Papers Relating to specific Bills and Resolutions, S.1-50, Box 1, Letter from Cuno H. Rudolph, President, Commissioners of the District of Columbia, to Honorable L. Heisler Ball, Chairman, Committee on the District of Columbia, United States Senate, April 11, 1921, submitted with a proposed bill; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155 186-1, Cuno H. Rudolph, President, Commissioners of the District of Columbia, to Honorable Benjamin Focht, Chairman, Committee on the District of Columbia, House of Representatives, April 11, 1921; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155186-3, HR 10695, 60th Congress, 1st Session, November 19, 1919; RG77, Entry 103, Correspondence, 1894-1923, #124636; RG42, Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System: Civil War Forts Parkway; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 66th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 594 (HR 10695).

⁵ Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 67th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1922), 14 (S4); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 67th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1921), 497 (HR 8792); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 67th Congress, 2d Session, 19221-22 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1922), 116 (HR 8792); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 68th Congress, 1st Session, 1923-24 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1924), 58 (S 1340); Journal of the Senate of the United States, 68th Congress, 2d Session, 1924-25 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1925), 50(S1340); "Parkway to Connect Forts in District of Columbia," House Report No. 649, 67th Congress, 2d Session, February 3, 1923; "Parkway Connecting Civil War Forts," Calendar No. 627, Senate Report No. 585, 68th Congress, 1st Session, May 20, 1924, May 20 (calendar day, May 22), 1924; RG46, 67th Congress, Papers relating to specific Bills and Resolutions, S.1-50, Box 1; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155 186-3; "Linking of Forts Embodied in Plan," The Evening Star, December 4, 1925; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, S 1340, 68th Congress, 2D Session, January 2, 1925; Record Group 66, Records of the Commission on Fine Arts, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG66), Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Lincoln Cemetery, Prince Georges County, MD; Memorandum, May 14, 1921, "FORT DRIVE AND EASTERN AVENUE."

⁶ William Bushong. Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990, 934-95, 102; RG42, Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, General Correspondence, 307, Public Grounds: Extension of Park System, Civil War Forts Parkway, 307/8, Judge C.D. Bundy, Board of Trade, District of Columbia, to Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, received on January 10, 1920; RG328, General Records, Planting Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," Feb. 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940.

⁷ William Bushong. Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990, 93-95, 102; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," Feb. 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940.

⁸ Walton Thomas. "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital." Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980. 128, 149, William Bushong, Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990), 93-95, 102; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940.

⁹ For important text of the Capper-Cramton Act see Appendix B; Walton, Thomas. "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital." Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980. 128, 149, William Bushong, Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990), 93-95, 102; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940; Statutes at Large, Volume 46, page 482, Public Law No. 284, 71st Congress, approved May 29, 1930.

¹⁰ "National Capital Park and Planning Commission." In H.S. Wagner and Charles G. Sauers, Study of the Organization of the National Capital Parks (Washington, DC: The National Park Service, National Capital Parks, 1939), 40.

¹¹ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2; T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?).

¹² RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67,545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, J.E. Wood to Lt. Col. C.O. Sherrill, March 10, 1924, J.C. Langdon to Major Brown July 31 and August 3, 1925, U.S. Grant, III, to Mr. D.W. O'Donohue, Union Trust Building, July 31, 1926, "Fort Drive"by C.W. Eliot, City Planner, and C.W. Eliot to Major Brown May 10, 1929; Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, a Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; Chris Shaheen, "The Fort Drive: The Influence and Adaption of a 20th Century Planning Effort in Washington, D.C.," Paper in George Washington University Historic Preservation Course (Professor Richard Longstreth), May 30, 1994, 4.

¹³ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.C. Jeffers to Captain Chisolm, March 13, 1931 and "Emergency Public Works Program Brief Justification For Fort Drive Projects," August 31, 1933; and Fort Drive, #2; Fort Drive, Acquisition of Land, February 1, 1947, and T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?).

¹⁴ Record Group 79, Records of the National Park Service, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG79), Records of the Branch of Recreation, Land Protection, and State Cooperation, Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in NPS Areas, 1933-35, District of Columbia, Box 12, Narrative Report, NP Camp #7, Benning, D.C., April 1-September 30, 1935; Box 13, Camp NP-7, Narrative Report, April-October 1935, Camp Name, Fort Dupont, projects 7-10—7-22; NP Camp 7, Benning, D.C., Narrative Report, October 1934-April 1935; NP Camp 7, Narrative Report, October 1934-January 1935; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.S. Settle, Secretary, Memorandum to Mr. Gillen, March 5, 1940, SUBJ: Fort Drive; U.S., Office of National Capital Parks, "A History of National Capital Parks," By Cornelius W. Heine (Washington, DC: National Capital Parks, National Park Service, 1953), 31; Christine Sadler, "One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts, Road to Pass Fortifications of Civil War, Will Run Along Rims of Hills That Make Saucer of City, Expected to Be One of Nation's Most Scenic and Historic, The Washington Post, Sunday, October 10, 1937.

¹⁵ Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #248515, including completed PWA application; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive, #2 T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; and T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?).

¹⁶ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive, #2 T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; and T.C. Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?); Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November. 15, 1940; "History of Fort Drive," In National Capital Planning Commission, Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965 By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planing Commission, 1965), 3; Shaheen, "Fort Drive," 9-10.

¹⁷ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100 Fort Drive, Fort Drive, #2 T.C. Jeffers, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; and T.C . Jeffers, "A Brief History of THE FORT DRIVE — Evolution of its Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?); Christine Sadler, "One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts, Road to Pass Fortifications of Civil War, Will Run Along Rims of Hills That Make Saucer of City, Expected to Be One of Nation's Most Scenic and Historic, The Washington Post, Sunday, October 10, 1937; Thomas Walton, "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980, 149; "Fort Drive," The Evening Star, Saturday, November 16, 1940; Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November 15, 1940; "History of Fort Drive," In National Capital Planing Commission, Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965 By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), 3; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet, (1953?) Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November. 15, 1940.

¹⁸ An illustrated History: The City of Washington, By the Junior League of Washington, Edited by Thomas Froncek (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 320; RG328, NCPC, General Records, Planing files, 1924-67, 535, Parks & Recreation, Battery Kemble Park, John Nolen, Jr., Director of Planing to Mr. T.P. Pendleton, Chief Topographical Engineer, Geologic Survey, Department of the Interior, Washington, December 29, 1944, Subj.: Name of Battery Kemble Park; RG328, General Records, Planing Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Dupont Park, John Nolen, Jr., Director of Planning, Memorandum to Mr. Wirth, SUBJ: Fort Dupont Park, June 5, 1937; "Fort Dupont Park Suits Under Way," The Evening Star, December 11, 1935; Rock Creek Park Files, Battery Kemble, Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, January 27, 1931, General Order No. 384, Subject: Acquisition of Land; "Fort Foote Military Reservation in Prince Georges County, MD; "Calendar No. 1101, Senate Report No. 1036, 68th Congress, 2d Session, February 3, 1925; U.S., Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, A Historical Summary of the Works of the Corps of Engineers in Washington, DC and Vicinity 1852-1952 By Sacket L. Duryee (Washington, DC: U.S., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, 1952), 25; Ed Fitzgerald to Rock Comstock, September 24, 1973, CRBIB Material, Fort Circle Parks, in Stephen Potter's Office, National Park Service, National Capital Parks; "Fort Foote," The Evening Star, June 1, 1926; "Fort Foote Wanted in D. C. Park System," Evening Star, April 29, 1924; RG46, 69th Congress, Papers relating to specific Bills and Resolutions, E-1, Box 39, Dwight Davis, Secretary of War to Honorable James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Chairman, Committee on Military Affairs, United States Senate, August 19, 1925; "Fort Foote Ordered Delayed," The Evening Star, June 12, 1926; National Park Service, National Capital Region, Binder titled Fort Foote, in Gary Scott's Office, Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, General Order No. 432, November 6, 1931, issued by U.S. Grant, III, SUBJ: Acquisition of Land by Transfer, 1; Martha Strayer, "Old Fort Foote, a Forlorn and Forgotten Place," The Washington Daily News, Monday, July 20, 1931; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 68th Congress, 2d Session, 1924-25 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1924), 280, 288, 476 (S.J. 117); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 69th Congress, 1st session 1925-26 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1926), 739, 1099 (HR 12644); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 69th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1926), 436, 712 (S4401); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 68th, 1st Session, 1923-24 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1924), 304, 578 (SJ117); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 68th Congress, 2d Session, 1924-25 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1925), 157, 204 (SJ117) [February 17, 1925, approved public resolution No. 46]; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 68th Congress, 2d Session, 1924-25 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1924), 95, 290, 444 (HR11365); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 70th Congress, 1st Session, 1927-28 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1928), 378, 11744 (HR10556); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 71st Congress, 2d session, 1929-30 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1930), 431, 523 (HR1 1489); "National Military Park to Commemorate Battle of Fort Stevens," Hearings Before the Committee on Military Affairs, House of Representatives, Sixty-Eighth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 11365, Monday, January 12, 1925, Statement of Hon. Samuel E. Cook of Indiana. (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1925); Union Calendar No. 520, H.R. 11365, [House Report No. 1537], 68th Congress, 2D Session, February 20, 1925; "Commemoration of Certain Military Historic Events, and for Other Purposes," House Report No. 1525, 71st Congress, 2d Session, May 19, 1930, 24; RG42, Entry 109, Newspaper Clippings, 1926-27, Box 5, "Land Approved For Parks," newspaper article, 1926; Mark Tooley, "Battle at Fort Stevens Saved," The Washington Post, August 6, 1994; Record Group 233, Records of the United States House of Representatives, National Archives (hereafter referred to as RG233), Papers Accompanying Specific Bills and Resolutions, HR70A-D20, Box 375—H.R. 10556, 70th Congress, 1st Session, In the House of Representatives, February 6, 1928; Bruce L. Brager, "Fort Stevens—Lincoln Under Fire." Northern Virginian, 12, July-August 1982, 22; "Ft. Stevens Falls in Building Drive," The Evening Star, May 16, 1925; "Historic Spot Is Site For New Homes," Washington Times, Oct 29, 1927; William J. Wheatley, "Fort De Russy to be Restored: Surrounding Section in Rock Creek Park Being Cleared to Open Area," The Evening Star, Dec. 5, 1926; "Fort Bayard Park Has Much History," The Washington Post, July 13, 1930; Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D.C. Country Village into A City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 363.

¹⁹ RG79, Records of the Branch of Recreation, Land Protection, and State Cooperation, Narrative Reports Concerning ECW (CCC) Projects in NPS Areas, 1933-35, District of Columbia, Boxes 11, National Capital Parks, Narrative Report covering Fifth Enrollment Period, ECW Camp N.A. #1, Washington, DC, Apr-Oct 1935; Reservation #412, Reservation #443, and Reservation #475, Box 12, Narrative Report, NP Camp #7, Benning, DC, April 1—September 30, 1935, Box 13, Camp NP-7, Narrative Report, April-October 1935, Camp Name—Fort Dupont—Project 7-1—7-9, and projects 7-10—7-22, NP-7, Benning, DC, General Report for Second Enrollment Period, Oct 1933-Apr. 1934, Field Work at Fort Dupont, NP Camp 7, Benning, DC, Narrative Report, Oct 1934-April 1935, minor road construction at Fort Dupont, cleanup at Reservation 544, Ft. Totten, NP Camp 7, Narrative Report, Oct 1934-Jan 1935, work on Fort Drive, NP Camp 7, Benning, DC, Narrative Report, July-Oct 1934, sewer at Fort Dupont, Ft. Foote, General Cleanup; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.S. Settle, Secretary, Memorandum to Mr. Gillen, March 5, 1940, SUBJ: Fort Drive; U.S., Office of National Capital Parks, "A History of National Capital Parks," By Cornelius W. Heine (Washington, DC: National Capital Parks, National Park Service, 1953), 31; Christine Sadler, "One More Mile and the District Will Have a Driveway Linking Forts, Road to Pass Fortifications of Civil War, Will Run Along Rims of Hills That Make Saucer of City, Expected to Be One of Nation's Most Scenic and Historic, The Washington Post, Sunday, October 10, 1937; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.S. Settle, Secretary, Memorandum to Mr. Gillen, March 5, 1940, SUBJ: Fort Drive; The Rambler (Richard Rogers), "Old Fort Resists Siege of Time," The Evening Star, Oct. 19, 1956; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 161; Bernard Kohn, "Restored Civil War Fort Is New Sightseeing Shrine," The Sunday Star, July 4, 1937.

²⁰ Martha Strayer, "Old Fort Foote, A Forlorn and Forgotten Place," The Washington Daily News, Monday, July 20, 1931; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Stanton; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Totten Park, Extract from minutes of the 55th meeting of the National Capital Parks and Planning Commission held on March 6, 1938 and Extract from minutes of the 122nd meeting of the National Capital Parks and Planning Commission held on October 28 & 29, 1937; "Park Board May Wreck Historic Fort," The Washington Post, October 28, 1937; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Dupont—Water Tower; Statutes at Large, 67th Congress, 1921-23, Vol. 42, Pt. 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office 1923), 1368; "Bunker Mentality," City Paper, January 13-19, 1995; Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D. C.: Country Village into City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 470; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Foote, Extract from minutes of 156th meeting of National Capital Parks and Planning Commission held on Dec. 19-20, 1930 or 40?; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, "Fort Reno—Water Tower," New Fourth-High Tower at Reno, Built in 1928.

²¹ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #2, Committee on—A.E. Demaray, Associate Director, National Park Service, Memorandum for Secretary, August 12, 1944, and T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Fort Drive, John Russell Young, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia to Hon. Gilmore D. Clarke, Chairman, The Commission of Fine Arts, Interior Department Building, April 4, 1947; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); Thomas Walton, "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980, 149; Cooperative Agreements and Historic Site Designation Orders, Agreement with District of Columbia, Memorandum of Agreement of October 24, 1944 Between the National Park Service and the District of Columbia Relating to Development of Two Sections of Fort Drive.

²² RG328, General Records, Planning files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Committee on—A.E. Demaray, Associate Director, National Park Service, Memorandum for Secretary, August 12, 1944; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); Thomas Walton, "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980, 149; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Fort Drive, John Russell Young, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia to Hon. Gilmore D. Clarke, Chairman, The Commission of Fine Arts, Interior Department Building, April 4, 1947, and Budget Officer and Assessor, District of Columbia, to the Commissioners, District of Columbia, Subject: Acquisition of Land, January 21, 1947; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, T.S. Settle, Secretary, Memorandum to Mr. Gillen, March 5, 1940, SUBJ: Fort Drive; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November 15, 1940; Helm, Tenleytown, 448; "Park Board Approves Changes In Fort Drive Project Plans." The Washington Post, June 21, 1947; "Fort Drive Up for Study Today." The Washington Post, March 20, 1947; "Fowler to Stick To His Figures on Fort Drive Cost." The Washington Post, February 25, 1947.

²³ "History of Fort Drive," In National Capital Planning Commission, Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965 By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), 3-9; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); "District, Park Service Clash Over Highway vs. Parkway." The Washington Post, April 2, 1961; Willard Clopton, "Park Service Weighs Future of Fort Drive," The Washington Post, Monday, April 30, 1962; Martha Strayer, "JFK Settles Battle Over Ft. Drive," Washington Daily News, May 28, 1963.

²⁴ "A Ring of Parks," The Washington Post, May 14, 1965; "Beauty Duty Sought for 16 Old Forts, The Washington Post, May 7, 1965; Henry Aubin, "District's Old Forts: Squirrels Man Ivied Ramparts," The Washington Post, Monday, December 28, 1970; National Capital Planning Commission, Fort Park System, iv.

²⁵ Willard Clopton, "Park Service Weighs Future of Fort Drive," The Washington Post, Monday, April 30, 1962; "Fort Drive," The Evening Star, Saturday, November 16, 1940; Gerald G. Gross, "Planning Board Seeks Funds for Fort Drive," The Washington Post, November 15, 1940; U.S., Office of National Capital Parks, "A History of National Capital Parks," By Cornelius W. Heine (Washington, DC: National Capital Parks, National Park Service, 1953), 88; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Pamphlet (1953?); Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D.C. Country Village into A City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 484; National Capital Planning Commission. Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965, By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), 1, 8.

²⁶ National Capital Planning Commission. Fort Park System: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive, Washington, D.C. April 1965, By Fred W. Tuemmler and Associates, College Park, Maryland (Washington, DC: National Capital Planning Commission, 1965), 1, 8.

²⁷ U.S., National Capital Planning Commission, Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital Frederick Gutheim, Consultant (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 194; Washington, D.C. Archives, D.C. Records, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #155186-3, HR 10695, 60th Congress, 1st Session, November 19, 1919; RG328, General Records, Planning files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Committee on, A.E. Demaray, Associate Director, National Park Service, Memorandum for Secretary, August 12, 1944; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Fort Drive, Gilmore D. Clarke, Chairman, Commission on Fine Arts, to Honorable John Russell Young, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia, March 6, 1947.

²⁸ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, Carey H. Brown, Engineer, to The Newspaper Information Service, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, DC, May 4, 1927, 6; U.S., National Capital Planning Commission, Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital Frederick Gutheim, Consultant (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 196; "Fort Sites Eyed for Future Use," The Washington Post, Friday, October 2, 1964.

²⁹ USACE\CEMVS\ED-U.S. Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, Report on Fort Reno, AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C., Project Number - C03DC048401, March 1997, 4.0 SITE HISTORY, 4.1 HISTORICAL SITE SUMMARY, 4.1.1 General Site History; RG338, Unit Records, Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade, Box 20, History of the 36th AAA Battalion," not dated c. 1954, 3; Helm, Tenleytown, 534-35; Neighborhood Planning Councils 2 and 3, Footsteps: Historical Walking Tours of Chevy Chase, Cleveland Park, Tenleytown, Friendship (Washington, DC: Neighborhood Planning Councils 2 and 3, 1976), 10.

³⁰ "Huge Reservoir Is Taking Shape," The Washington Post and Times Herald, Thursday, May 10, 1956; "Bunker Mentality," City Paper, January 13-19, 1995; Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D.C. Country Village into A City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 535; RG66, Entry 17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Reno-—Water tower; John M. Johnson, Colonel, Corps of Engineers, District Engineer, to Commission of Fine Arts, November 1, 1944.

³¹ Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 232; House Executive Document No. 361, 81st Congress, 1st Session, "Supplemental Estimate of Appropriation for the Department of the Interior," October 11, 1949; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Totten Park, Irving C. Root, Superintendent, National Park Service, National Capital Parks, to Mr. Edmund H. Brook, National Brick and Supply Co January 15, 1948; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Totten Park, Extract from minutes of the 190th meeting of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission held on Dec. 16, 1943; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Totten Park, Letter of February 14, 1947; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 535, Parks and Reservations, Fort Dupont Park; A.E. Demaray, Acting Executive Director, to Lt. Col. William C. Ready, Corps of Engineers, Mid-Atlantic Division, Dec. 2, 1944.

³² Martha Strayer, "Old Fort Foote, a Forlorn and Forgotten Place," The Washington Daily News, Monday, July 20, 1931; Louise Daniel Hutchinson, The Anacostia Story: 1608-1930 (Washington, DC: Published for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 126, 129, 135; Mark Tooley, "Battle at Fort Stevens Saved." The Washington Post, August 6, 1994.

³³ Reed Hansen, "Civil War to Civil Concern: A History of Fort Marcy, Virginia,"Masters thesis in History, George Mason University, 1973, 71, 74-77, 80, 83, 88; Eleanor Lee Templeman, "Fairfax Heritage No. 3: Fort Marcy's Fate Uncertain, Northern Virginia Sun, February 28, 1958; "Fort Marcey's Guns Protected Bridge Entering 'Georgetown Pike," Fairfax Herald, February 25, 1972, 7; "Civil War's Fort Marcy Slated to Become Park," The Washington Post and Times Herald, Thursday, March 13, 1958; Jack Eisen, "Unreconstructed Rebels Will Not Buy Civil War Fort Marcy for Parkway," The Washington Post, April 3, 1958; Jean M. White, "Access Road Will Be Built to Fort Marcy," The Washington Post, November 6, 1960; "Fairfax Official Recalls how "Sit-In" Saved Historic Fort From Bulldozers," The Washington Post, July 30, 1963; "Housewife's Defiance Saved Fort Marcy," The Evening Star, July 29, 1963; RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 543-36, Civil War Forts, Preservation of, Harry T. Thompson, Acting Superintendent, National Capital Parks, Memorandum to Director, National Capital Planning commission, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, May 28, 1954, and Stanley McClure, Assistant Chief, National Memorials and Historic Sites Section, National Capital Parks, NPS, to Messers. Kelly, Thompson, Gartside, Jett and Sager, May 24, 1954, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, 1952-54; U.S., Department of the Interior, National Park Service, George Washington Memorial Parkway, Earthworks Landscape Management Plan. Fort Marcy. (Washington, DC: U.S., Department of the Interior, National Park Service, George Washington Memorial Parkway, 1995).

³⁴ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 543-36, Civil War Forts, Preservation of, Stanley McClure, Assistant Chief, National Memorials and Historic Sites Section, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, to Messers. Kelly, Thompson, Gartside, Jett and Sager, May 24, 1954, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, 1952-54.

³⁵ "Site of 7 Corners Center Once Called Fort Buffalo," The Washington Post, Oct. 3, 1956; "Modern Shopping Center Stands Near Civil War Shooting Grounds, The Washington Daily News, October 3, 1956; "Fairfax Official Recalls how "sit-In" Saved Historic Fort From Bulldozers," The Washington Post, July 30, 1963; "County Seeks to Preserve Ft. Reynolds," The Washington Post, September 9, 1954; "Gun Battery Yields Only Yankee Button, The Evening Star, April 25, 1958; "Old Gun Emplacement Halts School Bulldozer," The Evening Star, April 23, 1958; Jack Eisen, "Unreconstructed Rebels Will Not Buy Civil War Fort Marcy for Parkway," The Washington Post, April 3, 1958; Jerry Kline, "Alexandria Restores Old Civil War Fort," Star, Aug 5, 1962; "Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward," The Washington Post, September 1, 1960; Deborah Churdhman, Searching for the Civil War [Report from the Forts]. The Washington Post, Weekend, October 23, 1981, 1, 10; Jim Ryan, "History Afoot At the Forts." The Washington Post, Weekend, January 6, 1989; Anne H. Oman, "The Forts of Washington: Only Two Saw Hostile Action." The Washington Post, Weekend, May 27, 1983, 58; Eugene L. Meyer, "Holding Down the Fort in D.C.," The Washington Post, Friday, January 23, 1987.

³⁶ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 543-36, Civil War Forts, Preservation of, Stanley McClure, Assistant Chief, National Memorials and Historic Sites Section, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, to Messers. Kelly, Thompson, Gartside, Jett and Sager, May 24, 1954, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, 1952-54; Roy C. Brewer, "Fort Scott—Past, Present, and Future," The Arlington Historical Magazine, 3 (October 1965), 46; "County Seeks to Preserve Ft. Reynolds," The Washington Post, September 9, 1954; "Site of 7 Corners Center Once Called Fort Buffalo," The Washington Post, October 3, 1956; "Modern Shopping Center Stands Near Civil War Shooting Grounds, The Washington Daily News, October 3, 1956; "Fairfax Official Recalls how 'Sit-In' Saved Historic Fort From Bulldozers, The Washington Post, July 30, 1963; "County Seeks to Preserve Ft. Reynolds," The Washington Post, September 9, 1954; "Gun Battery Yields Only Yankee Button, The Evening Star, April 25, 1958; "Old Gun Emplacement Halts School Bulldozer," The Evening Star, April 23, 1958; Jack Eisen, "Unreconstructed Rebels Will Not Buy Civil War Fort Marcy for Parkway," The Washington Post, April 3, 1958; Jerry Kline, "Alexandria Restores Old Civil War Fort," Star, Aug 5, 1962; "Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward," The Washington Post, September 1, 1960; Deborah Churdhman, Searching for the Civil War [Report from the Forts]. The Washington Post, Weekend, October 23, 1981, 1, 10; Jim Ryan, "History Afoot At the Forts." The Washington Post, Weekend, January 6, 1989; Anne H. Oman, "The Forts of Washington: Only Two Saw Hostile Action." The Washington Post, Weekend, May 27, 1983, 58; Eugene L. Meyer, "Holding Down the Fort in D.C.," The Washington Post, Friday, January 23, 1987.

³⁷ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 543-36, Civil War Forts, Preservation of, Stanley McClure, Assistant Chief, National Memorials and Historic Sites Section, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, to Messers. Kelly, Thompson, Gartside, Jett and Sager, May 24, 1954, SUBJ: Preservation of the Civil War Forts, 1952-54; "Fort Ward Museum & Historic Site." A 1990 pamphlet issued by the City of Alexandria; "Fort Ward Museum & Historic Site," An undated pamphlet issued by the City of Alexandria; "Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward," The Washington Post, September 1, 1960; John Neary, "Beareded Bus Dweller Probes Fort's Ruins," The Evening Star, June 36, 1961; Jerry Kline, "Alexandria Restores Old Civil War Fort," The Evening Star, Aug 5, 1962; Everard Munsey, "Capital's Citadel of 1861 Being Restored as Park," The Washington Post, July 15, 1961; Thomas Oliver, "Ft. Ward Emerges in Changed Role," The Evening Star, June 26, 1967; "Fort Ward, Unscathed by War, Hit by Drought," The Evening Star, September 3, 1962; "Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward," The Washington Post, September 1, 1960.

³⁸ James I. Robertson, Jr., Civil War Sites in Virginia: A Tour Guide. (Charlottesville, VA: The University Press of Virginia, 1982), 44.

³⁹ Charles T. Jacobs, Civil War Guide to Montgomery County, Maryland. Rockville, MD: The Montgomery County Historical Society and the Montgomery County Civil War Round Table, 1983, 12; "A Walking Tour of Fort C.F. Smith Park," Pamphlet for Arlington Park (Arlington, VA: Arlington, n.d.); "Marking the Forts, The Evening Star, Sunday Magazine, September 11, 1966.

⁴⁰ U.S., Work Projects Administration, Federal Writer's Program, Washington, D.C.: A Guide to the Nation's Capital, American Guide Series, Randall Bond Truett, Editor, New Revised Edition (Original edition published by The George Washington University of Washington, D. C. In 1942) (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1968 Washington, DC: The George Washington University, 1942).

⁴¹ Daughters of the American Revolution, District of Columbia, State Historic Committee, Historical Directory of the District of Columbia (Washington, DC: State Historic Committee, District of Columbia, Daughters of the American Revolution, 1922), 74.

⁴² Theodore Dodge Gatchel, Rambling Through Washington: An Account of Old and New Landmarks in Our Capital City (Washington, DC: The Washington Journal, 1932), 227-28.

⁴³ Theodore Dodge Gatchel, Rambling Through Washington: An Account of Old and New Landmarks in Our Capital City (Washington, DC: The Washington Journal, 1932), 234.

⁴⁴ 25 Hikes In and Near Washington (Washington, DC: Capital Transit Company, 1930s?), 11.

⁴⁵ Information found in local phone books and maps of the area (1997).