Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resource Study

MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS

Library of Congress

Manuscript Division

Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64
The Papers of Harry F. Schonborn, Notebook, 1861-63
The Papers of Orlando M. Poe
The Papers of Samuel P. Heintzelman
The Winthrop Papers

The Prints and Photographs Division

Miscellaneous Civil War Prints and Photographs

The Geography and Map Division

Miscellaneous Civil War Map, Plans and Drawings

National Archives

Textual Records

Record Group 46, Records of the United States Senate
Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers
Record Group 92, Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General
Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1780s to 1917
Record Group 233, Records of the United States House of Representatives
Record Group 393, Records of United State Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920

Cartographic and Architectural Archives–Maps, Drawings and Aerials

Still Pictures Branch
National Register Collections, National Park Service,
North Capital and H Streets, N.W.

Civil War Defenses of Washington National Register Nominations and miscellaneous similar type nominations

Rock Creek Park, National Park

Historical Files

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District

AAA Site Fort Reno, Washington, D.C., Project Number-CO3DCO48401, March 1997," 4.1.1 General Site History

U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA Manuscript Section

Papers of Men who garrisoned forts in Washington, D.C. Army War Student Papers relating to the Defenses of Washington, D.C.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Arlington County, VA, Main Library

Newspaper Articles File

Martin Luther King Library

Newspaper Articles File

Virginiana Room, Fairfax Regional Library, Fairfax County, Virginia

Newspaper Articles File

Washington Historical Society

Newspaper Articles File

PUBLISHED WORKS AND UNPUBLISHED STUDIES

Abbot, Henry Larcom. "Biographical Memoir of John Gross Barnard." Professional Memoirs, Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large, 5, January-February 1913, 83-90.

Abbot, Henry Larcom. Siege Artillery in the Campaigns Against Richmond, with Notes on the Fifteen-Inch Gun, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 14. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1867.

Adams, F. Colburn. Siege of Washington, D. C. Written Expressly for Little People. New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, Publishers, 1867.

"The Advance upon Washington in July, 1864." Southern Magazine, 8, June 1871, 750-63.

Aide-Memoire to the Military Sciences. Framed from Contributions of Officers of the Different Services, and Edited by A Committee of the Corps of Royal Engineers in Dublin, 1845-1846. Three Volumes. London: John Weale, 1846-52.

Aide-Memoire to the Military Sciences. Framed from Contributions of the Different Services, and Edited by A Committee of the corps of Royal Engineers, 1847-1849. Volume II. Second Edition. London: John Weale, 1853.

Albro, Walt. "The Forgotten Battle for the Capital [July 1864]." Civil War Times Illustrated, 32, January/February 1993, 40-43, 56-61.

Alexander, Edward Porter. "The Battle of Bull Run." Scribner's Magazine, 41, January 1907, 80-94.

"Alexandria to Rebuild Civil War Fort Ward." The Washington Post, Sept 1, 1960.

Allen, Herbert F. L. Allen. "Washington Is Defenseless." The Evening Star, Nov 18, 1934.

Alt, Betty Sowers and Bonnie Domrose Stone. Campfollowing: A History of the Military Wife. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991.

Ambrose, Stephen E. "Dennis Hart Mahan–A Profile." Civil War Times Illustrated, 2, November 1963, 30-35.

Ambrose, William S. An Interpretive Earthworks Preservation Guide For Petersburg National Battlefield. A Special Project submitted at Clemson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Recreation and Park Administration, Department of Recreation and Park Administration. Prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Petersburg National Battlefield at Petersburg, Virginia. March 1976.

American Battle Monuments: A Guide to Military Cemeteries and Monuments Maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission. Edited by Elizabeth Nishiura. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc., 1989.

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Edited by William Morris. New York, NY: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. And Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973.

Andrews, J. Cutler. The North Reports the Civil War. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1955.

"Area Forts: The Ramparts Once Watched." The Washington Post, June 25, 1967.

Armstrong, Cynthia Grant. "Fort Ward." Northern Virginia Heritage, 1, October 1979, 7-8, 20.

The Army and Navy Journal, Volumes 1-3.

"Army Road and Bridge Builders." In John D. Billings. Hardtack and Coffee or The Unwritten Story of Army Life. Boston: G.M. Smith and Co., 1887, 377-93.

Aubin, Henry. "District's Old Forts: Squirrels Man Ivied Ramparts." The Washington Post, Monday, December 28, 1970.

Averill, Frank L. Guide to the National Capital and Maps of Vicinity including the Fortifications. Washington, DC: Published by The Engineering Platoon of the Engineer Corps, D.C.N.G., 1892.

Babits, Lawrence E. "A Confederate Earthwork's Internal Structure." Military Collector & Historian, 41, Winter 1989, 194-98.

Barber, James G. Alexandria in the Civil War. Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988.

Barnard, John Gross. The C.S.A. and the Battle of Bull Run. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1862.

Barnard, John Gross. A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871.

Barnard, John G., "The Use of Iron in Fortifications," United States Service Magazine, 1, (January 1, 1864, 25-3l.

Barnard, John Gross and William F. Barry. Report of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac from Its Organization to the Close of the Peninsular Campaign. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863.

Bartlett, Tom. "Post of the Month: Marine Barracks and USMC Headquarters, Washington, D.C." U.S. Lady, (November 1967), 10-11.

Battle, Stafford Levon. "In Defense of A Nation's Capital." Washington Living, May 1984, 50-53.

"Battle Fields, &c." In C.H. Ingram and John P. Church. What You Most Want To Know. A Complete Guide and Directory, Prepared for the Members of the Grand Army of the Republic and Their Friends, Visiting the Washington National Encampment. Washington, DC: John C. Parker, 1892, 16-18.

Battles and Leaders of the Civil War . . . Edited by Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buell. 4 Volumes. New York: The Century Company, 1887-88.

Beach, William H. The First New York (Lincoln) Cavalry from April 19, 1861 to July 7, 1865. New York: The Lincoln Cavalry Association, 1902.

Bellard, Alfred. Gone for a Soldier: The Civil War Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard. Edited by David Donald. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1975.

"Beauty Duty Sought for 16 Old Forts." The Washington Post, May 7, 1965.

Benedict, Grenville. Army Life in Virginia: Letters from the Twelfth Vermont Regiment and Personal Experience of Volunteer Service in the War of the Union, 1862-63. Burlington, VT: Free Press Association, 1895.

Billings, Elden E. "Military Activities in Washington in 1861." Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C., 1960-1962, 131-33.

Bissell, Lewis. The Civil War Letters of Lewis Bissell: A Curriculum. Edited by Mark Olcott and David Lear. Washington, DC: The Field School Educational Foundation Press, 1981.

Blanding, Stephen F. In the Defenses of Washington or Sunshine in A Soldier's Life. Providence, RI: E.L. Freeman, 1889.

Bowen, John. Battlefields of the Civil War: A State-by-State Guide. London: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1986.

Brackenbury, Charles B. Field Works, Their Technical Construction and Tactical Application. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1888.

Bradwell, I.G. "On to Washington." Confederate Veteran, 36, March 1928, 95-96.

Brager, Bruce L. "Fort Stevens–Lincoln Under Fire." Northern Virginian, 12, July-August 1982, 22-24.

Wesley Brainerd. Bridge Building in Wartime. Edited by Ed Malles. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1997.

Brewer, James H. The Confederate Negro: Virginia's Craftsman and Military Laborers, 1861-1865. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1969.

Brewer, Roy C. "Fort Scott–Past, Present, and Future." The Arlington Historical Magazine, 3, October 1965, 40-47.

Brialmont, Alexis Henri. Hasty Intrenchments. Translated by Charles A. Empson. London: Henry S. King & Co., 1872.

Brice, Martin. Forts and Fortresses: From the Hillforts of Prehistory to Modern Times–the Definitive Visual Account of the Science of Fortification. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1990.

Brice, Martin H.. Stronghold: A History of Military Architecture. London, England: B.T. Batsford, Ltd., 1984.

Brooks, Noah. Mr. Lincoln's Washington: The Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks. Edited by P.J. Staudenraus. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, Publisher, 1967.

Brooks, Noah. Washington, D. C. in Lincoln's Time. Edited with a new commentary by Herbert Mitgang. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books, 1971.

The Brother's War: Civil War Letters to Their Loved Ones from the Blue and Gray. Ed. by Annette Tapert. New York: Vintage Books–various letters on the forts

Brown, Glen. Papers Relating to the Improvement of Washington City. Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1901.

Brown, J. Willard. The Signal Corps USA in the War of the Rebellion. Published by the U.S. Veterans Signal corps Association. Reprint. New York: New York Times, Co., 1974.

Brown, Leonard E. Forts DeRussy, Stevens, and Totten; General Background. Washington, DC: Division of History, Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service, 1968.

Brown, Leonard E. National Capital Parks: Fort Stanton, Fort Foote, Battery Ricketts. Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center, National Park Service, 1970.

Browning, Robert S., III. "Two if by Sea: The Development of American Coastal Defense Policy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.

Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart. Compiler. Bibliography of the District of Columbia being A List of Books, Maps, and Newspapers, including Articles in Magazines and Other Publications to 1898. Washington, GPO, 1900.

Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart. A History of the National Capital from its foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act. Volume II. 1815-1878. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916, 539-40.

Buchanan, James. The Works of James Buchanan. Edited by John Bassett Moore. Reprint. New York: 1960.

Buckholtz, Louis von. On Infantry, Camp Duty, Field Fortification, and Coast Defence. Washington, DC: Selmar Siebert, 1860.

Bushong, William. Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990.

Butler, Benjamin F. Private and Official Correspondence of General Benjamin F. Butler during the Period of the Civil War . . . 5 Volumes. Norwood, MA: Plimpton Press, 1917.

Calvin, Rita A. Compiler. Selected Theses and Dissertations on the Washington, D.C. Region. Washington, DC: Center for Washington, DC: Center for Washington Area Studies, George Washington University, 1982.

Caemmerer, H.Paul. A Manual on the Origin and Development of Washington; Senate Document No. 178, 75th Congress, 3d Session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1939.

Caemmerer, H.Paul. "Topographic Features Relating to the Plan of Washington, D.C." The Military Engineer, 45, January-February 1952, 15-19.

Caemmerer, H.Paul. Washington the National Capital, Senate Report No. 332, 71st Congress, 3d Session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1932.

"Calendar No. 1101, Senate Report No. 1036, 68th Congress, 2d Session, February 3, 1925.

Carper, Robert L. Historic Structure Report, Administrative and Architectural Data Sections, Fort Washington Main Fort/Ravelin. Denver, CO: Denver Service Center, The National Park Service, 1982.

Chandler, David G. "Haunted Acres: Visiting Battlefields." History Today, 26, November 1976, 743-48.

Chesney, Charles C. On the Value of Fortresses and Fortified Positions in Defensive Operations. Second Edition, Revised. London: Byfield, Stanford & Co., 1868.

Churchman, Deborah. "Searching for the Civil War [Report from the Forts]." The Washington Post, Weekend, October 23, 1981.

The Civil War: A Newspaper Perspective. The Charleston Mercury; The New York Herald; The Richmond Enquirer. A CD-ROM produced by Accessible Archives.

The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Edited by Frances H. Kennedy. Supported by the Conservation Fund. Second Edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998.

"Civil War Forts." In Historic Northern Virginia Buildings and Places. Published by the Northern Virginia Regional Planning and Economic Development Commission. n.d.

Clinton, Amy Cheney. "Historic Fort Washington." Maryland Historical Magazine, 32, September 1937, 228-47.

Coggins, Jack. "The Engineers Played a Key Role in Both Armies." Civil War Times Illustrated, 3, January 1965, 40-47.

Colbert, Leo Otis. "Earliest Maps of Washington, D.C." The Military Engineer, 61, July-August 1949, 247-50.

Colket, Meredith B. "The Public Records of the District of Columbia." Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C., Vols. 48-49, 1949, 281-99.

Commemoration Ceremony on The One-Hundredth Anniversary of the Battle of Fort Stevens at Fort Stevens Pamphlet. Washington, D.C., July 11, 1964.

"Commemoration of Certain Military Historic Events, and for Other Purposes." House Report No. 1525, 71st Congress, 2d Session, May 19, 1930, 24.

Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, III. "Civil War Deterrent: Defenses of Washington." Military Affairs (hereafter referred to as MA), 29, Winter 1965-66, 164-78.

Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, III. "Defending Washington During the Civil War." Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C., Vol. 71-72, 1971-72, 314-37.

Cooling, Benjamin Franklin. Jubal Early's Raid On Washington 1864. Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989.

Cooling, B. Franklin. Monocacy: The Battle that Saved Washington. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1997.

Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, III. Symbol, Sword, and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War. Second Edition. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991.

Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, III and Walton H. Owen, II. Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988.

Cowdrey, Albert E. A City for the Nation: The Army Engineers and the Building of Washington, D.C., 1798-1967. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1979.

Cox, James A. "Fort Delaware on the Water." Civil War Times Illustrated, 32, July-August 1993, 20-24, 26, 54.

Cox, William Van Zandt. "The Defenses of Washington–General Early's Advance on the Capital and the Battle of Fort Stevens, July 11 and 12, 1864." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, 1901, Vol. IV, 135-65.

Cox, William Van Zandt. The Defenses of Washington–General Early's Advance on the Capital and the Battle of Fort Stevens, July 11 and 12, 1864 1-31. Pamphlet.

Craighill, William P. The Army Officer's Pocket Companion. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863.

Cramer, John Henry. Lincoln Under Enemy Fire: The Complete Account of His Experiences During Early's Attack on Washington. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1948.

Cromie, Alice. A Tour Guide to the Civil War. Third Edition, Revised and Updated. Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press, 1990.

Cronin, Gerald E. "The Attacks on Our National Capital." Infantry Journal, 11, September/October 1914, 214-20.

Crouch, Howard R. Relic Hunter: The Field Account of Civil War Sites, Artifacts, and Hunting. Fairfax, VA: SCS Publications, 1978.

Crowell, Elizabeth A., Dennis Knepper and Marcia Miller. Archaeological Investigations of Fort C.F. Smith. July 1987. Engineering-Science, Inc., Washington, DC., 1987.

Cullum, George W. Systems of Military Bridges in Use by the United States Army . . . New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863.

Cummings, Maizie Jean. Battleground National Cemetery; An Example of A Victorian Mourning Area. George Washington University, August 24, 1990.

Curry, W.W. "To the Potomac." Edited by Paula Mitchell Marks. Civil War Times Illustrated, 28, September/October 1989, 24-25, 59-65.

Curtis, William T.S. "Cabin John Bridge." Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D. C., 2, 1899, 293-307.

Dana, Charles A. "Early's Raid on Washington." In Charles A. Dana. "Reminiscences of Men and Events of the Civil War." Part VII. McClure's Magazine, 11, May 1898, 38-40.

Daughters of the American Revolution, District of Columbia, State Historic Committee, Historical Directory of the District of Columbia. Washington, DC: State Historic Committee, District of Columbia, Daughters of the American Revolution, 1922.

David, Elizabeth S. "Fort Willard and the Defenses of Washington." Fairfax Chronicles, 10, November 1986-January 1987, 1, 4-5.

Davis, David G. "Fort Ward, Defending Washington." Castle [Ft. Belvoir, VA], 52, February 27, 1987, 7.

Davis, William C. The Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977.

De La Croix, Horst,. Military Considerations in City Planning: Fortifications. New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1972.

de Trobriand, Comte Regis. The Life and Memoirs of Comte Regis de Trobriand Major-General in the Army of the United States by His Daughter Marie Caroline Post. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1910.

de Trobriand, Comte Regis. Our Noble Blood: The Civil War Letters of Major-General Regis de Trobriand. Translated by Nathalie Chartrain. Edited by William B. Styple. Kearny, NJ: Belle Grove Publishing Co., 1997.

"Defense of Washington." Chapter Three in U.S., Engineer School. Engineer Operations in Past Wars. 2 Parts. Fort Humphreys, VA: Engineer School, 1926, Part I, pages 23-35.

"Defenses of Washington." In DeB. Randolph Keim . . . Keim's Illustrated Hand-Book. Washington and Its Environs: A Descriptive and Historical Hand-Book to the Capital of the United States of America. Fourth Edition–Corrected to July, 1874. Washington, DC: For the Compiler, 1874, 232-33.

"The Defenses of Washington." In Noah Brooks. Mr. Lincoln's Washington: Selections from the Writings of Noah Brooks Civil War Correspondent. Edited by P.J. Staudenraus. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1967, 197-99.

"The Defenses of Washington During the War." The Evening Star, October 9, 1902.

Dey, Richard A., Jr. "The Defenses of Washington, D.C., United States of America: Yesterday and Today." Army Digest, 24, August 1969, 18-21.

Dickman, William J. Battery Rodgers at Alexandria, Virginia. Manhattan, KS: MA/AH Publishing, 1980.

"The Dismantled Forts," The Evening Star, Thursday, Sept. 28, 1865.

District of Columbia, Civil War Centennial Commission. Study in Patriotism, 1861-1865. Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1965?

District of Columbia. Civil War Centennial Commission. The Symbol and the Sword; Washington, D.C. 1860-1865. Washington, DC: The District of Columbia, Civil War Centennial Commission, 1962.

"District of Columbia, Washington Navy Yard, 1800-." United States Navy and Marine Corps Bases, Domestic. Edited by Paolo E. Coletta. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985), 181-82; "District's Old Forts," Washington Post, Dec. 10, 1970.

Dodge, Grenville Mellon. "Use of Blockhouses During the Civil War." Annals of Iowa, 6, January 1904, 297-301.

Donn, John W. "With the Army of the Potomac From the Defences of Washington to Harrison's Landing." In District of Columbia Commandery, The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. War Papers, Paper 22.

Donnelly, Ralph W. "Fort Branch on the Roanoke." Periodical: The Journal of the Council on America's Military Past (formerly Council on Abandoned Military Posts), 9, Fall 1977, 30-38.

Douglas, Howard. Observations on Modern Systems of Fortification, Including that proposed by M. Carnot, and a Comparison of the Polygonal with the Bastion System; To which is Added, Some Reflections on Intrenched Positions, and a Tract on the Naval, Littoral, and Internal Defence of England. London: J. Murray, 1859.

Doyle John T. "Fort Lincoln: history and construction." November 13, 1933. This paper was prepared as part of Doyle's initiation into Phi Mu an engineering honor society. Records of Phi Mu University of Maryland at College Park Libraries.

Duane, James C. "History of the Bridge Equipage in the United States Army." In Printed Papers of the Essayers Club of the Corps of Engineers. Willet's Point, New York: Battalion Press, 1872, I, No. 1.

Duane, James C. Manual for Engineer Troops. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1862.

Duffy, Christopher. Fire and Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare 1660-1860. London: David and Charles, 1975.

Duffy, Christopher. "Touring a Fortress," Fire and Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare 1660-1860. London: David and Charles, 1975, 198-200.

Dunkleman, Mark H. "Camp Seward on Arlington Heights; A Yankee Regiment's First Stop in Dixie." The Arlington Historical Magazine, 10, October 1994.

Duryee Sacket L. A Historical Summary of the Work of the Corps of Engineers in Washington, D. C. and Vicinity, 1852-1952. Washington, DC: Washington Engineer District, 1952.

Dwight, Henry O. "In the Trenches: Each Man His Own Engineer." Civil War Times Illustrated, 4, October 1965, 4-7, 30-31.

Early, Jubal A. "The Advance on Washington in 1864." Southern Historical Society Papers, 9, 1881, 297-312.

Early, Jubal A. "General Barnard's Report on the Defences of Washington, in July 1864." Southern Magazine (Baltimore), 10, June 1872, 716-24.

"Early's Raid on Washington." The Republic, Vol., VIII, No. 3, March 1877.

Edelin, William B. "The District of Columbia in the Civil War." M.A. thesis, Howard University, 1925.

Edgerton, Joseph S. "Capital's War Defense Revealed in Winter." The Washington Star, Feb 27, 1938.

Edmonds, James E. "The Engineers in Grant's Campaigns of 1864-5." Royal Engineer's Journal, 52, September 1938, 452-54.

Eggenberger, David. A Dictionary of Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1967.

Eisen, Jack. "Viewing Washington's Forts." The Washington Post, April 3, 1984.

Eisterhold, John A. "Fort Heiman: Forgotten Fortress." The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers, 28, 1974, 43-54.

Ellis, John B., Sights and Secrets of the National Capital; A Work Descriptive of Washington and All Its Phases. New York: United States Publishing Company, 1869.

"Engineer Equipment." In Francis A. Lord. Civil War Collector's Encyclopedia. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1963, 91-99.

"Engineer Equipment." In Francis A. Lord. Civil War Collector's Encyclopedia. Volume 2. W. Columbia, SC: Lord Americana & Research, Inc., 1975, 46-49.

"The Engineers." In Jack Coggins. Arms and Equipment of the Civil War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962, 99-105.

Epling, Jimmie. "Pioneer Tools." Camp Chase Gazette, 15, October 1987, 18-19; November-December 1987, 22-23.

Evans, Thomas J. and James M. Moyer. Mosby's Confederacy: A Guide to the Roads and Sites of John Singleton Mosby. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991.

Everhart, William C. Vicksburg National Military Park, Mississippi. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1954.

Everly, Elaine Cutler. "The Freedmen's Bureau in the National Capital." Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, 1972.

Fairchilds, C.B., Compiler. History of the 27th Regiment N.Y. Vols. . . .. Binghampton, NY: Carl & Matthews, 1888.

Fairfax County and the War Between the States. Official Publication of the Fairfax County Civil War Centennial Commission. Fairfax County, VA: Office of Comprehensive Planning, Fairfax County, 1987.

Fairfax County, Virginia: A History. By Nan Netherton, Donald Sweig, Janice Artemel, Patricia Hickin and Patrick Reed. 250th Anniversary Commemorative Edition 1992. Fairfax, VA: Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, 1992.

Falls, Cyril. The Art of War from the Age of Napoleon to the Present Day. London, England: Oxford University Press, 1961.

Farwell, Byron. Ball's Bluff: A Small Battle and Its Long Shadow. McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1990.

Featherstonhaugh, A. "Notes on the Defences of Petersburg." In Great Britain, Army, Corps of Royal Engineers. Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Royal Engineers . . . Woolwich, England: W.P. Jackson, 1839-76, New Series, 14, 1865, 190-94.

Fernald, Granville. Compiler. The Story of the First Defenders, District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts Wash, DC. Washington, D.C.: Clarence E. Davis, 1892.

Fiebeger, Gustav J. A Text-book on Field Fortification. Third Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1913.

"Field Fortifications." In Egbert L. Viele. Hand-book for Active Service; Containing Practical Instructions in Campaign Duties, for the Use of Volunteers. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1861, 92-148.

"Field Intrenchments." Army and Navy Journal, 6, November 7, 1868, 184-85.

"Fine, Lenore and Jesse A. Remington. The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States. Washington, DC The Government Printing Office, 1972.

Fisher, Perry G. And Linda J. Lear. Compilers and Editors. A Selected Bibliography for Washington Studies and Descriptions of Major Local Collections, George Washington University Studies Number Eight. Washington, DC: George Washington University, May, 1981.

Floyd, Dale E. "Army Engineers in the Civil War." In Military Engineering and Technology: Paper s Presented at the 1982 American Military Institute Annual Meeting, U. S. Army Engineer Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Manhattan, KS: MA/AH Publishing, 1984, 23-32.

Floyd, Dale E. "The Corps of Engineers' Role in Coast Defense." In Dale E. Floyd. Defending America's Coasts, 1775-1950: A Bibliography. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1997, xi-xxvi.

Floyd, Dale E. Defending America's Coasts, 1775-1950: A Bibliography. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1997.

Floyd, Dale E. Military Fortifications: A Selective Bibliography; Bibliographies and Indexes in Military Studies, Number 4. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1992.

Floyd, Dale E. "The Place of Fortifications in the Civil War," Midwest Region Battlefield Update [National Park Service], 3, May 1994, 2-3.

Floyd, Dale E. "The Place of Fortifications in the Civil War with Emphasis on Kentucky," Heritage Spirit [Kentucky Heritage Council], 3, September-October 1994, 9-12.

Floyd, Dale E. "U.S. Army Officers in Europe, 1815-1861." In Proceedings of the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy 1977. Edited by David H. White and John W. Gordon. Charleston, SC: The Citadel, 1979, 26-30.

"For Military Park," The Evening Star, Thursday, December 20, 1906.

"For Park At Fort Stevens," The Washington Post, December 21, 1906.

Forman, Stephen M. "Driving Tour: Sites to See in Washington." Blue & Gray Magazine, 13, Spring 1996, 56-61.

Forman, Stephen M. "The General's Tout: A Glimpse of Wartime Washington." Blue & Gray Magazine, 13, Spring 1996, 8-18, 20, 22, 46-55.

Forman, Stephen M. A Guide to Civil War Washington. Washington, DC: Elliott & Clark Publishers, 1995.

"Fort Bayard Park Has Much History," The Washington Post, July 13, 1930.

Fort Circle Parks, Civil War Defenses of Washington, Washington, D.C. Brochure. Washington, D.C.: Parks and History Association in cooperation with the National Park Service, 1993.

"Fort Foote, "The Evening Star, June 1, 1926.

"Fort Foote Ordered Delayed," The Evening Star, June 12, 1926.

"Fort Marcey's Guns Protected Bridge Entering 'Georgetown Pike," Fairfax Herald, February 25, 1972, 7.

Fort Myer Post. The History of Fort Myer, Virginia. 100th Anniversary Issue, June 1863.

Fort Myer, VA, Administrative History and Records Listings Page; A Narrative History of Fort Myer Virginia. Falls Church, VA: Litho-Print Press, 1954?.

"Fort Myer, Va., (originally Fort Whipple) Historical Sketch, 1934.

"Fort Sites Eyed for Future Use." The Washington Post, Friday, October 2, 1964.

"Fort Stevens," Editorial in The Washington Star, March 27, 1911.

"Fort Stevens at Brightwood." In Washington, D.C., Committee on Marking Points of Historic Interest, 1921. Points of Historic Interest in the National Capital. Washington, DC: Published by the Committee, 1921, 22.

"Fort Stevens Battle Marked by G.A.R. Unit." The Washington Post, July 11, 1938.

"Ft. Stevens Falls in Building Drive," The Evening Star, May 16, 1925.

"Fort Stevens-Lincoln National Military Park," Senate Document No. 433, 57th Congress, 1st Session, June 26, 1902. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902.

"Fort Stevens, Near Washington City." Confederate Veteran, 8, December 1900, 538.

"The Fort the Wars Forgot," Army, 29, August 1975, 22—24.

"Fort Ward Museum & Historic Site." A 1990 pamphlet issued by the City of Alexandria; "Fort Ward Museum & Historic Site," An undated pamphlet issued by the City of Alexandria.

"Fort Ward, Unscathed by War, Hit by Drought," The Evening Star, September 3, 1962.

"Fortification–Land Defences–Profiles." Army & Navy Journal, I, November 14, 1863, 182.

"The Fortifications of Washington." In Joseph Mills Hanson. Bull Run Remembers . . .: The History, Traditions and Landmarks of the Manassas (Bull Run) Campaigns before Washington 1861-1862. Manassas, VA: National Capitol Publishers, Inc., 1961, pages 29-30.

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