Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resource Study

¹ Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), 101-10; U. S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 Volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880-1901) (hereafter referred to as ORA), I, Volume 5, Serial 5, 732; I, Volume 12, Part I, 224-25; I, Volume 15, Serial 15, 223; George B. McClellan, McClellan's Own Story (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887), 163-66, 222-42, 261-70, 276-79, 534-65; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, Symbol, Sword and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War, 2nd Revised Edition (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991), 52-57, 97-119, 122-34, 149-61; Paul J. Sedgwick, The Shield (Washington, DC: The District of Columbia Civil War Centennial Commission, 1965), 12; Francis F. Wilshin, Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series No. 15, Revised Edition (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, Manassas, 1957), 16-17, 36-37; Robert McAllister, The Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister, Edited by James I. Robertson, Jr. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 199-201; Alpheus Seth Williams, From the Cannon's Mouth: The Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams, Edited by Milo M. Quaife (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1959), 103-13.

² Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D. C.: Country Village into City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 150-58; Virgil Carrington Jones, "Mosby's Capture of Stoughton." In Fairfax County and the War Between the States, Official Publication of the Fairfax County Civil War Centennial Commission (Fairfax County, VA: Office of Comprehensive Planning, Fairfax County, 1987), 65-70; James G. Barber, Alexandria in the Civil War (Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988), 74, 88, 90; Fairfax County, Virginia: A History. By Nan Netherton, Donald Sweig, Janice Artemel, Patricia Hickin and Patrick Reed. 250th Anniversary Commemorative Edition 1992. Fairfax, VA: Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, 1992, 353-59; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, Symbol, 144, 147, 151-52, 161,163, 186, 213, 225-26; James H. Johnston, "The Man Who (Almost) Conquered Washington," The Washington Post, March 18, 2001, Style Section, F1, F4; Virgil Carrington Jones, "Action Along the Union Outposts in Fairfax," Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia, Inc. Yearbook, 3, 1954, 1-3; Charles H. Moulton, Fort Lyon To Harper's Ferry: On the Border of North and South with "Rambling Jour". The Letters and Newspaper Dispatches of Charles H. Moulton (34th Mass Vol. Inf.), Compiled and Edited by Lee C. Drickamer and Karen D. Drickamer (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Co., Inc., 1987), 102, 104; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid On Washington 1864 (Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989), 7, 228-29; W.W. Curry, "To the Potomac," Edited by Paula Mitchell Marks, Civil War Times Illustrated, 28, September-October 1989, 24-25, 59-65; Thomas J. Evans and James M. Moyer, Mosby's Confederacy: A Guide to the Roads and Sites of Colonel John Singleton Mosby (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991), x-xi, 1-28, 43-65, 103, 116-17; ORA, I, Volume , Part , Serial 71, J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff and Assistant Adjutant-General, Headquarters, Department of Washington, Twenty-second Army Corps, to Major Waite, commanding the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, August 1, 1864, 563.

³ Frank E. Vandiver, Jubal's Raid: General Early's Civil War Attack on Washington in 1864 (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1960), 18-26; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid On Washington 1864 (Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989), 8-11; Jubal A. Early, "Early's March to Washington in 1864," In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War . . ., Edited by Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buell, 4 Volumes (New York: The Century Company, 1887-88), Volume 4, 492; ORA, I, Volume, 37, Part 1, Serial 70, Lt. Gen. Jubal Early to Gen. John C. Breckenridge, June 16, 1864, 12:30 [p.m.]; Robert E. Lee, Lee's Dispatches: *Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A. to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America 1862-65 from the Private Collections of Wymberly Jones de Renne, of Wormsloe, Georgia, Edited by Douglas Southall Freeman (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1957), 216-20, 239-40; John Gross Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 108-09; E.B. Long, with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861-1865, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971), 521; Thomas McCurdy Vincent, "Early's March to Washington," In Washington During War Time: A Series of Papers Showing the Military, Political, and Social Phases During 1861 to 1865. Official Souvenir of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, Collected and Edited by Marcus Benjamin Under the Direction of the Committee on Literature for the Encampment (Washington, DC: The National Tribune Co., n.d.), 50.

⁴ Barnard, A Report, 109; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 11-13; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 26-58; Early, "Early's March," 492-93; Jeffrey D. Wert, "Lynchburg, Va., eng. at," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 454; Jeffrey D. Wert, "Hunter's Raid, 26 May-18 June 1864," In Historical Times, 376-77; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Edited by Frances H. Kennedy, Supported by the Conservation Fund, Second Edition (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998), 504; Long, The Civil War, 524-28; Vincent, "Early's March," 50.

⁵ Barnard, A Report, 109-10; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 13-17; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 52-64; Early, "Early's March," 493; Jeffrey D. Wert, "Early's Washington Raid," In Historical Times, 233-34; Robert E. Lee, The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, Edited by Clifford Dowdey New York, NY Bramhall House and Virginia Civil War Commission, 1961), Robert E. Lee to General Jubal A. Early, June 18, 1864, "800, 791; Long, The Civil War, 528; Vincent, "Early's March," 50-51.

⁶ Long, The Civil War, 529-31; Barnard, A Report, 110-11; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 17-26; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 64-77; Early, "Early's March," 493-94; Vincent, "Early's March," 51.

⁷ Long, The Civil War, 532-34; Barnard, A Report, 111; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 25-29, 39-42; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 75-96; Early, "Early's March," 494-95; Vincent, "Early's March," 51-52.

⁸ ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, U.S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, July 5, 1864, 60; ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 1, Serial 70, 661, 684; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, 12, 26, 47; Vincent, "Early's March," 52; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 38-39; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 130-31, 135-39.

⁹ Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 39-40; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 92-94, 102-03, 139, 156, 164; Wert, "Early's Washington Raid," 233; Lee, Lee's Dispatches, 279-80; Early, "Early's March," 495.

¹⁰ Wert, "Early's Washington Raid," 233-34; Early, "Early's March,"495, 497; Long, The Civil War, 534, 536, Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 42-43, 52; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 90-92, 107, 118.

¹¹ Early, "Early's March," 495; Long, The Civil War, 534-35; Barnard, A Report, 111 ; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 46-52; Vincent, "Early's March," 52; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 94-104.

¹² Jeffrey D. Wert, "Monocacy, Md., Battle of," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 504; Early, "Early's March," 495; Long, The Civil War, 534-35; Barnard, A Report, 111; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 46-81; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 104-121; Vincent, "Early's March," 52; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, U.S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, July 5, 1864, 60; Lew Wallace to Henry W. Halleck, July 9, 1864, Received 9:15 a.m., 144; Lew Wallace to Henry W. Halleck, July 9, 1864, Received 11:40 p.m., 145; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 505-08; U.S., Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries, Revised and Reprinted, Researched and Written by Dale E. Floyd and David W. Lowe (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1998), Monocacy, 56.

¹³ Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 117-21, 138-43, 157-58; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 78-89; Early, "Early's March," 497; Barnard, A Report, 111; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, Lew Wallace to Henry W. Halleck, July 9, 1864, Received 11:40 p.m., 145; U.S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, July 10, 1864, 156; U.S. Grant to Henry W. Halleck, July 9, 1864–5:30 p.m., 134; U.S. Grant to President Abraham Lincoln, July 10, 1864–10:30 p.m., 155-56; H.W. Halleck to U.S. Grant, July 10, 1864–3:30 p.m., 157.

¹⁴ Long, The Civil War, 536; Early, "Early's March,"497 ; Barnard, A Report, 111; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 102-06; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 140; Vincent, "Early's March,"52; John Henry Cramer, Lincoln Under Enemy Fire: The Complete Account of His Experiences During Early's Attack on Washington (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1948), 11-12; Joseph Judge, Season of Fire: The Confederate Strike on Washington, (Berryville, VA: Rockbridge Publishing Company, 1994),214-22; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, 164, 16-67.

¹⁵ Early, "Early's March," 497; Long, The Civil War, 537; Barnard, A Report, 111; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 108-10; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 149-52; Cramer, Lincoln Under Enemy Fire, 12-13; Judge, Season of Fire, 224, 227.

¹⁶ Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 96-101; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 141-45; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 1, Serial 70, 230, 232; III, Volume 5, Serial 126, 163.

¹⁷ Jeffrey D. Wert, "Fort Stevens, District of Columbia," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 279; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 508-09; U.S., Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries, Revised and Reprinted, Researched and Written by Dale E. Floyd and David W. Lowe (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1998), Fort Stevens, 13; Long, The Civil War, 537; Judge, Season of Fire, 225, 227; A Hundred Days to Richmond: Ohio's "Hundred Days" Men in the Civil War," Edited with an Introduction by Jim Leeke (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999), 129; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 84-90, 92-102, 275-79; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 140-47, 157-58; Cramer, Lincoln Under Enemy Fire, 13-14; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, 171; Dale E. Floyd, "Invalid Corps," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 383; Barnard, A Report, 84.

¹⁸ Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 108-09; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 150; Martin D. Hardin, "The Defence of Washington Against Early's Attack in July, 1864." In Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Illinois Commandery. Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Volume II. Chicago, IL: A.C. McClure and Company, 1894, 133-34.

¹⁹ Early, "Early's March," 497, Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 110-123; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 150-56; Martin D. Hardin, "The Defence of Washington, " 134-36.

²⁰ Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 121-22; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 159-61; Early, "Early's March," 497-98; Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960), 270.

²¹ Early, "Early's March," 498-99; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 137-51; Vandiver, Jubal's Raid, 161-71; Martin D. Hardin, "The Defence of Washington, " 136-40; Long, The Civil War, 537-38; Lincoln Day by Day, 271-72.

²² Hardin, "The Defence of Washington," 136-37; Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid, 138, 150.

²³ Long, The Civil War, 537-39; Hardin, "The Defence of Washington," 139-40; Lincoln Day by Day, July 15, 272; Early, "Early's March," 499; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 508-09; U.S., Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries, Revised and Reprinted, Researched and Written by Dale E. Floyd and David W. Lowe (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1998), Fort Stevens, 13; Wert, "Fort Stevens, 279.

²⁴ Information for this section was gathered from the following sources: Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, Battlefield Survey Files, Fort Stevens; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early's Raid On Washington 1864 (Baltimore, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989); Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988); Alice H. Cromie, A Tour Guide to the Civil War, Fourth Edition, Revised (Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press, 1992); Maizie Jean Cummings, Battleground National Cemetery; An Example of A Victorian Mourning Area, George Washington University, August 24, 1990; Stephen M. Forman, A Guide to Civil War Washington (Washington, D.C.: Elliott & Clark Publishing, 1995); Charles T. Jacobs, Civil War Guide to Montgomery County, Maryland (Rockville, MD: The Montgomery County Historical Society and the Montgomery County Civil War Round Table, 1983); Charles T. Jacobs, Civil War Guide to Montgomery County, Maryland (Rockville, MD: The Montgomery County Historical Society, 1996); Elizabeth Kastor, "Battleground of Time Gone By," The Washington Post, July 12, 1996, Style Section, F1-F2; Richard M. Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City: An Illustrated Guide to the Civil War Sites of Washington (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1981.); Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960); Pamela Scott and Antoinette J. Lee, Buildings of the District of Columbia, Society of Architectural Historians' Buildings of the United States (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993); U.S., Congress, Senate, Senate Report No. 243, 44th Congress, 1st Session, 1876, 1-3; Jay Wertz and Edwin C. Bearss, Smithsonian's Great Battles & Battlefields of the Civil War: A Definitive Field Guide Based on the Award-Winning Television Series by Master-Vision (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1997).