1. The official name for the agency created by the act of March 31 was Emergency Conservation Work (ECW). However, the name Civilian Conservation Corps, as used by the President in his message to Congress on March 21, quickly caught on and supplanted the official title. There was no statutory CCC until June 28, 1937, when it was created by act of Congress.

2. Col. Duncan K. Major to Roosevelt, June 30, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 2. This famous report, which will be referred to often in this chapter, traces the role of the Army in the mobilization of the CCC. It was released to the press on July 3 in modified form.

3. Unemployment Relief, Joint Hearings, 1933, p. 4. C.R.M., No. 780, Organization.

4. Wallace to State Governors, March 31, 1933, ibid.

5. Perkins, pp. 178-179. Summary Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work (Washington, 1933-1943), 1935, pp. 11-12 (hereinafter cited as Report of the Director).

6. Schlesinger, II, 338; Lela Stiles, The Man Behind Roosevelt (Cleveland, 1954), p. 267.

7. New York Times, Jan. 1, 1940; Albert B. Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe (New York, 1962), p. 403; Time, XXVIII (Feb. 6, 1939), 12; see also Fechner to Howe, April 25, 1932, Roosevelt Papers, Private Personal File (P.P.F.) 6386.

8. New York Times, Feb. 16, 1940.

9. This misspelling has, on occasion, caused speculation as to whether Roosevelt did know Fechner before his appointment. Herbert Maier, in a letter to Daniel J. Tobin on Jan. 29, 1958, found in Roosevelt papers, O.F. 268, Box 11, claimed that F.D.R. drew the chart without having selected a director. He then asked for the name of a good labor man, and someone suggested Fechner. Not knowing the man, Roosevelt misspelled his name in writing it down. This is unconvincing, as ample evidence exists to indicate that Fechner was known both to Roosevelt and to Howe during the war. Moreover, Horace Albright, director of the National Parks Service, who was present at this meeting on April 3, reported to the secretary of the interior the same day that Fechner's selection had been officially announced. See Albright to Ickes, April 3, 1933, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior, in National Archives (hereinafter cited as Secretary of Interior, Records).

10. For a photostat of the chart, see Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 1. It is reproduced in Nixon, I, 150.

11. Report of the Director, 1933, pp. 1-2.

12. C.R.M., Appendix Vol. 1, Document 23. Apart from one meeting on April 13, minutes of Advisory Council meetings were not kept until July, 1933.

13. Report of the Director, 1933, p. 2; 1935, p. 22; see also New York Times, April 6 and 7, 1933. One of Fechner's first official acts as director was to announce the selection regulations. They, of course, were soon published by the Department of Labor in an Official Handbook for Agencies Selecting Men for Emergency Conservation Work (Washington, 1933). See also Harper, p. 65.

14. For a copy of Exec. Order 6101, see Report of the Director, 1933, Appendix B.

15. War Department Regulations, Relief of Unemployment (Washington, 1933), p. 12. Report of the Secretary of War to the President, 1933 (Washington, 1933), p. 4.

16. Col. Major to Howe, May 8, 1933, Louis McHendry Howe Papers, Box 60, in Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

17. Stuart to Howe, April 8, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 1. "Technical Agencies" was a term used repeatedly by CCC officials to differentiate between the Departments of the Interior and of Agriculture, and the Departments of War and of Labor. I have used the term throughout this work, mainly for reasons of brevity.

18. Report of the Secretary of War, 1933, p. 4.

19. Ibid.

20. Report of the Director, 1933, p. 3.

21. Ibid., 1935, p. 35.

22. Ickes to Fechner, April 24, 1933, Secretary of Interior, Records.

23. New York Times, Aug. 27, 1933; see also Harper, p. 73.

24. Conrad L. Wirth, Civilian Conservation Corps Program of the United States Department of the Interior, March 1933 to June 1942 (Chicago, 1944), p. 25; J. B. Nash, director of Indian ECW, to Fechner, June 28, 1933, Secretary of the Interior, Records.

25. Stuart to Fechner, April 14, 1933, C.R.M., No. 780, Organization.

26. Fechner to Stuart, April 17, 1933, ibid.

27. Joint memorandum from Regional Foresters to Stuart, April 4, 1933, C.R.M., No. 784, Local Experienced Men.

28. Joint letter to Roosevelt, April 22, 1933, ibid.

29. Report of the Director, 1933, p. 2.

30. Schlesinger, I, 257-265.

31. Hines to Roosevelt, May 6, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 1.

32. Major to Howe, May 6, 1933, Douglas to Roosevelt, May 8, 1933, ibid.

33. Report of the Director, 1933, p. 2.

34. Schlesinger, II, 15.

35. Report of the Director, 1942-1943, pp. 61-62.

36. Happy Days, June 17, 1933.

37. Major to Fechner, June 30, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 2.

38. Persons to Secretary of Labor, May 2, 1933, ibid., Box 1.

39. Stuart to Fechner, May 4, 1933, C.R.M., No. 782, Hammatt, Source Data. Civilian Conservation Corps: Minutes of Advisory Council, 1933-1942 (hereinafter cited as Advisory Council, Minutes), April 13, 1933.

40. Major to Howe, May 8, 1933, Howe Papers, Box 60.

41. Douglas to Howe, May 8, 1933, ibid.

42. File record memorandum of White House Conference, May 9, 1933, C.R.M., No. 780, Organization.

43. Stuart to Wallace, May 19, 1933, Files of the Secretary of Agriculture—Conservation.

44. Ibid.; see also Fechner to Roosevelt, April 11, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 1.

45. Major to Fechner, June 30, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 2.

46. Persons to Fechner, May 8, 1933, ibid., Box 1; Enrollee Robert A. Taylor to Fechner, April, 1933, Records of the CCC, Correspondence of the Director (hereinafter cited as Director, Correspondence). "[W]e have not got any bath in this camp, and no light. . . . We haf to seat down on the grown to eat."

47. Stuart memorandum for files, C.R.M., No. 782, Hammatt, Source Data.

48. Ibid.

49. Major to Fechner, June 30, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 2.

50. Ibid. In addition, they asked, if possible, that 5 per cent of the enrollees in each company be designated as leaders at $45 a month, and 8 per cent as assistant leaders at $36 a month. This was done on June 7.

51. Ibid.; see also Fechner to Roosevelt, May 12, 1933, ibid., Box 1.

52. Ibid.

53. Report of the Director, 1933, p. 3.

54. Fechner to Regional Foresters, May 22, 1933, C.R.M., No. 788(a), Development.

55. Order of Director, June 16, 1933, C.R.M., No. 784(1), Leaders and Assistant Leaders.

56. Major to Howe, June 21, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 2.

57. Stuart to Giles, May 20, 1933, C.R.M., No. 782(2), Hammatt, Source Data.

58. Stuart to Howe, May 26, 1933; Wallace to Secretary of War, May 31, 1933, ibid.

59. Assistant Forester C. M. Granger to files, May 15, 1933, ibid.

60. Stuart to Howe, May 22, 1933, ibid. Report of interview with Fechner.

61. Rollins, pp. 404-405.

62. As an example of this, there is in the Howe Papers, Box 59, a memorandum for Fechner from the War Department, dated April 5, giving various cost estimates for food, shelter, etc. Howe had tentatively approved it, yet written in the President's handwriting are the words, "this figure of $1.92 a day, not including transportation or wages, is absurdly high—it must be greatly reduced, F.D.R."

63. Major to Howe, May 8, 1933, ibid., Box 60; see also pp. 32, 40, above.

64. Fechner to Howe, May 24, 1933, Major to Howe, April 25, 1933, Albright to Howe, April 22, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 1.

65. See Howe Papers, Box 62. During August, 1933, only one item can be found in Howe's correspondence pertaining to CCC matters, yet three months earlier, at least half of the correspondence had done so.

66. New York Times, June 3 and 7, 1933; see also Rollins, p. 405.

67. New York Times, May 27, 1933.

68. Ibid., June 2, 3, 5, and 11, 1933.

69. Sheppard to Howe, June 15, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 2.

70. Howe to Sheppard, June 19, 1933, ibid.

71. Major to Roosevelt, July 1, 1933, ibid.

72. Major to Chief of Staff, Dec. 14, 1939, C.R.M., Appendix III.