Catoctin Mountain Park Historic Resource Study

¹Brugger, 495.

²Frederick News, 6 May 1930; Frederick News, 7 May 1930. Frank W. Fraley, owner of Catoctin Furnace's General Store, recalled the 1914 fire, which took a week to control, as a worse than the 1930 blaze.

³Frederick News, 8 August 1930.

⁴Secretary of State, Maryland Manual, (Annapolis, MD, 1936) 36; Frederick News, 14 August 1930.

⁵Frederick News, 6 October 1931.

⁶Frederick News, 11 March 1931. Brugger, 496. Total statewide losses from the drought were estimated at $38 million.

⁷Dorothy Brown, "Maryland Between Wars," in Richard Walsh, Maryland : A History, 1632-1974 (Baltimore, 1974), 736.

⁸Zentz, 2 February 1999 interview.

⁹Theodore Saloutos, The American Farmer and the New Deal (Ames, Iowa, 1982), 151. By 1934, throughout America, an estimated 1.7 million rural families, amounting to between 6.5 and 7 million people, relied on some form of emergency relief.

¹⁰Frederick News, 21 June 1930. In the midst of the drought, wheat prices fell to their lowest levels since World War I.

¹¹Frederick News, 29 August 1930.

¹²Frederick News, 28 November 1930.

¹³Board State Aid and Charities, Maryland 's Emergency Relief Program, From April 1933 through December 1935 (Baltimore, 1935); 1. Saloutos, 151. "Preparations for a major depression at the local, county, and state levels were even less advanced in the rural areas than in the urban," noted agricultural historian Theodore Saloutos.

¹⁴J.F. Kendrick, A Survey of Frederick County, Maryland With Special Reference to Public Health, Medical Care, and Social Welfare, (Baltimore, 1935), 32-34.

¹⁵Frederick News, 5 February 1931.

¹⁶Frederick News, 13 March 1931.

¹⁷Frederick News, 11 March 1932. No records of either organization appear to have survived. Nor does there exist surviving records for the subsequent Frederick County Welfare Board, nor even records of the County Commissioners for the 1930s. The local newspapers offer the only record of life in Central Western Maryland during these pivotal years.

¹⁸Catoctin Clarion, 16 October 1931.

¹⁹Catoctin Clarion, 4 September 1931; C. Roy Weddle, Life in a Small Town, (Frederick, 1996), 3. Thurmont resident Roy Weddle also remembered the collapse of the Citizen's Saving Bank of Thurmont as traumatic. Investors eventually received ten cents on the dollar for their investments. Brown. 736, Fourteen smaller banks in Western Maryland later failed.

²⁰Frederick News, 30 April 1930.

²¹Twentieth Annual Report of the Auditors of Frederick County , Maryland , From July 1, 1932 to July 1, 1933, (Frederick, 1933), 27-29.

²²Catoctin Clarion, 1 August 1932.

²³Frederick Post, 11 November 1932.

²⁴Weddle, 4.

²⁵Catoctin Clarion, 15 December 1935. The local newspaper would often report butcherings, mentioning the event and the parties "assisting."

²⁶Catoctin Clarion, 4 August 1933.

²⁷Frederick News, 11 December 1930; Frederick News, 9 July 1932. Because Frederick County does not make a practice of preserving police records (over twelve-years-old), the exact location of the still cannot be pinpointed.

²⁸Weddle, 3.

²⁹Catoctin Clarion, 22 November 1935.

³⁰Catoctin Clarion, 26 March 1935.

³¹Tresselt interview. Among the important local leaders of the time were Dr. Morris Birely, Edgar Palmer, Ross Smith, D.S. Weybright, W.R. Freeze, and foremost the enterprising mayor of Thurmont, William Stoner.

³²Catoctin Clarion, 22 January 1932.

³³Frederick News, 6 August 1932.

³⁴Catoctin Clarion, 22 January 1932; Catoctin Clarion, 12 February 1932.

³⁵Catoctin Clarion, 24 June 1932.

³⁶Frederick News, 29 July 1932; Frederick News, 30 July 1932.

³⁷Weddle, 3; Brugger, 498-499.

³⁸Catoctin Clarion, 28 July 1933.

³⁹Frederick News, 9 November 1932.

⁴⁰Maryland Emergency Relief Administration, Relief--A Challenge to the State of Maryland, A Report of the First 21 Months of Maryland's Relief Administration, April 1933-December 1934 (Baltimore, 1935),7. On Maryland's embrace of the New Deal, see Charles V. Kimberly, "The Depression in Maryland: The Failure of Voluntaryism," Maryland Historical Magazine, 79 (1975), 189-202.

⁴¹Frederick News, 2 November 1933.

⁴²Frederick News, 6 December 1935.

⁴³Brown, 753.

⁴⁴Frederick News, 2 November 1933.

⁴⁵Frederick News, 23 May 1935; Frederick News, 20 June 1935.

⁴⁶Frederick News, 1 November 1933; Spencer Watson, "The Halloween Murder of Bessie Darling," The Banner, November 1998.

⁴⁷YCC Interview with Albert Wilhide, 1972, Catoctin Mountain Park Library (hereafter CMP); George Wireman, "Bessie Darling Murder Still Brings Vivid Memories," Catoctin Enterprise, 6 January 1978.

⁴⁸Catoctin Clarion, 3 November 1933; Frederick News, 1 November 1933.

⁴⁹Interview with Charles Anders, 6 February 1999, Thurmont, Maryland.

⁵⁰George Wireman, "Bessie Darling Murder Still Brings Vivid Memories," Catoctin Enterprise, 6 January 1978.

⁵¹Ibid.

⁵²Catoctin Clarion, 3 November 1933.

⁵³Ibid.

⁵⁴Anders Interview.

⁵⁵David E. Hamilton, From New Day to New Deal, American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt , 1928-1933 (Chapel Hill, 1991), 184. In the 1920s, the Bureau of Agricultural Economic and economist L.C. Gray pressed concerns about "economically obsolete" farms. Under the New Deal, Gray worked for the National Resources Board and later the Resettlement Administration, where he was involved in the Catoctin project.

⁵⁶Gertrude Slichter, "Franklin D. Roosevelt's Farm Policies Governor of New York State, 1928-1932," Agricultural History, 23, (October 1959), 173-174. Paradoxically, as New York governor, FDR also promote a "back-to-the-land" program, which encouraged the unemployed to take up subsistence farming.

⁵⁷Conrad Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People (Norman, Oklahoma, 1980), 176.

⁵⁸Ibid, 177; Harold Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes, The First Thousand Days, 1933-1936 (New York, 1954), 105, 171.

⁵⁹Land Planning Committee of the National Resources Board, Maladjustments in Land Use in the U.S. (Washington, 1938), 48. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. The Coming of the New Deal (Boston, 1959), 280-281.

⁶⁰Resettlement Administration, First Annual Report Resettlement Administration, (Washington, 1936), 9.

⁶¹Wirth, 177; Land Planning Committee of the National Resources Board, "Recreational Use of Land in the U.S.," (Washington, DC, 1938). In 1934, the NPS prepared an extensive study for the National Resources Board of the need for recreational parks near growing urban population. The NPS declared, "more spent for recreation means less for insanity, crime, disease. . . "

⁶²NPS, State Park Division, "Press Release," 17 October 1935; Wirth, 176-190. Also see Bonj Szczygiel, "The Recreational Demonstration Area Program of the New Deal," (M.A. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1971).

⁶³Weatherwax to State Park, Emergency Conservation Work Office, 6 April 1934. RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 47, NA.

⁶⁴A.W. Manchester, to T.B. Symons, 15 May 1934, RG 79, Records of RDAs, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

⁶⁵T.B. Symons, "Problems at Our Doorstep," 10 January 1934, Cooperative Extension Service Collection, Services II, box 1, McKeldin Library Special Collections, University of Maryland at College Park.

⁶⁶Maryland State Planning Commission, "Preliminary Statement on the Problem of Land Use in Maryland," (Baltimore, July 1935), 65, 107. Symons' second choice for redevelopment was the Elk neck area.

⁶⁷G.B. Williams to Conrad Wirth, 12 December 1942, CMP.

⁶⁸Baltimore Sun, 3 November 1935.

⁶⁹Land Planning Committee of the National Resources Board, 1.

⁷⁰Maryland State Planning Commission, 12.

⁷¹Matt Huppuch to Conrad Wirth, 12 July 1934, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, Records Concerning Recreational Demonstration Areas, Recreation Demonstration Area Program Files, box 57, NA. Coming out of a more southern tradition and led by conservative leaders such as Governor Albert Ritchie, the Maryland state government was underdeveloped compared to states like New York. Maryland, in 1934 had no state parks agency and only a small Forestry Department.

⁷²Tell Nicolet to H.E. Weatherwax, 19 November 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

⁷³"Summary of Correspondence Relative to Interest of the State of Maryland in Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area," RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.

⁷⁴John S. Lansill to Wirth, 7 January 1935, CMP.

⁷⁵"Telephone conversation Between A.W. Manchester and C.F. Clayton," 14 January 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

⁷⁶Barbara Kirkconnell, "Catoctin Mountain: An Administrative History," (M.A. thesis, University of Maryland at College Park, 1988), 35-36.

⁷⁷A.W. Manchester to Harry T. Schoemaker, 9 May 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA. Manchester, however, did conceded that there "may be times when titles to property will be so involved and muddled that the federal Government can acquire a free and clear title only by having recourse to the courts. Although suits of this nature will be in the form of 'condemnation proceedings' they will be entered into only by and with the consent of the present owner of the lands."

⁷⁸Mentzer Administrative History, 4-6, CMP; "Tri-Monthly Report, 15 February 1935, RDA Program Files, 1934-1947, box 57, NA.

⁷⁹Tri-Monthly Report," 15 March 1935, RDA Program Files, 1934-1947, box 57, NA.

⁸⁰H.E. Weatherwax to State Park ECW, 24 April 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

⁸¹"Catoctin Recreational Area, MD R-1, New symbol number LP-MD-4" 2 October 1935, CMP.

⁸²Kenneth Sigworth to C.R. Clayton, 28 March 1935, CMP.

⁸³Williams to Weatherwax, 15 April 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

⁸⁴Catoctin Clarion, 18 October 1935. By October, a local newspaper could write "County Commissioners from both Washington and Frederick counties have hailed the land purchase as an asset to the nearby local communities."

⁸⁵Wirth to H.E. Weatherwax, 8 April 1935, RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.

⁸⁶"To the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Program Planning," nd, CMP.

⁸⁷Resettlement Administration, "First Annual Report," (Washington, 1936), 21.

⁸⁸Rexford Tugwell, "The Resettlement Idea," Agricultural History, 23 (October, 1959), 159; Saloutos, 151-152; Ickes, 474-475. Wirth, 189. After roughly a year and a half, it was clear to all parties that the RDAs would be better administered directed by the NPS. By executive order on November 14, 1936, Roosevelt transferred control of the RDAs to the NPS, although the NPS still had to submit requests for funds to the Resettlement Administration.

⁸⁹Bernard Sternsher, Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal (New Brunswick, NJ, 1964), 277-278.

⁹⁰Washington Post, 24 June 1935.

⁹¹Harry L. Hopkins, Spending to Save: The Complete Story of Relief (Seattle, 1962). 166.

⁹²Ibid, 178; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval (Boston, 1960), 34-3-345.

⁹³Mackall to Hopkins, 29 May 1935, RG 69, Records of the Works Progress Administration, Central Files: States, box 1467, National Archives, Washington, DC; Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore (Chapel Hill, NC, 1988), 65-66.

⁹⁴Frederick News, 27 June 1935.

⁹⁵Tri-monthly Report," 15 February 1935, RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.

⁹⁶Weatherwax to Peter DeGelleke, 5 November 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA; Catoctin Clarion, 6 November 1936. Business were returning to the area. In November 1936, a Pennsylvania man opened a factory on the corner of Carroll and Main streets in Thurmont. Hiring 100 women, the factory made "ladies cotton dresses."

⁹⁷Weatherwax to Huppuch, 3 October 1935, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

⁹⁸A.B. Thatcher to Rex Williard, box 61, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

⁹⁹"Resettlement Administration Analysis Report Prepared by Analysis and Section Unit Project Planning and Control Section Land Utilization Division," 19 February 1936, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA.

¹⁰⁰Joel Berrall to Matt Huppuch, "Subject: Complaint of Excessive Transportation, MD-4," 23 December 1935, RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.

¹⁰¹L.C. Gray to Conrad Wirth, 19 December 1935, RDA Program Files, box 7, NA. Gray noted a "problem in all parts of the US in securing relief labor from the WPA." James Trouth, Memo, 29 January 1936, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA.

¹⁰²L.C. Gray to Wirth, 23 April 1936, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA.

¹⁰³Catoctin Clarion, 3 January 1936.

¹⁰⁴Catoctin Clarion, 10 April 1936.

¹⁰⁵"#114 Obliterating Fences," 7 March 1937, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA.

¹⁰⁶Baltimore Sun, 10 December 1939. Workers sawed off an estimated 2,500,000 feet of blighted chestnut in the forest.

¹⁰⁷Huppuch to the Third Regional Officer, 6 February 1936, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA. The work, in fact, was halted.

¹⁰⁸See file "703-01, General Correspondence, RG 79, Records Concerning RDAs, Project Records of the Project Planning and Control Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettlement Administration, box 3, NA, for reports of work sent to NPS Assistant Director Conrad Wirth.

¹⁰⁹"Tell Nicolet, Associate Landscape Architect, First Region, August 1936 Report," RG 79, Records of the Branch of Plans and Design, Monthly Narrative Reports, box 1, NA.

¹¹⁰Fred Johnson to David Lewis, 24 October 1936, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA. In October of 1937, of the 254 workers employed at Catoctin, 31 were landowners, having optioned their land to the government for the project.

¹¹¹Catoctin Clarion, 8 May 1936; G.B. Williams, "Fire in Area," 5 May 1936, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

¹¹²Lancaster and Daugherty Detective Bureau to F.W. Besley, "Regarding: Fires on Catoctin Mountain," nd, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA.

¹¹³Baltimore Sun, 3 November 1935.

¹¹⁴Anders Interview.

¹¹⁵Cumberland Daily News, 16 October 1935.

¹¹⁶A.P. Bursley to D.J. Chaney, 25 January 1937, RDA Program Files, box 61.

¹¹⁷S.M. Woodward, Jr. to Regional Director, 20 October 1937, RDA Program Files, box 58, NA.

¹¹⁸L.S. Birely, President, Thurmont Bank to U.S. Department of Interior, 16 October 1936, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.

¹¹⁹"Formation of Future Work Program, Tentative," 19 January 1937, CMP.

¹²⁰C. Ross McKenrick to R. Baldwin, 4 October 1939, RDA Program Files, box 58, NA.

¹²¹Anders interview, Zentz interview; History/YCC Anecdotes, "The Catoctin Project," CMP. The author's interviews confirm this conclusion as did interviews conducted by the Youth Conservation Corps in the early 1970. The YCC concluded that there were "two different versions" of the acquisition story. The local version involved forced condemnation and banks that "pressured on them [landowners] to sell and pay of the mortgages."

¹²²Argersinger, 103-104.

¹²³Catoctin Clarion, 25 June 1937. A handicapped children's camp, under the auspices of the Maryland's League for Crippled Children, used Misty Mount in 1937 then moved to the more specialized accommodations at Greentop in 1938.

¹²⁴"Monthly Narrative Report to Chief Architect by Fred P. Parris, District Architect District C, Branch of Plans and Designs, February 20 to March 20, 1938, RG 79, Records of the Branch of Plans and Design, Monthly Narrative Reports, box 1, NA.

¹²⁵Allan Sauerwien to President Roosevelt, 15 May 1933, Sauerwien to Stephen Early, 5 June 1933, President's Personal Files, folder 505, FDR Library. Kirkconnell, 53-61, covers the MLCC's lobbying campaign and the role played by the league in the construction of the camp Greentop.

¹²⁶Stanley Hawkins, "Memorandum to Mr. Lisle," 13 October 1936, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 24, NA.

¹²⁷"Monthly Narrative Report to Chief Architect by Tell Nicolet, August 21 to September 20, 1937," RG 79, Records of the Branch of Plans and Design, Monthly Narrative Reports, box 11, NA.

¹²⁸Catoctin Clarion, 15 July 1938. According to the local newspaper, all workers lived "within a radius of 12 miles of the Recreational Demonstration Project."

¹²⁹Williams to Regional Director, 19 March 1937, CMP.

¹³⁰Arno Cammerer, "Memorandum to Mrs. Maulding," 4 November 1938, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.

¹³¹Baltimore Sun, 8 January 1937; Baltimore Sun, 10 December 1939. The advisory group was titled the Executive Committee for Catoctin Center, and included ten members, all from Baltimore, including Frank L. Bentz, chief clerk of the Maryland State Conservation Department; E.M. Lisle, "Memo for Director," 26 February 1941, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 23, NA. By early 1941, the Catoctin advisory committee had been "inactive" for some time, despite interest in its revival.

¹³²Orveill W. Crowder, to Emil C. Heinrich, 14 April 1941, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 61, NA. In the early years of the project, hikers and groups did actually use Mt. Lent, but later the park service deemed the costs of refurbishing the collapsing house as too high.

¹³³"Memorandum to Mr. V.R. Ludgate," 6 August 1938, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 7, NA. On the construction of the Day Use area see Kirkconnell, 71-75.

¹³⁴J.I Neasmith, "NPS Camp Appraisal Report," 21 July 1938, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 58, NA.

¹³⁵Matt C. Huppuch to Director NPS, 8 June 1938, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 31, NA.

¹³⁶Schlesinger, 430-436.

¹³⁷Associate Director, "Memorandum for the Secretary," 30 September 1936, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 17. W.J. Trent to A.E. Demaray, 10 June 1939, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA. On June 10, 1939, Trent asked Assistant NPS Director A.E. Demaray for information as "to the recent developments concerning a proposed Negro Recreational Demonstration Project at Catoctin." Demaray's reply could not be found.

¹³⁸Paul Beissser to Senator George Radcliffe, 5 May 1939; Williard W. Allen to Conrad Wirth, 5 May 1939; Fred T. Johnson to Ethel J. Day, 17 May 1939, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.

¹³⁹J.B. McGovern, "Memorandum for Regional Director, 23 May 1939; Fred T. Johnson to Ethel J. Day, 17 May 1939, RG 79, RDA Program Files, box 60, NA.

¹⁴⁰"Memorandum for Inspector Henrich," 28 June 1940, CMP.

¹⁴¹Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston, 1959), 336-340.

¹⁴²Assistant Director to Mr. Demaray, 18 September 1936, RG 79, Records of the Project Application Section, Memoranda and Correspondence Concerning CCC Camps, box 3, NA. The NPS deferred establishment of the Catoctin camp "due to restrictions on new ECW camp construction."

¹⁴³John C. Paige, The CCC and the NPS, 1933-1942, An Administrative History (Washington, 1985), 21-22, 26. In 1936, as the construction at Catoctin began, FDR ordered the CCC downsized as an economy measure, cutting the number of camps from 446 to 340.

¹⁴⁴Catoctin Clarion, 20 November 1936; Catoctin Clarion, 11 November 1939. Game wardens in the Catoctin area frequently warned local hunters to be especially careful around CCC sites.

¹⁴⁵S.M. Woodward Jr. to Regional Director, 1 November 1937, "Subject: New Camp Areas," RG 79, Records of the Project Application Section, Memoranda and Correspondence Concerning CCC Camps, box 3, NA. This area was later known as Round Meadow.

¹⁴⁶"Memorandum for Regional Director, Region 1," 28 February 1939, RG 79, Records of the Project Application Section, Memoranda and Correspondence Concerning CCC Camps, box 3, NA.

¹⁴⁷Catoctin Clarion, 28 April 1939, Howard Rothmel, telephone interview by author, Stuart, Florida, 30 July 1999.

¹⁴⁸"Camp Inspection Report," 30 August 1939, RG 35, Records of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.

¹⁴⁹Paige, 71-72. "Camp Inspection Report, 3 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC. An inspector visiting the camp in 1941 found the "building and camp areas are in good condition," with a water-drilled well. He noted the portable buildings had been moved at least once. Rothmel interview. The Catoctin Recreational Hall included a pool table and a juke box. The hall was the site of occasional dances, attended by local women.

¹⁵⁰Joseph Negrello, interview by author, Pottsville, PA, 14 July 1999.

¹⁵¹Ibid.

¹⁵² "Inspection Report, 3 February 1941, NP-3, CCC, MD," RG 35, Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, NA.

¹⁵³Conrad Wirth, "Civilian Conservation Corps Program of the U.S. Department of Interior, March 1933 to June 1943," (Washington, 1944), 2.

¹⁵⁴Negrello interview.

¹⁵⁵Camp Inspection Report, 30 August 1939, RG 35, Records of the CCC, Division of Investigations Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.

¹⁵⁶Rothmel interview.

¹⁵⁷Rothmel interview.

¹⁵⁸Catoctin Clarion, 28 April 1939.

¹⁵⁹Catoctin Enterprise, 18 March 1940.

¹⁶⁰"Camp Inspection Report," 3 February 1941, RG 35, Records of the CCC, Division of Investigations Camp Inspection Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC. W.S. Bahlman, "Memorandum for the Director, 6 September 1939, RG 79 RDA Program Files, box 57, NA.

¹⁶¹Rothmel interview; Negrello interview.

¹⁶²Negrello interview.

¹⁶³Caption to photograph in "CCC Buildings and Activities, CPP-030" folder, CMP.

¹⁶⁴Ibid.

¹⁶⁵Negrello interview.

¹⁶⁶Paige, 81.

¹⁶⁷Negrello interview.

¹⁶⁸"CCC Camp Education Report, SP-7-MD" 30 August 1939, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.

¹⁶⁹Rothmel interview.

¹⁷⁰Happy Days, 12 October 1940.

¹⁷¹"CCC Camp Education Report," 2 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.

¹⁷²Rothmel interview.

¹⁷³"CCC Camp Education Report, SP-7-MD" 30 August 1939;"CCC Camp Education Report," 2 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.

¹⁷⁴Joseph Negrello, 15 July 1999.

¹⁷⁵Happy Days, 17 June 1939, 1 July 1939: Happy Days 23 September 1939.

¹⁷⁶Rothmel interview.

¹⁷⁷Rothmel interview.

¹⁷⁸Ross Abare to Charles H. Kenlen, 7 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC; Negrello interview.

¹⁷⁹Paige, 28. "Camp Inspection Report," 3 February 1941, RG 35, Division of Investigations Camp Investigations Reports, box 94, National Archives, Washington, DC.

¹⁸⁰Negrello interview.

¹⁸¹Joseph DeCenzo, telephone interview by author, Clinton, MD, 28 January 1999. DeCenzo, a Marylander, was stationed at the Silgo Park, Pennsylvania CCC camp.

¹⁸²Negrello interview.

¹⁸³Rothmel interview.

¹⁸⁴Ibid.

¹⁸⁵Negrello interview.

¹⁸⁶Wirth, 103.