Catoctin Mountain Park Historic Resource Study

¹Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, May 1841.

²Brugger, 7.

³William Hinks, Centennial Celebration in Frederick County, on June 28, 1876 (Frederick, 1879), 26-27.

⁴Henry Retzer, The German Regiment of Maryland and Pennsylvania in the Colonial Army, 1776-1781 (Westminster, MD 1991), 1-2.

⁵That same year Montgomery County was created out of the lower portion.

⁶Archives of Maryland, Muster Rolls and other Records of Service of Maryland Troops in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 (Baltimore, 1972), 72-73, 224, 266-267. Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, 4. A Martin Lantz does appear as a member of the German regiment in 1780, but the records provide no mention of individual soldiers specific homes.

⁷Oerter, 34.

⁸Brugger, 128-129.

⁹Maryland Agricultural Week Committee, "Breadbasket of the Revolution, Maryland Agriculture, 1776-1976" (Annapolis, 1976), 3.

¹⁰Brugger, 125-127.

¹¹Williams, 87.

¹²Frank F. White, Jr. The Governors of Maryland, 1777-1970 (Baltimore, 1970), 3-5.

¹³Ibid, 5.

¹⁴William Hand Browne, ed. Archives of Maryland, Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, July 7-December 31, 1776 (Baltimore, 1893), 55.

¹⁵Ibid, 92.

¹⁶Ibid, 114.

¹⁷Maryland Gazette, 2 September 1777.

¹⁸Board of World's Fair Managers, Maryland: Its Resources, Industries and Institutions (Baltimore, 1893),106. Thompson, 64.

¹⁹"It is agreed between Capt Daniel Joy. . ." RG 93, #29632, Roll 103, Frames 227-228, National Archives.

²⁰Gordon, 49.

²¹Reich, 294.

²²Louise McPherson, "Recollections of Catoctin Parish, Protestant Episcopal Church," nd. McPherson identified two men, Blackford and Thronburgh, as Hessian soldiers who settled at Catoctin Furnace and eventually ran the operations for Baker Johnson in the early nineteenth century.

²³Ella May Turner, James Rumsey: Pioneer in Steam Navigation (Scottdale, PA, 1930), 27.

²⁴Turner, 12-13.

²⁵Turner, 32; James Rumsey, "A Short Treatise on the Application of Steam" May 7, 1788, 27th Congress, 2nd, sess, House. Docs, v.4, public document 189, 23-24.

²⁶Rumsey, 23-24. In a short pamphlet describing the development of his steam engine, Rumsey reprinted a letter sent to him from Thomas Johnson on December 18, 1787. In the letter Johnson explained his efforts to cast the cylinders "at my brother's and my works; the attempt did not succeed."

²⁷Scharf, 994; Turner, 81.

²⁸Robert D. Arbuckle, "John Nicolson and the Great Steamboat Rivalry," Maryland Historical Magazine, 71 (Spring 1976), 60.

²⁹Rumsey, 23-24.

³⁰Arbuckle, 60.

³¹Catoctin Enterprise, 21 November 1947; George Wireman, Gateway to the Mountains, (1969), 25-27.

³²Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, May 1841; Oeter, 58; Wireman, 28.

³³Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, May 1841.

³⁴Wireman, 35; Paula Strain, The Blue Hills of Maryland: History Along the Appalachian Trail on South Mountain and the Catoctins, (Vienna, VA, 1993), 269; Gordon, 189; Baltimore Sun, 22 July 1951. The Weller match factory was the first in America to produce friction matches, known as "lucifers."

³⁵Frederick Town Herald, 12 December 1802. In 1802, James Johnson attempted to sell the mill, located "nine miles from Frederick-Town no the road leading to Herman's Gap."

³⁶Frederick Town Herald, 12 December 1802. Johnson's advertisement continued to run into 1803.

³⁷Frederick Town Herald, 20 February 1813.

³⁸Catoctin Enterprise, 5 December 1947, reprint of article from a 1882 edition of the Catoctin Clarion.

³⁹Rice, 60.

⁴⁰Frederick Town Herald, 26 March 1803.

⁴¹Brugger, 132, 153.

⁴²Frederick Town Herald, 25 October 1817; State Road Commission of Maryland, A History of Road Building in Maryland, (Baltimore, 1958), 40. A land advertisement from the 12 November 1831 edition of the Frederick Town Herald refers to 120 acres of land "lying near Miller's tavern, on the top of Catoctin Mountain. The turnpike road also runs through the property, and considerably enhances its value."

⁴³Anthony Finley, "Maryland [map]," 1824, in Papenfuse, 58; David H. Burn, "Delaware and Maryland [map]," 1838, in Papenfuse, 68. Both maps show the Westminister-Hagerstown Turnpike as well as the north-south, Frederick-Emittsburg pike.

⁴⁴Survey F-6-57, Maryland Historic Site Inventory Form, Frederick County Planning Commission.

⁴⁵Donald Wolf, "The Oates/Hauver/Wolf Tavern," description attached to Survey F-6-57, Maryland Historic Site Inventory Form, Frederick County Planning Commission.

⁴⁶Ledger of George Hauver Jr., Journal of his Ordinary (later Wolfe's tavern), Frederick County Historical Society.

⁴⁷William J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979). According to the census of 1810, the young nation supported 14,000 distilleries that produced 25 million gallons of spirits per year. Soon the country's intense abuse of alcohol was gaining the attention of reformers which led to the temperance movement.

⁴⁸John Marsh, The Land of the Living: The Story of Maryland's Green Ridge Forest (Cumberland, MD, 1996), 636.

⁴⁹"How Hog Rock Got its Name," History/YCC Anecdotes, Catoctin Mountain Park, Thurmont, MD (subsequently to be referred to as CMP).

⁵⁰James Van Ness, "Economic Development, Social and Cultural Changes: 1800-1850," in Maryland: A History, Walsh and Fox, eds., 188-190; Robert Mitchell and Edward K. Muller, Geographical Perspectives on Maryland's Past (College Park, Maryland, 1979), 24-26. Future research might focus on the impact of the Hessian Fly in Western Maryland.

⁵¹Neumann, 20; Singewald, 146; Thompson, 63.

⁵²Frederick Town Herald, 20 September 1817.

⁵³Frederick Town Herald, 19 March 1803.

⁵⁴Anderson, 7.

⁵⁵Louise McPherson, "Recollections of Catoctin Parish, Protestant Episcopal Church," (nd), 6. According to Louise McPherson, Benjamin Blackford, Hessian mercenary during the Revolutionary War, decided to remain in America, after the war and ended up working at the furnace.

⁵⁶Frederick Town Herald, 13 July 1811. Frederick Post, 5 August 1987. In the late 1980s, supported by a grant from the Maryland Historic Trust, the Catoctin Furnace Historical Association restored one of the original log worker's houses, dating from circa 1800.

⁵⁷Ibid; Thompson, 66. The Catoctin buyers paid for property in pounds, the primary currency used in Maryland during this period of competing and confusing currencies.

⁵⁸Frederick Town Herald, 13 July 1811.

⁵⁹Thompson, 80.

⁶⁰Census Bureau, Census of Manufactures, 1820. Antietam Iron works was a larger operation than Catoctin, employing 150 men, and with roughly $200,000 invested.

⁶¹Frederick Town Herald, 1 April 1820.

⁶²Census Bureau, Census of Manufactures, 1820.

⁶³Denton Jacques to Col John McPherson, 26 December 1809, McPherson Family Papers, Frederick County Historical Society.

⁶⁴Anderson, 10-11.

⁶⁵Neumann, 21; Anderson, 12; Thompson, 84.

⁶⁶McPherson, 6.

⁶⁷Maryland State Planning Commission, "The Iron and Steel Industry: Blast Furnaces, Steel Works and Rolling Mills," (Baltimore, 1938), 8.

⁶⁸Frederick Town Herald, 21 May 1825.

⁶⁹Anderson, 12-13.

⁷⁰Ibid, 16.

⁷¹Charles B. Dew, "Disciplining Slave Ironworkers in the Antebellum South: Coercion, Conciliation, and Accommodation," American Historical Review, (April 1974), 417.

⁷²Robert Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South (New York, 1970), 36.

⁷³Rice, 54.

⁷⁴Kessel, "Germans on the Maryland Frontier," 172-178, 184.

⁷⁵Rice, 55.

⁷⁶Frederick Town Herald, 11 July 1807. Census records reveal that virtually no slaves were held in the mountain area east of the furnace.

⁷⁷Frederick Town Herald, 8 February 1817.

⁷⁸James Young Henry, ed. Moravian Families of Graceham, Maryland, 1759-1871 (Silver Spring, Maryland, 1942), 121-123.

⁷⁹Hagerstown Mail, 31 August 1832.

⁸⁰George Anthony Douglas, "An Economic History of Frederick County, Maryland, to 1860," (Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1938), 13.

⁸¹Frederick Town Herald, 26 March 1803

⁸²Starobin, 5, 17-21.

⁸³Ibid, 14-15.

⁸⁴Census Bureau, Census of Manufacturing, 1820.

⁸⁵Dew, 396.

⁸⁶Frederick Town Herald, 20 October 1804. In 1804, James Johnson announced: "I have for fale feveral valuable negroes, confiting of men, men, boys and girls brought up to farming." The fact that Johnson would point to the farming background of these slaves, suggests the possibly that a differentiation, at least for Johnson, existed between industrial and agricultural slaves.

⁸⁷As quoted in Anderson, 6.

⁸⁸Oerter, 95. The Republican Citizen, 7 September 1838. A decade later, in September 1838, another fire broke out near "Brien's iron works." The home, barn, and entire crop of farmer James Hawkins, burned as did large portions of the mountain. The fire, according to a newspaper, "originated from the negro children's playing with fire during the absence of family residing on the place."

⁸⁹Ahron Ann Brunston, "The Cemetery at Catoctin Furnace, Maryland: The Invisible People," Maryland Archeology: Journal of the Archeological Society of Maryland 17 (March 1981), 19.

⁹⁰Jennifer Olsen Kelley and J. Lawrence Angel" The Workers of Catoctin Furnace" Maryland Archeology: Journal of the Archeological Society of Maryland 19 (March 1983), 1-3.

⁹¹Brunston, 26.

⁹²Jean Libby, "African Ironworking Culture Among African American Ironworkers in Western Maryland, 1760-1850," (San Francisco State University, M.A. Thesis, 1991), 1.

⁹³Michael Craton, "The African Background," in Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery,Miller and Smith, eds., (New York, 1988), 15.

⁹⁴Libby, 31.

⁹⁵Ibid, 31.

⁹⁶Baltimore Gazette and Advertiser, 17 September 1835. The Brien referred to in the piece was John McPherson Brien, son of John Brien. What may have been the same riot is mentioned in an article on Mechanicstown, published in The Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, May 1841. The date given for the riot, however, is 1832. The Catoctin Clarion, on February 18, 1896 also mentioned a riot between locals and furnace workers, but gave the date as 1836. It may have been that there were several riots. My thanks to Dr. David Grimsted, who came across the reference to the furnace riot in the Baltimore Gazette while researching his book: David Grimsted, American Mobbing, 1828‑1861: Toward Civil War (New York, 1998).

⁹⁷Brugger, 229, 232.

⁹⁸On the general topic of whiteness see Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York, 1995) and David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness, Race, and the Making of the American Working-Class (Chapel Hill, 1991).

⁹⁹ Thompson, 86.

¹⁰⁰Maryland Census, 1860, Slave Schedules.

¹⁰¹The 1870 Census, for instance, notes of number of Irish-born workers laboring at the Catoctin Furnace, particularly in the iron mines.

¹⁰²Anderson, 14.

¹⁰³Frederick Examiner, 14 September 1853.

¹⁰⁴Mary Hitselberger, Bridge in Time: The Complete 1850 Census of Frederick County (Redwood City, CA, 1978), 461.