CRATER LAKE Circular of General Information 1936

PLACES OF INTEREST

SINNOTT MEMORIAL

In recognition of great service to Crater Lake National Park and to the State of Oregon, Congress authorized by an act approved May 14, 1930, the construction of a memorial to Representative Nicholas J. Sinnott of Oregon. Following this recommendation an attractive stone building was constructed on Victor Rock, just inside the rim of Crater Lake. The structure, with its broad parapet looking over the lake, serves as an orientation point for all park visitors. High-powered field glasses are trained on the important features, helping the visitor to understand the geologic history of the lake and to appreciate the relationship between the scenic and scientific. The glasses are supplemented by numerous specimens of volcanic material on display in the exhibit room maintained in connection with the observation station. A large relief map of the Crater Lake region is located on the parapet. This particular feature of the Sinnott Memorial display is extremely popular in that it helps the foot traveler, as well as the autoist, to locate the places of interest he wishes to see. All those who come to Crater Lake should visit the Sinnott Memorial as soon as possible after their arrival in the park. It is located close to the lodge and camp ground and may be reached in a 2-minute walk from the highway.

Sinnott Memorial Observation Station. Grant photo.

RIM DRIVE

An interesting highway encircles the lake, and visitors in their own automobiles are invited to join the party conducted on the Rim Drive by a member of the park naturalist force. Stops are made at a number of observation points where ranger naturalists review the geologic history of the area and explain different features of the natural history. One of the stops at Discovery Point, where John Wesley Hillman first saw Crater Lake, June 12, 1853. Other stops are at Llao Rock, the Devil's Backbone, the Wine Glass, Cloud Cap, and Kerr Notch. The starting time for the trip announced by the park naturalist and is posted on the Government bulletin boards. All trips leave from the Sinnott Memorial located on Victor Rock near the lodge and camp ground. The conducted Rim Drive is scheduled daily and requires approximately 3 hours to complete the 35-mile circuit.

Map of Crater National Park.
(click on image for a PDF version)

WIZARD ISLAND

This is a symmetrical cinder cone rising 763 feet above the surface of the lake. The island may be reached by boat. A trail leads from the shore to the crater, which is approximately 100 feet deep and 400 feet in diameter.

THE PHANTOM SHIP

Not far from Wizard Island is a formation called the Phantom Ship. It rises from the waters of the lake, a twisted and strangely formed mass of lava, which has been tossed up from the central fires that have died within the heart of the lake. Its shape strongly suggests a ship under sail. The illusion at dusk or in the moonlight is impressive. In certain lights, the phantom ship suddenly disappears.

GARFIELD PEAK

With an altitude of 8,060 feet, this peak is easily reached by trail from the lodge. From the summit there is a magnificent view of the lake and of the range to the eastward.

LLAO ROCK

This is an object of interest chiefly as the fabled dwelling place of the Spirit of Llao. According to Indian legend, the shadow being of Llao, who could never be killed, dwells in the rock. He looks out over the lake and at favorable moments, when other spirits dwelling in the air or water are careless or off guard, he comes out of the rock and causes great storms on the lake where he once ruled. Llao Rock rises nearly 2,000 feet above the lake level. As mentioned in the geologic story of the lake, this rock was formed by a lava flow which descended the slopes of Mount Mazama and filled one of the large U-shaped valleys once occupied by a glacier.

According to a legend of the Klamath and Modoc Indians the mystic land of the Gaywas was the home of the great god Llao. His throne in the infinite depths of the blue waters was surrounded by giant crawfish, his warriors, who were able to lift great claws out of the water and seize too venturesome enemies on the cliff tops.

War broke out with Skell, the god of the neighboring Klamath marshes. Skell was captured and his heart used for a ball by Llao's monsters. But an eagle, one of Skell's servants, captured it in flight, and a coyote, another of Skell's servants, escaped with it; and Skell's body grew again around his living heart. Once more he was powerful and once more he waged war against the God of the Lake.

Then Llao was captured; but he was not so fortunate. Upon the highest cliff his body was quartered and cast into the lake and eaten by his own monsters under the belief that it was Skell's body. But when Llao's head was thrown in the monsters recognized it and would not eat it.

Llao's head still lies in the lake, and white men call it Wizard Island. The cliff where Llao was quartered is named Llao Rock.

THE WATCHMAN

Purple hues, delicate lavender with violet blue, and deep streaks of emerald shading to a silvered green along the shores present a variation of color and beauty one may never hope to see elsewhere.

MOUNT SCOTT

East of Cloud Cap is Mount Scott, easily climbed and affording fine unobstructed views. The peak is the highest point within the park, reaching an altitude of nearly 9,000 feet. A fire outlook is located on the summit.

THE PINNACLES

Located in Wheeler Creek, near the east entrance of the park, are the slender spires of volcanic ash and fragmental material. Some of the needles are 200 feet in height. In Sand Creek Canyon and Godfrey's Glen in Annie Creek Canyon there are additional spires and fluted columns carved out of the soft volcanic material by the erosion of water. The Pinnacles continue to grow in height and new ones are slowly being formed.

During the summer of 1935, ranger naturalists discovered many small fumaroles near the top of the gray tuff and ash deposits of Wheeler Creek Canyon. Some of them are within the pinnacles themselves, regarded as proof that the deposits were once hot and of the nature of sand flows like those in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Alaska.

On the rim, directly west of Wizard Island, is the Watchman. This peak, deriving its name from its use as one of the observation points during the sounding of the lake in 1886, is of interest not only because of its height, but because of the fire lookout and observation station on its summit. They may be reached after a 15-minute walk over a new trail from the rim-road. A rare panorama of the park and surrounding country may be viewed from this point which is 8,025 feet above the level of the sea and 2,000 feet above the lake.

CLOUD CAP

Possibly the most comprehensive view of the lake may be obtained from Cloud Cap, on the east rim. Its summit rises over 8,000 feet above the level of the sea and 2,000 feet above the lake. To the east is Mount Scott, and to the north and west, wide vistas of the summit of the range. On a clear day, the shining surface of Klamath Lake may be seen far to the south, bordered with vast marshlands and the dark timber at the foot of the range, while farther south is the crown of beautiful Mount Shasta. The strange coloring of Crater Lake is well observed from Cloud Cap. In the sunlight there is play of clouds and soft shadows upon the surface of the lake.

UNION PEAK

From the highway that mounts the Cascade Range west, one obtains a splendid view of Union Peak, 7 miles to the southwest of Crater Lake. It appears to have been placed on the top of the range to mark the burial place of a guide of Indian legendary lore. This strange towering peak is the remaining neck of what was once an active volcano which played its part in the building of the Cascade Range. It is a landmark of unusual form among the peaks, rising 1,400 feet above the crest of the range and nearly 8,000 feet above sea level. Trail trips to Union Peak are among the finest offered in the Crater Lake area.

MOUNT THIELSEN

This great clifflike formation, rising to an elevation of 9,178 feet, is to the north of Crater Lake and outside of the park. It is a picturesque sight when seen from the heights surrounding the lake and is often referred to as the Matterhorn of the Cascade Range. It is the wreck remaining of a great mountain. The sharp summit of the peak has been shattered repeatedly by lightning, producing fused glassy surfaces and tortuous opening of the nature of fulgurite formations. To reach its sharp heights is difficult and requires experience in mountain climbing. Near the foot of Thielsen lies Diamond Lake.

LLAO'S HALLWAY

The Hallway, a gorge 125 feet deep cut through pumice material by stream erosion, is located on a tributary to Castle Creek just north of the White Horse camp ground on the Medford Road. There are numerous cave amphitheaters and narrow passageways along the trail which follows the bottom of the gorge.

CASTLE CREST WILD FLOWER GARDEN

Ideal for the study and viewing of Crater Lake flora, this garden is near Park Headquarters, 3 miles from the rim area. A one-half mile trail winds through this area, alive with blooms throughout the summer season.

Bruin climbs a tree. Copyright, Kiser.

WILD ANIMALS

The park abounds with the smaller game species that are of great interest to the visitor because of their friendly inquisitiveness. Members of the squirrel family have learned that they will not be harmed and so are numerous along roads and trails and at any place where people congregate, knowing that in such surroundings they will find a wealth of tidbits.

The larger mammals, with the possible exception of the bear, are fairly well represented but not numerous. Of the three deer species, the Columbia blacktail is most numerous. Also frequently reported is the larger mule deer, and occasionally a band of whitetail deer will be discovered in one of the grassy, watered meadows. Elk have been noted along the eastern side of the park as far north as the base of Mount Scott, the park's loftiest peak.

Bears, while they may be seen by the keen observer in many parts the park, are most numerous around Park Headquarters and may be at almost any hour of the day foraging in the garbage pit nearby.

Excepting a few brown individuals, they are the well-known black variety. The grizzly bear has become extinct in this section.

Sometimes as many as three cubs, attended by their mother, make their appearance. Visitors never tire of watching the antics of these little balls of fur as they frolic and play. An occasional disciplinary cuff administered by a watchful mother always causes much merriment among the spectators.

In the interest of safety, it is prohibited to feed the bears by hand. Too many persons have been painfully clawed doing so. Also it is well to see that one does not get between the mother and her cubs.

Others of the larger animals extant in the park, but seldom seen by the casual observer, are the cougar or mountain lion, the wolf, the coyote, Baird's yellow fox, and the red fox.

Most common and approachable are the friendly and gluttonous little golden-mantled ground squirrels. They stuff their cheeks with peanuts from the hands of visitors until they can hold no more, then scurry away, hurriedly cache the supply for future use, and come back for more. Numerous also, but not quite so trusting, are the tiny chipmunks, easily distinguished from the golden-mantled squirrel. These little fellows seem charged with electric energy, darting to and fro, seemingly never quiet.

Basking on a warm rock or stodgily making his way among them, one will frequently see the marmot, whose kind is plentiful along all the roads and trails.

The hiker is constantly having his way challenged by the alert and exceedingly saucy little pine squirrel, who may be recognized by his very audacity. The porcupine is frequently observed as he waddles clumsily in his search for food, which consists chiefly of succulent bark from young pine trees.

His shrill note often heard on rocky slopes, but almost impossible to discover, because of his wonderful protective coloration, unless he moves, is the cony or pika. These tiny animals are commonly seen at the foot of the Crater Wall Trail.

Not quite as interesting perhaps, but often seen, are badgers, gray squirrels, and rabbits of both the snowshoe and cottontail variety. Other furry little denizens not so frequently seen are the mink, mountain weasel, flying squirrel, and marten.

In only one place in the park, and that far off the beaten paths, lives a colony of beaver. These are of the bank-beaver type and do not build the big lodge familiarly associated with the name.

In all, nearly 50 species of mammals have been classified in the park. Due to the general elevation of the area, there is a surprising absence of reptiles and not many amphibians, such as frogs and salamanders.

BIRD LIFE

Great numbers of birds of many varieties have discovered that Crater Lake National Park is a sanctuary for them. There are now more than 70 varieties in the park. Bird notes are heard continuously, and the little creatures, especially the brilliantly colored ones, are often observed as they flit about amid the dark foliage of pine, fir, and hemlock.

The Eagle Crags have furnished nesting places for the golden eagle and the American bald eagle; Llao Rock is the home of a falcon. Ospreys have been seen, and the horned owl forages nightly. California gulls visit the park and black cormorants are known to have nested and raised their young on the lake. There are ravens and half a dozen varieties of hawks. Canvasback and golden-eyed ducks frequent the lake, and the Sierra grouse the timberlands. Clark's crow, the camp robber, and California, crested, and gray jays make their presence known on the trails and around the camp grounds.

Smaller birds frequently seen are the mountain bluebird, Townsend solitaire, Sierra junco, pine siskin, creeper nuthatch, flicker, chickadee, and grosbeak. There are golden and ruby-crowned kinglets, robins, wrens, wood and green-tailed towhees, purple and rosy finches, chipping and other sparrows, several varieties of thrushes, and five varieties of warblers. Occasionally a humming bird is seen.

The most noticeable of the small birds of the park is the western tanager, a brilliant streak of gold as he darts and flits in the dark foliage, and equally remarkable in coloring when he rests on twig or branch, where his red head, yellow body, and black wings with yellow bars are unmistakable. The sweetest singer in the park is the hermit thrush—shy, difficult to locate, but making his presence known by his beautiful song.

Boating and fishing are popular sports. Grant photo.

FISHING

Angling amid scenes of towering, multicolored cliffs in heavily trout-stocked waters of deepest blue, fishermen are provided with an experience unknown to any other spot, though search may be made in the far corners of the earth. Trout bite readily in Crater Lake and are caught in such numbers that even the most inexpert of anglers are seldom disappointed.

Crater Lake trout are not small nor do they submit easily after they are hooked. They battle desperately to regain their lost liberty, their struggles echoing in singing lines and whirring reels, as fishermen labor to land these coveted prizes. Trout as long as 36 inches have been caught. The average is around 2 pounds each.

The crystal-clear waters of the lake provide good fly fishing and experienced fly casters have reported success many times, using a wide assortment of lures. During certain hours of the day, fish jump lustily along the shore line, and here flies are placed to effective use. Trolling, however, is the popular method, with results satisfactory in most sections of the lake.

Spoons or spinners are principally used, although plugs are occasionally a part of the tackle.

The limit of a day's catch is 10 per person, extending during the summer season. No fishing license is necessary.

Although today Crater Lake literally teems with rainbow and steelhead trout, in addition to a lesser number of silversides, German brown, and speckled trout, less than 50 years ago the lake was devoid of piscatorial life of any kind.

The first fish were planted September 1, 1888, by Judge William Gladstone Steel after a long and arduous task. While en route on one of his early visits to the lake, he stopped at a farmhouse along the way near the Rogue River. There two farm boys supplied him with minnows, 600 of which he placed in a bucket, which he planned to take to the lake by wagon, but rough road made it necessary for him to carry it by hand. He walked 47 miles, changing water repeatedly in the container at every mountain stream he passed. The fish appeared in good condition, and it was thought they would be transported safely; but when the lake was reached and the bucket was set down for a short time, most of the fingerlings were in a dying condition.

After another change of water apparently revived them, Mr. Steel hurriedly descended the steep crater wall and at the lake shore released them, but out of the 600 only 37 were able to swim slowly away. A few years later, a California minister succeeded in planting 200, but after that plantings were rare for many years. Since the park was established in 1902 annual plantings have increased until now they have reached an annual total of 200,000, assuring good fishing for years to come.

Due to an abundance of crustaceans in the water, Crater Lake trout are always in a prime condition. Research carried on in 1935 revealed that while 67.5 percent of the food came from crustaceans, 62.8 percent of this classification was confined to Daphnia pulex (water fleas). The figures were determined after the examination of 50 trout stomachs. The water fleas are most commonly found at a depth of 75 feet and are the most abundant of several types of food found in the lake depths.

THE FORESTS

Untouched by the hand of man and carefully guarded against the ravages of fire, the forests of Crater Lake form one of the park's principal attractions, not only from a scenic standpoint and their never-failing interest for tree lovers, but also from their vast acres of magnificent stands. Visitors never tire of the melodies of breezes which float through branches far above nor of the lure of the solitude of woodlands rich in luxuriant undergrowth of shrubs and smaller trees. Without its forests, Crater Lake would be devoid of an important quality as a vacation spot and scenic attraction. There would be few wild animals and almost no birds.

There are many species of trees within the park, intermingling at the boundaries with species found usually at lower altitudes. Forests of yellow pine, Douglas fir, scrub oak, and madrona are superseded in the park by those species restricted mainly to higher altitudes.

The mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) is characteristic of the Crater Lake region, its stately trunks, drooping limbs, and evergreen foliage providing woodland beauty that is never forgotten. It is common to the inner rim of the lake, and seeks high altitudes on mountain peaks, where its growth is stunted and its limbs beaten down by storms. An imposing stand of this species greets the visitor at Annie Spring and grows on both sides of the highway to the rim, their large trunks suggestive of the hundreds of years they have been growing undisturbed in their mountain fastness. They grow along the road around the lake, enhancing the beauty of the Rim Drive, their trunks crowding each other for space beneath the shade of their lofty crowns. Their feathery foliage is a blue-green and their reddish-brown bark is always deeply furrowed and roughened.

Other outstanding trees of the park are the white bark pine (Pinus albicaulis), short and stunted, and the western white pine (Pinus monticola), common in the 5,000- and 6,000-foot elevations. The largest western white pine in the park, and believed to be one of the largest in existence, is located along the middle fork of Annie Creek.

The lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Shasta red fir (Abies manifica shastensis), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni), and incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) also are found within the park boundaries. The lodgepole pine is the most prolific of the different species and can be seen in stands covering thousands of acres. The Shasta red fir has also been known as the Noble fir and has been the object of much discussion in the past. The silver fir, native to northern climes, finds its southernmost limit in the Crater Lake area, favoring spots where winds are the strongest and snow is the deepest.

Further enhancing the beauty of the park woodlands are several broadleaf trees and a large variety of shrubs and undergrowth. Willows, alders, and dogwood fringe streams and marshy meadows in company with the Oregon yew (Taxus brevifolia), a small shrubby tree related to the cedars and firs. Huckleberry bushes are not uncommon and in their season are laden with toothsome purpleberries. The timid aspens (Populus tremuloides) keep company with the larger members of the cone-bearing species, their small heart-shaped leaves trembling in mountain breezes. The black cottonwoods (Populus trichocarpa) also mingle with the firs and pines.

In the upper reaches of the park, shrubs are smaller and include mostly manzanita, buck brush, and huckleberry bushes, always lingering near forest growth. A creeping currant of restricted distribution often forms green carpets.

Many travelers visit Crater Lake, view the majestic splendor of the world-famed scenic wonder, and leave without realizing the beauties of the forest lands about them. A visit to the park is assuredly most complete after pleasant summer nights spent encamped under the spreading limbs of its stately hemlocks, pines, and firs. The sweet aroma of the woods, their heavily carpeted floors and rustling leaves add much to the joy of a visit.

WILD FLOWERS

With a list approaching 500 flowering plants and ferns, Crater Lake's richness in species is exceeded by few of our other national parks. This is not at first apparent to the visitor. If he enters by the usual gateways and travels the beaten paths, he might even be disappointed in the flowers, especially when compared with the number of species to be seen in some of the other northern national parks. Over much of the region, all of which is volcanic, the soil is made up chiefly of fine pumice sand, and for most of the growing season lacking in moisture; and so perforce the plant life must be limited to those forms whose peculiar structure adapts them to such environment. To many, however, this situation only lends variety and adds peculiar interest. Pleasing to the eye are the massed color effects in the open spaces and the dryer forest areas. Whenever the highway enters the regions of the streams, these massed effects increase and the eye is gladdened by the transformation due to water's magic touch. If the visitor travels the many byroads and winding trails to the mountain meadows beside the singing brooks, or by boat along the rocky shore of the lake, he will find gardens of transcendent beauty. No more enchanting ones can be found than Castle Crest Garden at Park Headquarters and Talus Garden under the towering walls of Cloud Cap, or lovelier spots than Boundary Spring and Copeland Creek along the western slope of old Mount Mazama.

Soon after entering the park, the attention is caught by bright flashes of the scarlet trumpets of the mountain gilia (G. aggregata), the pineland paintbrush (Castilleja pinetorum), and the abundant white sprays of the snow-brush (Ceanothus velutinus). Sheltered by the denser and more somber forests farther along are noteworthy representatives of the heath family, such as prince's pine (Chamophilla umbellata) and several species of Pyrola, some with the usual green leaves, yet others without such foliage. Several near relatives are leafless saprophytes, which obtain their food by feeding on decaying vegetation.

Responding to the influence of the great diversity of topography, soil, and moisture conditions, various types of flowers are abundantly represented at Park Headquarters. Near at hand, on the first bare spots among the snowdrifts, cheerful harbingers of belated spring, are the lovely Western windflowers (Anemone occidentalis) with cups of white, and the strikingly beautiful yellow lamb's tongue (Erythronium grandiflorum pallidum). Stone crop (Sedum spathulifolium) covers the rock ledges, and finest of the rock plants, the pink pentstemon (P. rupicola) drape the rock walls in company with the lace fern (Cheilanthes gracillima). Delicate bog orchids (Limnorchis), elephant heads (Pedicularis groenlandica), yellow monkey-flowers (Mimulus guttatus), daisylike fleabane (Erigeron salsuginosus), tall ragwort (Senecio triangularis), and a host of others fill the wet meadows and line the streams. On the talus slopes are long yellow strips of arnica (A. longifolia). In openings in the hemlock forest, the ever abundant Evermann's aster is seen as a sea of purple with intermingled pink fire-weed (Epilobium angustifolium) and tall false hellebore (Veratrum viride); while the surrounding forest floor is carpeted with the grasslike turf of the smooth wood rush (Juncoides glabratum), the most abundant herbaceous plant of the upper forests. In the open pumice fields of the rim area Douglas phlox, sulphur flower (Eriogonum umbellatum), and the low desert lupine (Lupinus aridus) contribute to the varied color scheme, later transformed into red and gold by the autumnal foliage of Newberry's knotweed (Polygonum Newberryi).

Over the crater's rim, down the trail to the lake, one is attracted to the trailing raspberry (Rubus lasiococcus), clothing the steep banks, and the spiny currant (Ribes lacustre) prostrate on the rock walls. Abundant on the lower part of the trail and rocky shore of the lake, the large rose-pink flowers of Lewis's monkey-flower (Mimulus Lewisii) are the most conspicuous and striking features of the vegetation.

Across the blue water, even in the more forbidding lavas of Wizard Island, one is greeted at the boat landing by many fine clumps of bleeding heart (Dicentra formosa). A little distance on the trail leading up the island cone, the parrot's beak (Pedicularis racemosa) is seen. At the summit, crowning the rim, emulating the volcanic fires of old, grow the flaming paintbrushes (Castilleja Applegatei) restricted to the Crater Lake region. Other plants less showy, sending their long roots deep into the cinders and pumice, reach for moisture and struggle for a foothold in the unstable rock material.

HOW TO REACH THE PARK

BY RAILROAD

The Great Northern and Southern Pacific Railroads serve Crater Lake National Park. On the east is the joint line over which the principal trains of both railways run through Klamath Falls, while the Siskiyou line of the Southern Pacific passes to the west through Medford. During the season, special tickets are sold at greatly reduced rates. Some of the finest trains on the West coast are operated over these routes, including the Cascade and the Shasta.

BY AUTOMOBILE

The automobile approaches to the park are exceptionally fine. The Pacific Highway, well-known route of travel, passes through California, Oregon, and Washington. Motorists traveling south should turn off at Medford and follow the 80-mile Crater Lake Highway through the picturesque Rogue River Canyon and the Rogue River National Forest. This section of Oregon is a "fisherman's paradise", where steelhead, cutthroat, small trout, and salmon abound. Visitors from the East often arrive by way of The Dalles-California Highway, passing through Bend on the north and Klamath Falls on the south. Travel to the park from the Medford gateway comes through the west entrance and from the Klamath Falls gateway through the south entrance. The east entrance also provides for travel from The Dalles-California Highway, as well as the north entrance. The latter is rapidly growing in importance as a park entrance and is a direct link to the Diamond Lake country, 19 miles from the Crater Lake rim. Motorists entering the park by way of Medford often leave by way of the south entrance to Klamath Falls, 62 miles distant. This route passes through Annie Creek Canyon, the Klamath Indian Reservation, and along the edge of upper Klamath Lake. The scenery is equally as fine but entirely different from that of the Medford route.

BY AIRPLANE

High-speed, de luxe airplane service from all points in the United States to Medford is now available through the United Air Lines, which operates direct service to 19 States. For persons of limited time, this service affords a splendid opportunity to see the park. For example, passengers may leave Los Angeles after breakfast, land at Medford, take a bus for the 80-mile drive to the park, and arrive in the afternoon. Leaving New York at noon, one may arrive in Medford in time for breakfast the next morning and drive to the park before lunch.

ADMINISTRATION

The park is administered by the National Park Service of the Department of the Interior, with a superintendent, David H. Canfield, in immediate charge. A force of rangers and ranger naturalists assists this official.

Long-distance telephone and telegraph services are available at the lodge, at park headquarters, and at various ranger stations.

The park is open to visitors during the tourist season, with travel first possible in early spring, as soon as roads are open, until late in autumn. As often as possible travel will be permitted during winter months if weather conditions warrant. Since the acquisition of a powerful snow plow the roads are cleared earlier and kept open later in the season than was formerly the case.

Lodge on the rim of Crater Lake. Rostel photo.

RIM VILLAGE

A large majority of visitors first reach the rim of the lake at the Rim Village. This is the focal point of park activities. Here are the lodge, post office, cafeteria, general store, studios, a rental cabin group, auto service, emergency mechanical services, and ranger station. From the Rim Village a number of the most important trails take off, including the spectacular new trail down the crater wall to the lake shore, where launches and rowboats are available for pleasure trips and fishing excursions. This fine trail is 6 feet wide and on a holding grade of 12 percent, permitting its use by people unaccustomed to much physical effort. For those who prefer not to walk, saddle horses and saddle mules are available for this and other trail trips. The trail to the summit of Garfield Peak, directly overlooking the lake and giving a magnificent panorama of the Cascades, also takes off from the Rim Village, as does the trail to The Watchman, and another trail to Annie Spring.

A fine free campground, equipped with hot and cold shower baths and modern sanitation, is located here on the rim.

A typical rim campground. Lange photo.

CAMPING

There are five campgrounds within Crater Lake National Park, all of them free to the public.

The Rim Camp Ground is located in close proximity to the rim, at the terminus of the highway. The camp is on a slight elevation, in the shelter of a fine stand of mountain hemlock, reminding the visitor that the altitude is over 7,000 feet. Eagle Crags, the jagged pinnacles of Garfield Peak, and Castle Crest tower above to the east. The designation of camp sites by logs, with a table, stove, and fireplace at each site, makes camping possible in a natural setting without detracting from the general beauty.

Firewood is available at the camp. The water is pure, and there are sanitary conveniences, including hot water and hot and cold showers. The popularity of this campground has increased to such an extent that it has become necessary to limit camping to 30 days in this area.

Located near the Rim Camp Ground is the community house, with its great stone fireplace, where campers and visitors gather at night for recreation. It is open at all times for the pleasure and convenience of the public. Programs of an entertaining and instructive character are provided here every evening, and there is a small dance floor.

The post office is at the lodge, and mail addressed to Crater Lake will reach its destination during the park season. Rental cabins may be secured at the housekeeping-accommodation office. A cafeteria and general store are maintained convenient to the camp.

The lower campground is situated near the Annie Spring checking station, on the highway 6 miles south of the Rim Camp. This is a beautiful, well-sheltered, shaded site, and at a considerably lower altitude than the grounds near the rim. The camp has modern sanitation, with running water and wood available.

A camping place is located at Lost Creek, 3-1/2 miles inside the east entrance of the park. This camping place is at the junction of the highway entering the park and the Rim Road, near Sand Creek Canyon, with its strange pinnacles. It is about 10 miles from Lost Creek Camp Grounds to the rim of the lake, the road skirting the great heights south of the lake.

Coming into the park from the south by the Fort Klamath Road, one finds Cold Spring Camp situated about 5 miles from the south entrance. It is about 3 miles below Annie Spring checking station, and 9 miles distant from the lake rim. The camp is near the wonders of the glacier-carved canyon of Annie Creek, and was one of the earliest regular camping places of the explorers of the Crater Lake region. Not far from this camping place, Godfrey Glen, with its colonnades, is located deep in the mysterious canyon and extending high up on its walls.

Camp in the park. The officers and members of the Park Service are glad to render any and all assistance and service possible to those who avail themselves of the privileges, as well as to others, to make their stay in the park in every way enjoyable. To see what it has to offer of alpine beauty, volcanic wonders, and surrounding scenery of the lake, one should hike the trails, descend into the canyons, and climb the peaks, or travel by saddle horse, as well as visit the many places of grandeur by automobile over the park roads.

Winter in the park. The window you see is in the second story. Lange photo.

ACCOMMODATIONS AND EXPENSES

The Crater Lake National Park Co. offers all of the accommodations for visitors in the park. Rooms may be obtained at the Crater Lake Lodge, a large, roomy hotel on the rim of the lake, for prices ranging from $3 for two in a room to $5.50 for one person, with half rates for children under 8 years. Housekeeping cabins at the village site on the lake rim cost $2 a day. The building, which contains the cafeteria and store carrying needed supplies, souvenirs, novelties, pictures, and photographic supplies, is nearby.

Motor transportation.—Daily automobile service from Medford and Klamath Falls to Crater Lake Lodge is maintained by the Crater Lake National Park Co. The round-trip cost is $8 per person, and if desired, a visitor may enter by way of Medford and leave by way of Klamath Falls, or vice versa. The trip requires 2-1/2 hours from Klamath Falls and 3 hours from Medford. Automobiles may be hired at the lodge for special trips within the park. A 10-mile sunset drive to the summit of The Watchman, one of the high rim points, costs $1 per person.

Launches and rowboats.—Rowboats may be hired for 50 cents per hour for one person and 25 cents for each additional person. Regularly scheduled trips are made daily by launch to the Phantom Ship and Wizard Island (about 15 miles) at a cost of $2 per person. Hourly trips are made to Wizard Island for $1 a person. Fishing tackle may be rented at the boat landing.

Following the shore line of Crater Lake for a distance of 26 miles, a launch excursion around the lake, beginning at 9 o'clock each morning during the travel season, is a very popular attraction. Accompanied by a ranger-naturalist, the launch passes by points of geologic and historical interest, about which visitors are given complete information. The trip has been carefully planned and is available at the cost of $2 per person.

This booklet is issued once a year and the rates mentioned herein may have changed slightly since issuance, but the latest rates approved by the Secretary of the Interior are on file with the superintendent and park operator.

REFERENCES

ALBRIGHT, HORACE M., and TAYLOR, FRANK J. Oh, Ranger! A book about the national parks. Illustrated.

DILLER, J. S. Geological History of Crater Lake. An account of the formation of Crater Lake.

DILLER, J. S., and PATTON, H. B. Geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park. Professional Paper No. 3, U. S. Geological Survey. 1902. 167 pp.

EATON, WALTER PRICHARD. Sky-line camps. 1922. 268 pp., illustrated. A record of wanderings in the northwestern mountains, from the Rockies in Glacier National Park to Crater Lake National Park, and to the Cascades in Washington and Oregon.

______. Boy Scouts at Crater Lake. 1922. 320 pp., illustrated. A story of Crater Lake National Park in the high Cascades.

KANE, J. F. Picturesque America. 1935. 256 pp., illustrated. Published by Frederick Gumbrecht, Brooklyn, N. Y. Crater Lake on pp. 27-29.

KELLEY, EDGEMOND, and CHICK. Three Scout Naturalists in the National Parks. A book by three Eagle Scouts who made a 12,000-mile field trip through the western national parks. Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1931.

LAPHAM, STANTON C. The souvenir book, "The Enchanted Lake."

MAZAMA, The. Bulletin published by the "Mazamas." (Mountaineering Club). Portland, Oreg.

MCARTHUR, LEWIS A. Oregon Geographic Names. 450 pp., illustrated, map. Koke-Chapman Co., Eugene, Oreg. 1928.

MILLS, ENOS A. Your National Parks. 532 pp., illustrated. 1917. Crater Lake on pp. 137-147; 470-474.

ROLFE, MARY A. Our National Parks, Book Two. A supplementary reader on the national parks for fifth- and sixth-grade students. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co., Chicago. 1928. Crater Lake on pp. 109-118.

RUSSELL, I. C. Lakes of North America. 1895. 125 pp. Crater Lake on pp. 20-21.

______ Volcanoes of North America. 1897. 346 pp. Crater Lake on pp. 235-236.

STEEL, W. G. The Mountains of Oregon. 1890. 112 pp. Crater Lake on pp. 12-33.

VICTOR, FRANCES FULLER. Atlantic Arisen. 1891. 412 pp. Crater Lake on pp. 179-183.

WILBUR, RAY LYMAN, and Du PUY, WILLIAM ATHERTON. Conservation in the Department of the Interior. Chapter on national parks, pp. 96-112. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1931. Price $1.

YARD, ROBERT STERLING. The Top of the Continent. 1917. 244 pp., illustrated. Crater Lake on pp. 140-160.

______ The Book of the National Parks. 1926. 440 pp., 74 illustrations, 14 maps and diagrams. Crater Lake on pp. 184-201.