YELLOWSTONE Rules and Regulations 1920

BIRDS.

The class of birds is well represented in the park, as this list will show. But birds are not common in forests; and as the loop road and approaches lie mainly through the pine timber, the visitor will not see many birds unless they are sought for in more open places. Ducks, geese, and other water birds are numerous and very tame. So, too, are the big hawks and eagles. Many of the water birds remain all winter on streams that are fed by hot springs and consequently never freeze. For the use of tourists wishing to identify birds, a short description and the best "field marks" of recognition are given here in the case of common summer birds.

Order PYGOPODES: Diving Birds.

Family COLYMBIDAE. Grebes.

Western Grebe. Aechmophorus occidentalis. Rare migrant.

Horned Grebe. Colymbus auritus. Rare migrant.

Eared Grebe. Colymbus nigricollis californicus. Common summer resident. Seen on surface of ponds and sluggish streams, seldom on shore or in the air. Conspicuous tawny ear tufts against a black ground. Upper parts, throat, and breast, brown-black; belly, white. Length, 13 inches. Young: Throat and ear patch, white; above, dusky; below, white: tufts, missing. The ear tufts are the best field mark.

Pied-billed Grebe. Podilymbus podiceps. Occasional migrant. The best field mark is a blank band around the bill near the tip.

Family GAVIDAE. Loons.

Loon. Gaviia immer. Very rare migrant.

Order LONGIPENNES: Long-winged Swimmers.

Family LARIDAE. Gulls and Terns.

California Gull. Larus californicus. Common summer resident. Seen about Lake and Yellowstone River and on the "bear dumps." General color, white; end of wings, black with white tip. Length, 20 inches; larger than crow. Field mark, vermilion spot near tip of bill. Young: Wings, black; body, mottled with dusky.

Ring-billed Gull. Larus delawarensis. Occasional summer resident. Similar to last, but a trifle smaller. Field mark, black band encircling bill near tip.

Bonaparte Gull. Larus philadelphia. Very rare migrant.

Caspian Tern. Hydroprogne tschegrava imperator. Very rare; seen in May.

Black Torn. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. Very rare migrant.

Order STEGANOPODES: Totipalmate Swimmers.

Family PELECANIDAE. Pelicans.

White Pelican. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Abundant summer resident on Yellowstone Lake and River. General color, white; tip of wings, black. Length, 60 inches, a little smaller than a swan. Field mark, long yellow bill with pouch underneath.

Order ANSERES: Lameilirostral Swimmers.

Family ANATIDAE. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

Merganser. Mergus americanus. Common summer resident, especially on larger lakes and rivers. Male: Head and short crest, black with greenish sheen; shoulders, black; fore part of wings black and the remainder white; neck and sides, white; breast, white or pale salmon. Female: Head, neck, and long thin crest, reddish-brown; above, blue-gray, except white patch on the wings; underparts, white. Size of common barnyard duck. Field marks are the large amount of white and the fact that this duck flies close to water surface as a rule.

Red-breasted Merganser. Mergus serrator. An occasional migrant. Similar to last but the breast crossed by broad cinnamon band streaked with black.

Mallard. Anas platyrhynchos. Abundant resident. Patch on the wing, purple bordered by black and white. Male: A narrow white ring around neck between the green head and the chestnut breast; belly and sides gray; lower back, black. Female: The entire plumage dusky brown mottled by tawny-brown relieved only by the wing patch. Males after breeding season are similar to the females. Size of barnyard duck. Field mark, the tail shows a white V as the bird flushes.

Gadwall. Chauleslasmus streperus. Occasional migrant.

Baldpate. Mareca americana. Common migrant, occasional resident, but very rarely seen in summer.

Green-winged Teal. Nettion carolinense. Occasional resident but seldom seen in summer, small ponds and streams. Our smallest duck, even smaller than a crow.

Blue-winged Teal. Querquedula discors. Common summer resident. Fore part of wing, blue. Male: A white crescent in front of eye; head and neck, grayish; upperparts, various tones of brown; underparts, purplish gray with rather large round black spots. Female: Upperparts streaked with several shades of brown; underparts, lighter and mottled by dull spots. Smaller than a crow but still larger than the least. Field mark is the blue wing.

Cinnamon Teal. Querquedula cyanopera. Occasional migrant and very rare in summer.

Shoveller. Spatula clypeata. Occasional migrant and very rare in summer.

Pintail. Dafila acuta tzitzihoa. Occasional migrant and very rare in summer.

Wood Duck. Aix sponsa. A very rare summer resident.

Redhead. Marila americana. Occasional migrant, not seen in summer.

Canvas-back. Marila valisineria. Occasional migrant not seen in summer.

Scaup Duck. Marila marila. Occasional migrant, seldom seen in summer.

Lesser Scaup Duck. Marila affinis. Occasional migrant, seldom seen in summer.

Golden-eye. Clangula clangula americana. A common winter resident.

Barrow Golden-eye. Clangula islandica. Common summer resident and sometimes in winter. Wing patch, white. Male: Head, purplish-black with a white crescent at the base of the bill; rest of the plumage, black and white. Female: Head and throat brown and a white throat ring; breast and back, gray; belly, white. Smaller than barnyard duck.

Buffle-head. Charitonetta albeola. Common migrant to larger lakes and rivers. Wing patch, white. Male: Head and neck, blue and green and purple with a white band from eye to eye across back of head; a prominent crest; back, black; underparts, white. Female: A white patch on each side of the head; throat and upperparts, fuscous-brown; underparts, white. A very small and chunky duck, smaller than a crow.

Pacific Harlequin Duck. Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus. Very rare anywhere at any time.

Scoter. Oidemia americana. A rare visitor to Yellowstone Lake.

White-winged Scoter. Oidemia deglandi. A rare visitor to the Yellowstone.

Ruddy Duck. Erismatura jamaicensis. Occasional summer resident. Tail feathers narrow and stiff; bill, short and broad. Male: Cheeks, white; cap, black; bill, blue; neck, sides, and back, chestnut; underparts, silky white. Female: Crown, brown with a light streak through dusky cheeks; back, brown; underparts, grayish. Smaller than a crow. A good field mark is the stiff, erect tail.

Snow Goose. Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. Rare migrant.

Canada Goose. Branta canadensis canadensis. A common resident. A white patch on the cheeks and throat; rest of the head and neck, black; upper parts, gray-brown; underparts, paler; rump, white.

Hutchins Goose. Branta canadensis hutchinsi. A rare migrant. A smaller edition of the last.

Whistling Swan. Olor columbianus. Common fall migrant; appears in October and later.

Trumpeter Swan. Olor buccinator. Rare summer resident.

Order HERODIONES: Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc.

Family ARDEIDAE. Herons, Bitterns, etc.

Great Blue Heron. Ardea herodias herodias. Occasional summer resident in meadows and along streams. General color, slate-blue, with markings of white, black, and rusty. Larger than a goose. Field marks are the color, the long neck that is folded back upon itself in flight, and the long, dagger-like bill.

Black-crowned Night Heron. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. Rare; has been recorded only once.

Order PALUDICOLAE: Cranes, Rails, etc.

Family GRUIDAE. Cranes.

Whooping Crane. Grus americana. Rare; has been seen only once and now nearly extinct everywhere.

Little Brown Crane. Grus canadensis. Rare. A small edition of the next.

Sandhill Crane. Grus mexicana. Occasional summer resident. Larger and browner than the great blue heron; not necessarily seen near water; flies with head and neck outstretched, and usually utters a loud, resonant call.

Family RALLIDAE. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.

Sora. Porzana carolina. Occasional summer resident about small, reedy ponds; very seldom seen.

Coot. Fulica americana. Occasional summer resident. Bill, white; upper parts, black; underparts, paler. Frequent small ponds of the lower elevations about Mammoth and Tower Falls only. Field marks are the white bill, a peculiar nodding of the head while swimming, and the difficulty with which the bird gets started in flight. Shorter than a crow but heavier.

Order LIMICOLAE: Shore Birds.

Family PHALAROPODIDAE. Phalaropes

Northern Phalarope. Lobipes lobatus. Rare migrant in September and October.

Wilson Phalarope. Steganopus tricolor. An occasional summer resident. Contrary to the rule, the female of this species is the larger and more brightly colored. Female: Sides of neck, black and chestnut; crown and back, gray; underparts, white. Male: Smaller and dull; sometimes a rufous tinge on the back. Young: Crown and back, black, edged with reddish; underparts, white. Smaller than a robin. Field mark is the fact that it is almost always swimming on the open water.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE. Avocets and Stilts.

Avocet. Recurvirostra americana. Very rare.

Family SCOLOPACIDAE. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.

Wilson Snipe. Gallinago delicata. Occasional migrant, not apt to be seen in summer.

Pectoral Sandpiper. Pisobia maculata. Rare migrant.

Baird Sandpiper. Pisobia bairdi. Occasional migrant to the shores of Yellowstone Lake; not apt to be seen in summer.

Least Sandpiper. Pisobia minutilla. Occasional fall migrant.

Greater Yellow-legs. Totanus melanoleucus. Rare migrant.

Yellow-legs. Totanus flavipes. Rare migrant.

Western Solitary Sandpiper. Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus. Occasional migrants in late summer and fall to damp, springy places. Underwings and tail feathers, barred black and white; upper parts, dark-greenish gray; head and neck, streaked with white; back spotted with round, brownish-white spots; underparts, white; throat and breast, streaked with dusky. Smaller than robin. Lacks the black spots on breast of the spotted sandpiper, the only bird with which it might be confused.

Western Willet. Catoptrophorous semipalmatus inornatus. Occasional fall migrant. Upperparts, brownish-gray, black, and a little buff; underparts, white marked with black; wings, black with a broad white band; bill, 2-1/2 inches long. Smaller than crow. Field marks: The long bill, the largest of our waders, and the white wing bars.

Spotted Sandpiper. Actitis macularia. Abundant summer resident on every pond, lake, and stream, at all altitudes. Upper parts, brownish gray, with black markings; underparts, white, thickly spotted with black. Larger than sparrow. Its distinguishing marks are its abundance, its flight on bowed wings, and its cry of "peet-weet, peet-weet."

Long-billed Curlew. Numenius americanus. Rare migrant.

Family CHARADRIIDAE. Plovers.

Killdeer. Oxyechus vociferus. Common summer resident. Upperparts, grayish-brown and rusty; underparts, white with two black bands across the throat; rump, rusty. Same size as a robin. Field marks are the rusty rump and the noisy call of "kildee, kildee, kildee."

Order GALLINAE: Gallinaceous Birds.

Family TETRAONIDAE. Grouse, etc.

Richardson Grouse. Dendragapus obscurus richardsoni. A common resident. Upperparts, blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings; underparts, grayish-slate. A little smaller than a chicken. The only large bluish grouse.

Franklin Grouse. Canachites franklini. Very rare.

Gray Ruffed Grouse. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides. Common resident. Prevailing color of upperparts, rusty-gray or gray; a tuft of soft, glossy, greenish-black feathers on each side the neck; gray tail with subterminal band of black. Size of crow and smaller than Richardson grouse. Field mark, the black ruffs or epaulets.

Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse. Padloecetes phasianellus columbianus. Rare resident.

Sage Grouse. Centrocercus urophasianus. Rare resident about Soda Butte.

Order COLUMBAE: Pigeons.

Family COLUMBIDAE. Pigeons.

Western Mourning Dove. Zenaidura macroura marginella. General color brownish-olive tinged with pink on the breast; tail, edged with white. The only representative of the pigeon or dove in the park.

Order RAPTORES: Birds of Prey.

Family BUTEONIDAE. Hawks, Eagles, Kites, etc.

Marsh Hawk. Circus hudsonius. Common summer resident. Adults. Upper parts, gray or ashy; underparts. with rusty spots; base of tail, white. Young. Upperparts, brownish-black with more or less rusty; underparts, brownish-rusty with black streaks on the breast. The old birds rarely show the ideal plumage, but verge toward the above-given young bird coloration, but the white ring above the tail is diagnostic of all. This hawk usually seen skimming along but a few feet above the ground.

Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accipiter velox. Rare.

Cooper Hawk. Accipiter cooperi. Rare.

Western Goshawk. Astur atricapillus striatulus. Very rare.

Western Redtail. Buteo borealis calurus. Abundant over the open parts of the park. Upperparts, sooty-brown; underparts, rusty white. Recognized by large size and red tail.

Swainson Hawk. Buteo swainsoni. Abundant over the open parts of the park. Similar to last except tail brownish-black and a rusty-brown band across the breast.

Rough-legged Hawk. Archibuteo lagopus santi-johannis. An occasional visitor in winter; first appears after the park season closes.

Ferruginous Roughleg. Archibuteo ferrugineus. Rare summer visitor.

Golden Eagle. Aquila chrysactos. Occasional resident. Recognized by the dark upper and underparts relieved only by lighter crown and nape, and white at base of tail. Far larger than any of the hawks.

Bald Eagle. Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus. Easily recognized by superior size, the white head and neck, and the white tail. Rather rare and not often seen in summer.

Family FALCONIDAE. Falcons, etc.

Prairie Falcon. Hierofalco mexicanus. Rare summer resident.

Duck Hawk. Falco peregrinus anatum. Rare summer resident.

Pigeon Hawk. Falco columbarius columbarius. Occasional summer resident. Above, slaty-blue; tail, four black bands. The female and young are blackish-brown above, and the males tend toward this plumage also. Distinguished in the field by its long wings and rapid wing strokes. Larger than robin.

Desert Sparrow Hawk. Falco sparverius phalaena. Abundant summer resident of all open spaces. Male. Top of head, bluish; two black stripes down the cheeks and three others around nape; back, rufous; wings, ashy-blue; tail, chestnut with subterminal black band. Female. Back, wings, and tail, barred with dusky. Size of a robin.

Family PANDIONIDAE. Ospreys.

Osprey. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Abundant summer resident especially about Yellowstone Lake and Canyon. Head, neck, and underparts white upperparts, dark brown touched with white; a few brownish spots on the breast. Size of other large hawks, smaller than eagles. The white head and underparts are diagnostic.

Family BUBONDAE. Horned Owls, etc.

Long-eared Owl. Asio wilsonianus. Rare resident.

Short-earned Owl. Asio flammeus. Occasional summer resident. Ear tufts short; eyes, yellow. Upperparts, brown mottled with other shades of brown underparts, tawny streaked with brown. Size of crow. Seen hunting open country, sometimes by daylight.

Rocky Mountain Screech Owl. Otus asio maxwelliae. Rare visitant.

Western Horned Owl. Bubo virginianus pallescens. Common resident. Varied in color, bust a white cravat is a constant mark; ear tufts, almost black; eyes, yellow; ring around facial disk, black; upperparts, tawny, heavily mottled with blackish and white; underparts, gray mottled and barred with brown. As large as the big hawks. Usually flushed from heavy timber, sometimes in daylight.

Hawk Owl. Surnia ulula caparoch. Rare.

Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. Glaucidium gnoma pinicola. Rare resident.

Order COCCYGES: Cuckoos, etc.

Family ALCEDINIDAE. Kingfishers.

Belted Kingfisher. Streptoceryle alcyon. Common summer resident. Crest, blue; general color, blue marked with white and black. Larger than a robin and has a characteristic rattling call as he flies up or down a stream. A few stay about open streams all winter.

Order PICI. WOODPECKERS.

Family PICIDAE. Woodpeckers.

Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker. Dryobates villosus monticola. Common summer resident of the forests. Male. Upperparts, black with white stripe down the back; back of head, scarlet spot; wings, black with white spots; underparts, white. The female lacks the scarlet. Size of a robin. Field marks are the scarlet spot and the white stripe down the back.

Batchelder Woodpecker. Dryobates pubescens humorus. Similar to last except smaller and having a dingy white forehead. Larger than a sparrow.

Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. Picoides arcticus. Rare summer visitor. The males may be identified by the yellow patch on the crown.

Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. Picoides americanus dorsalis. Rare summer resident. The males may be identified by the yellow patch on the crown. Distinguished from last by a white stripe down the back.

Red-naped Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis. Occasional summer resident. Male: Crown and throat, red; red stripe from eye to eye over the back of the head; black breast patch; belly, yellow; upperparts, black and white. Female has white throat. Smaller than a robin. The yellow belly distinguishes the bird.

Williamson Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. Common summer resident. Belly, yellow; rump, white. Male: Upperparts, black; wings with white patches; a narrow red neckttie; throat and breast black. Female and young: Head, brown; back, barred with brown; no necktie. Smaller than robin. Field marks are the yellow belly of the sapsuckers and the red necktie.

Red-headed Woodpecker. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Rare summer resident.

Lewis Woodpecker. Asyndesmus lewisi. Rare summer visitor.

Red-shafted Flicker. Colaptes cafer collaris. Abundant summer resident. Upperparts, brown barred with black; linings of wings and under tail, red; rump, white. Larger than a robin. The red markings and white rump are the field marks.

Order MAUROCHIRES: Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc.

Family CHORDEILIDAE. Nighthawks.

Pacific Nighthawk. Chordeiles virginianus hesperis. Common summer resident. A white patch on the black wings; general color, gray-black; throat and tail band, white. The female has no tail band. Size of a robin. Field marks are the long wings with white patch, erractic flight, and call, a nasal "peent" as the bird flies over.

Family MICROPODIDAE. Swifts

White-throated Swift. Aeronautes melanoleucus. Rare summer resident.

Family TROCHILIDAE. Hummingbirds.

Rufous Hummingbird. Selasphorus rufus. Rare summer resident.

Calliope Hummingbird. Stellula calliope. Occasional summer resident. The only hummingbird likely to be seen and easily identified by small size.

Order PASSERES: Perching Birds.

Family TYRANNIDAE. Tyrant Flycatchers.

Kingbird. Tyrannus tyrannus. Occasional summer resident of the lowest altitudes. Underparts and end of tail, white; head and tail, black; upperparts slate-gray. The young birds are duller and tinged with brownish. Smaller than robin. The white terminal to tail is a good field mark.

Arkansas Kingbird. Tyrannus verticalis. Rare summer resident.

Say Phoebe. Sayornis sayus. Occasional summer resident. Above, dark gray; head and tail, still darker; below, gray in front and brownish in the rear. Larger than a sparrow.

Olive-sided Flycatcher. Nuttallornis borealis. Rare.

Western Wood Pewee. Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni. Above, pale brown; below, paler and tinged with dark gray; belly and undertail, light gray. A trifle larger than a sparrow. More often heard than seen. Note, a nasal "peo-a."

Western Flycatcher. Empidonax difficilis difficilis. General color is distinctly yellow. Above, olive-green; two buffy bars on each wing; below, dull yellow tinged with brown across breast; bright yellow belly and undertail. Size of a sparrow.

Traill Flycatcher. Empidonax trailli trailli. Rare summer resident.

Hammond Flycatcher. Empidonax hammondi. Rare summer resident.

Wright Flycatcher. Empidonax wrightii. Common summer resident. Above, grayish with slight olive tint; two white wing bars sometimes tinged with yellow; underparts, grayish-olive verging into yellow at the tail. Size of a sparrow.

Family ALAUDIDAE. Larks.

Hoyt Horned Lark. Otocoris alpestris hoyti. Rare winter visitor.

Desert Horned Lark. Otocoris alpestris leucolaema. Common summer resident. Above, brown; below, white; white and black marks on the head; black hornlike tufts over each ear. Smaller than a robin. Field marks are the "horns" and a yellow throat.

Family CORVIDAE. Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc.

Black-billed Magpie. Pica pica hudsonnia. Common winter resident; not seen in summer as a rule.

Black-headed Jay. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens. Occasional resident. Head and crest, black; back, dark slate-blue, lighter below. Larger than a robin. The dark-blue color and the crest are the field marks.

Rocky Mountain Jay. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. Common resident. Crown, white; nape, dark gray; rest of plumage, lighter gray. Larger than a robin. This is the "camp robber." Known by its general gray color.

Raven. Corvus corax sinuatus. A common resident. Uniform glossy black. Larger than crow. Can be distinguished from the crow by short periods of soaring during flight and its hoarse croak.

Western Crow. Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis. Common summer resident below 6,300 feet. Field marks: Does not soar as raven does; note, the well-known "caw-caw-caw."

Clarke Nutcracker. Nucifraga columbiana. Common resident. Bill, long, black, and slightly decurved; general color, gray; wings and tail, black, marked with white. Larger than robin. Known from jay by black and white markings and longer bill.

Pinon Jay. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. Rare visitor.

Family ICTERIDAE. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc.

Cowbird. Molothrus ater ater. Rare summer resident.

Yellow-headed Blackbird. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. Occasional summer resident. Black with head and breast, orange-yellow. Slightly smaller than robin.

Thick-billed Red-wing. Agelaius phoeniceus fortis. This blackbird is a rare summer resident.

Western Meadowlark. Sturnella neglecta. Abundant summer resident of the open spaces. Above, grayish-brown with darker streaks; below, yellow within black crescent across breast; outer tail feathers, white. Larger than a robin. Field mark is the white tail feathers.

Bullock Oriole. Icterus bullocki. Rare summer resident.

Brewer Blackbird. Euphagus cyanocephalus. Abundant summer resident. Black with iridescence; yellow eyes in male, the female having brown eyes. Slightly smaller than robin. Our commonest blackbird, seen in large flocks.

Family FRINGILLIDAE. Finches, Sparrows, etc.

Western Evening Grosbeak. Hesperiphona vespertina montana. A rare, erratic visitor.

Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak. Pinicola euncleator montana. A rare summer resident, more numerous during migration.

Cassin Purple Finch. Carpodacus cassini. Common summer resident. Male. Bright crimson on top of head; back, pink-brown streaked with brown; below, pale pink fading to white in rear. Female and young are gray above and streaked below. Slightly larger than sparrow. The reddish tinge is the best field mark.

Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra minor. Rare visitor.

White-winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera. Rare migrant.

Gray-crowned Rosy Finch. Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis. Common winter resident.

Hepburn Rosy Finch. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. Common winter resident.

Black Rosy Finch. Leucosticte atrata. Occasional winter resident.

Redpoll. Acanthis linaria linaria. Occasional winter visitor.

Pale Goldfinch. Astragalinus tristis pallidus. Rare summer resident.

Pine Siskin. Spinus pinus. Common summer resident. Looks hike a small sparrow but rump and edges of wing feathers are yellow. Very partial to dandelion seeds.

English Sparrow. Passer damesticus hostilis. Rare, only a few about one or two barns at Mammoth.

Snow Bunting. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis. Rare migrant.

Alaska Longspur. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis. Occasional winter visitor.

Western Vesper Sparrow. Pooecetes gramineus confinis. Abundant summer resident in the open country. Above, gray-brown streaked with black, gray, and pale bay; below, white. A small sparrow can be distinguished by white feathers at either side of tail.

Western Savannah Sparrow. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus. Common summer resident, but stays so well hidden as not to be found unless searched for in the higher meadows. Above, gray-brown; below, white; streaked everywhere.

Western Lark Sparrow. Chondestes grammacus strigatus. Rare summer resident.

White-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophyrs. Abundant summer resident. Head, striped black and white; white stripe does not extend in front of eye; other parts, gray and brown. A large sparrow. Can be distinguished by its abundance and the white on the head.

Gambel Sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli. Occasional migrant. Like last, except that white line extends through the eye to the bill.

White-throated Sparrow. Zonotrichia albicollis. A very rare accidental.

Western Tree Sparrow. Spezella monticola ochracea. Common winter visitor.

Western Chipping Sparrow. Spizella passerina arizonae. Common summer resident, Above, brown streaked with black; below, white or grayish. A small sparrow marked by a chestnut crown.

Brewer Sparrow. Spizella breweri. A rare habitant of the lower sagebrush areas.

Intermediate Junco. Junco hiyemalis connectens. Rare migrant.

Montana Junco. Junco hyemalis montanus. Occasional migrant.

Pink-sided Junco. Junco hyemalis mearnsi. Abundant summer resident. Head, neck, and chest, slate color; back, brown; belly, white; sides, pink. Size of sparrow. Bright white feathers at side of tail mark this forest bird as they do vesper sparrow of the open.

Mountain Song Sparrow. Melospiza melodia montana. Common summer resident below 6,000 feet elevation. Crown, dull bay; above, gray streaked with black and brown; below, white streaked with brown. The distinguishing mark of this sparrow is a brownish patch in the center of the breast.

Lincoln Sparrow. Melospiza lincolni lincolni. An abundant, but shy, summer residente of meadows above 7,000 feet elevation. Below, white, with a brownish-yellow belt across breast, sides of body, and neck, all of which are streaked sharply with dusky; above, grayish-brown streaked with black; crown, streaked brown, black, and ashy.

Slate-colored Fox Sparrow. Passerella iliaca schistacea. Rare summer resident.

Green-tailed Towhee. Oreospiza chlorura. Common summer resident below 6,500 feet. Crown, chestnut; throat, white; upper parts, grayish-green. Larger than a sparrow. The chestnut crown that is often erected into a crest is the best field mark.

Black-headed Grosbeak. Zameloodia melanocephala. A rare migrant in spring.

Lazuli Bunting. Passerina amoena. Occasional summer resident below Mammoth. Above, bright blue; neck, blue; breast, chestnut-brown. Smaller than sparrow.

Lark Bunting. Calamospiza melanocorys. Occasional spring migrant.

Family TANGARIDAE. Tanagers.

Western Tanager. Piranga ludoviciana. Occasional summer resident. Male. Head and neck, scarlet; above, black with yellow spot on rump; below, yellow. In winter, head yellow and back tinged with yellow. Female. Above, olive-green; no scarlet, and other parts tinged with gray. Larger than a sparrow.

Family HIRUNDINIDAE. Swallows.

Cliff Swallow. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons. Common summer resident. Forehead, white; crown and back, black; dark blue patch on the breast; throat and sides of head, rufous. Smaller than sparrow but wings are longer. The white forehead distinguishes this swallow.

Barn Swallow. Hirundo erythrogastra. Rare summer resident.

Tree Swallow. Iridoprocne bicolor. Common summer resident. Below, white; above, dark steel green; wings and tail, black. Size of sparrow but wings larger, the white underparts distinguish this swallow.

Northern Violet-green Swallow. Tachycineta thalassina lepida. Occasional summer resident. Same as last except that upper parts are green glossed with purple and violet.

Batik Swallow. Riparia riparia. Common summer resident in a few localities. Above, mouse-brown; below, white with breast band of mouse-brown. Size of sparrow but with longer wings.

Rough-winged Swallow. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Rare summer resident.

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE. Waxwings.

Bohemian Waxwing. Bombycilla garrula. Occasional migrant.

Cedar Waxwing. Bombycilla cedrorum. Rare migrant.

Family LANIIDAE. Shrikes.

Northern Shrike. Lanius borealis. Rare winter visitor.

White-rumped Shrike. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. Rare summer resident.

Family VIREONIDAE Vireos.

Western Warbling Vireo. Vireosylva gilva swainsoni. Common summer resident. Above, gray olive-green; crown, gray; below, white tinged with yellow and the sides within olive. Slightly smaller than a sparrow.

Family MNIOTILTIDAE. Wood warblers.

Calaveras Warbler. Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis. A rare accidental.

Orange-crowned Warbler. Vermivora celata celata. Rare summer resident.

Yellow Warbler. Dendroica aestiva aestiva. Occasional summer resident. Male. Below, yellow; breast and belly streaked with orange-brown; above, yellowish green, brightest on rump. Female and young. Above, darker than male; below, paler and duller and not usually streaked. Smaller than sparrow. The brown streaks are the field marks.

Hoover warbler. Dendroica coronata hooveri. Rare migrant.

Audubon warbler. Dendroica auduboni auduboni. Abundant summer resident. Crown, throat, sides, and rump, yellow; above, bluish gray streaked with black; tail, black with gray edges and white spots; below, black, yellow, and white. The female is smaller and duller. Slightly smaller than sparrow. The yellow markings are good field marks.

Townsend Warbler. Dendroica townsendi. Occasional summer resident about Mammoth.

Macgillivray Warbler. Oporornis tolmiei. Rare summer resident to the low section between Gardiner and Mammoth.

Western Yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. Common summer resident in brush thickets below Mammoth. Male. Front and sides of the head, black bordered by white; above, olive green; below, yellow. Female. No black nor white; above, tinged with brown; below, paler yellow. Smaller than sparrow. The black and yellow markings are distinctive.

Pileolated Warbler. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata. Common summer resident. Crown, black; rest of plumage yellow; forehead, often touched with orange. Smaller than a sparrow.

Family MOTACILLIDAE. Wagtails and Pipits.

Pipit. Anthus rubescens. Common summer resident. Above, greenish brown; wing, dark brown with two buff bars; tail, dark brown with outer feathers white; below, buff; breast streaked. Larger than a sparrow. Seen only on high, bare ridges in summer.

Family CINCLIDAE. Dippers.

Dipper; Water Ousel. Cinclus mexicanus unicolor. Common resident. Dark slate gray above and below. Larger than a sparrow. Always seen above, on, or in the water.

Family MIMIDAE. Thrashers, Mockingbirds, etc.

Sage Thrasher. Oreoscoptes montanus. Rare summer resident.

Catbird. Dumetella carolinensis Rare summer resident.

Family TROGLODYTIDAE. Wrens.

Rock Wren. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus. Common summer resident in a few localities.

Western House Wren. Troglodytes aedoni parkmani. Rare summer resident. Above, dull brown waved with dusky; below, dingy lightly barred with brown. Smaller than a sparrow. More often heard than seen.

Western Marsh Wren. Telmatodytes palustris plesius. Rare summer resident near Tower Falls.

Family CERTHIIDAE. Creepers.

Rocky Mountain Creeper. Certhia familiaris montana. Occasional resident of the fir forests.

Family SITTIDAE. Nuthatches.

Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. Sitta carolinensis nelsoni. Occasional resident. Crown and back of head, black; sides of head, white; below, white; back, gray; wings and tail, marked with black and white. Size of a sparrow. The white sides of the head are distinctive.

Red-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta canadensis. Common resident. Crown, black; white stripe over eye; black stripe through eye; below, red-brown. Much smaller than a sparrow. The red-brown underparts are distinctive.

Pygmy Nuthatch. Sitta pygmaea pygmaea. A rare visitor.

Family PARIDAE. Titmice.

Long-tailed Chickadee. Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis. Rare resident.

Mountain Chickadee. Penthestes gambeli gambeli. An abundant resident. Cap and throat, black; a white streak over eye; a black streak through eye; sides of head, white; above, gray; below, white. Smaller than sparrow. The white stripe over the eye is distinctive of this chickadee.

Family SYLVIIDAE. Gnatcatchers, Kinglets. etc.

Western Golden-crowned Kinglet. Regulus satrapa olivaceus. Rare summer resident.

Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Regulus calendula calendula. A summer resident, very rarely seen.

Family TURDIDAE. Thrushes, Bluebirds, etc.

Townsend Solitaire. Myadestes townsendi. Common resident but keeps so well hidden that it is seldom seen in summer.

Willow Thrush. Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola. A rare summer resident at lowest altitudes.

Olive-backed Thrush. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. Occasional summer resident in northern parts of the Park.

Audubon Hermit Thrush. Hylocichla guttata auduboni. Occasional summer resident in dark, shady places.

Western Robin. Planesticus migratorius propinquus. Common summer resident. So like the eastern robin that the two can not be distinguished in the field.

Western Bluebird. Sialia mexicana occidentalis. Rare migrant.

Mountain Bluebird. Sialia currucoides. Abundant summer resident. Male: Above, azure-blue; below, pale greenish-blue; in winter, tinged with brown. Female and young: Brownish but wings and tail, blue. Larger than a sparrow. Lacks the chestnut breast of the eastern bird.