The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado BLM Cultural Resource Series (Colorado: No. 12)

1. William H. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire; The Explorer and Scientist in the Winning of the West, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), pp. 107-108., hereafter cited: Goetzman, Exploration and Empire., and No Author, The Colorado River. A Natural Menace Becomes a National Resource, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1946), p. 46., hereafter cited: No Author, Natural Menace., and Eugene E. Parsons, "The Development of Colorado, The Trail 16 (November 1923): 19., hereafter cited: Parsons, "Development."

2. LeRoy Hafen, Mountain Men and the Fur Trade, 8 vols., (Glendale, CA.: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1965), 1: 61., hereafter cited: Hafen, Fur Trade.

3. Ibid, v. 1, p. 62.

4. Ibid, v. 1, pp. 63-64.

5. Robert L. Brown, Holy Cross—The Mountain and the City, (Caldwell, ID.: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1970), pp. 104-014., hereafter cited: Brown, Holy Cross., and MacDonald Knight and Leonard Hammock, "Early Days on the Eagle," The Colorado Magazine 40 (October 1963): 295., hereafter cited: Knight and Hammock, "Early Eagle."

6. Hafen, Fur Trade, v. 1, p. 65 and v. 2, pp. 351-362.

7. Ibid, v. 1 pp. 66-67., and Mary Rait, "The Development of Grand Junction and the Colorado River Valley to Palisade From 1881 to 1931)" (M.A. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1931), p. 6., hereafter cited: Rait, "Development, Grand Junction.", and Sidney Jocknick, Early Days on the Western Slope, (Glorieta, N.M.: The Rio Grande Press, 1968), p. 318., hereafter cited: Jocknick, Western Slope.

8. William H. Goetzman, Army Exploration in the American West, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), p. 90., hereafter cited: Goetzman, Army Exploration., and LeRoy Hafen, The Old Spanish Trail, (Glendale, CA.: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1954), pp. 96-97., hereafter cited: Hafen, Old Spanish., and David J. Weber, The Taos Trappers, The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540-1846, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), pp. 22, 91, 126 and 174., hereafter cited: Weber, Taos Trappers.

9. David M. Frost, Notes on General Ashley, (Barre, Mass.: Barre Gazette, 1960), p. 12., hereafter cited: Frost, Ashley.

10. Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers, Marble, Colorado: City of Stone, (Denver: Golden Bell Press, 1970), p. 5., hereafter cited: Vandenbusche and Myers, Marble., and Weber, Taos Trappers, pp. 204-205.

11. Frost, Ashley, p. 100., and Weber, Taos Trappers, pp. 204-205.

12. Hafen, Fur Trade, v. 1, p. 57.

13. Ibid., and Blanche G. Grant, ed., Kit Carson's Own Story of His Life as Dictated to Col. and Mrs. D. C. Peters About 1856-57, and Never Before Published, (Taos: n.p., 1926), pp. 3, 20., hereafter cited: Grant, Carson, and Denver Post, 12 February 1912.

14. Weber, Taos Trappers, pp. 84-85, 184 and 214., and Orral Messmore Robidoux, Memorial to the Robidoux Brothers; A History of the Robidouxs in America, (Kansas City, MO.: Smith-Grieves Co., 1924), see entire book., hereafter cited: Robidoux, Memorial., and Joseph J. Hill, "Antoine Robidoux: Kingpin in the Colorado River Fur Trade, 1824-1844," The Colorado Magazine 7 (July 1930): see entire article., and Harvey Lewis Carter, 'Dear Old Kit' The Historical Christopher Carson, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968), p. 48., hereafter cited: Carter, Old Kit.

15. Len Shoemaker, Roaring Fork Valley, An Illustrated Chronicle, (Silverton, CO.: Sundance Publications, 1973), p. 15., and No Author, Colorado River, Natural Menace, p. 46., and Erlene Durrant Murray, Lest We Forget: A Short History of Early Grand Valley, Colorado, Originally Called Parachute, Colorado, (Grand Junction: Quahada Inc., 1973), p. 12.

16. Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, and Duane A. Smith, A Colorado History, (Pruett Press, 1976), pp. 19-26., hereafter cited: Ubbelohde, Benson and Smith, Colorado History.

17. Ibid, pp. 25-30.

18. Hafen, Old Spanish, pp. 100-102., and Gloria Griffen Cline, Exploring the Great Basin, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), p. 59.

19. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, pp. 240-244., and Goetzman, Army Exploration, pp. 90-91.

20. Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence, The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont, 2 vols. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970) 1:170-172., hereafter cited: Jackson and Spence, Fremont.

21. Grant, Carson, p. 65., and Carter, Old Kit, p. 96., and Knight and Hammock, "Early Eagle", p. 296., and Goetzman, Army Exploration, pp. 115-117.

22. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, p. 241.

23. Goetzman, Army Exploration, pp. 115-117.

24. Ubbelohde, Benson and Smith, Colorado History, pp. 47-51.

25. Goetzman, Army Exploration, pp. 75 and 283., and George Leslie Albright, Official Explorations for Pacific Railroads, 1853-1855, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1921), pp. 5-7 and 157., hereafter cited: Albright, Pacific Railroad.

26. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, pp. 267-269.

27. Albright, Pacific Railroad, pp. 37-41.

28. Ibid., pp. 85-91., and Goetzman, Army Exploration, pp. 285-286.

29. Goetzman, Army Exploration, p. 285., and Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, p. 287.

30 .Goetzman, Army Exploration, pp. 285-286.

31. Ibid., p. 283.

32. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," p. 7., and Grace Raymond Hebard, The Pathbreakers From River to Ocean, (Glendale: CA.: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1940), pp. 177, 190-193.

33. Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," pp. 7-8.

34. Albright, Pacific Railroad, p. 19.

35. Ibid., p. 157.

36. Ann Frederic Martin, "Miguel Alona: The Hero of Cochetopa Pass" in The Hispanic Contribution to the State of Colorado, pp. 82-89, edited by Jose de Onis, (Boulder: Westview Press, 1976).

37. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, pp. 308 and 525.

38. No Author, Natural Menace, p. 48.

39. Merton Nolen Bergner, "The Development of Fruita and the Lower Valley of the Colorado River From 1884-1937," (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1937), p. 6., and Rait, "Development, Grand Junction," p. 7., and L.S. Yeager Interview, Civil Works Administration interviews, State Historical Society of Colorado., hereafter cited: CWA, CSHS.

40. See: J. Cecil Alter, James Bridger; Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout and Guide, (Columbus, OH.: Long's College Book Co., 1951).

41. Frank L. Wentworth, Aspen on the Roaring Fork, (Denver: World Press, 1950), p. 57., hereafter cited: Wentworth, Aspen, Roaring., and Captain Richard Sopris Interview, CWA, CSHS.

42. Vandenbusche and Myers, Marble, p. 5.

43. Ibid., p. 6., and Wentworth, Aspen, Roaring, pp. 57-59.

44. Charles W. Henderson, Mining in Colorado, A History of Discovery, Development and Production, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), pp. 46-47., hereafter cited: Henderson, Colorado Mining.

45. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, pp. 488-490., and Ferdinand V. Hayden, Tenth Annual Report of the Survey of the Territories, (Washington; D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), pp. 327-347., hereafter cited: Hayden, Tenth Annual.

46. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, pp. 292-299 and 537., and John Wesley Powell, The Exploration of the Colorado River, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), p. xi.

47. Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, p. 542.

48. Ibid., pp. 438, 445-452.

49. Frances William Binkley, "The Hayden Survey," (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1945), pp. 60-62., and Richard A. Bartlett, Great Surveys of the American West, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), see chapter 3.

50. Ferdinand V. Hayden, Ninth Annual Report of the Survey of the Territories, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1877), table of contents., hereafter cited: Hayden, Ninth Annual., and Hayden, Tenth Annual, p. 173.

51. Hayden, Tenth Annual, pp. 170-181 and 349-357.

52. Ibid. p. 13., and Willis T. Lee, Coal Fields of Grand Mesa and the West Elk Mountains, Colorado, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912), p. 9., hereafter cited: Lee, Coal Mesa.

53. Henderson, Colorado Mining, p. 45., and Wentworth, Aspen, Roaring, p. 36.

54. Brown, Holy Cross, p. 42., and Goetzman, Exploration and Empire, p. 522., and Roger W. Toll, "The Hayden Survey in Colorado in 1873 and 1874," The Colorado Magazine, 6 (July 1929): 149.

55. Lee, Coal Mesa, p. 11 and Frank and Catherine Moore Interview, CNM., and Harry K. Savage, The Rock That Burns, (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Co., 1967), p. 14.

56. Wentworth, Aspen, Roaring, p. 55., and Denver Republican, June to August 1886.

57. Al Look Interview, CNM., and Moore Interview, CNM.

58. John Lathrop Jerome, "A Camping Trip to Northwestern Colorado in 1875", The Colorado Magazine, 19 (September 1942): 170-172.

59. Lee, Coal Mesa, p. 9., and J. Garnett Holmes and Thomas D. Rice, Soil Survey of the Grand Junction Area, Colorado, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906), p. 19., and Dean E. Winchester, Oil Shale of the Rocky Mountain Region, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923), p. 139.