Video
Submerged Prehistoric Sites Pioneering into the Deep
Transcript
Karen: Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the NPS Archaeology Program Speaker Series for 2015-2016. My name is Karen Mudar and I'm an archaeologist in the Washington Archaeology Program office.
This fall and winter we're offering a series of webinars examining maritime archaeology. These, and all of the webinars, are now posted on the NPS training and development website, and I'm very happy to announce that the recorded webinars site now has a finding aide, so thank you training and development, and you can search for a webinar by the name of the presenter, the name of the park where the research took place, or by topical name. I'm always fiddling with the topic descriptors to make them more standard and more obvious, but you might have to try multiple times to locate the webinar you want to listen to. Also, I think the instructions on the webinar site at the moment say that they work best with Internet Explorer, but the live webinars, I think that the JavaScript may have affected them as well, but you might want to try using Chrome. Internet Explorer doesn't work very well. As always, please set your phone to mute. Don't put us on hold to answer other telephone calls; it affects the quality of our recording.
Last week, Ken Stewart and Kimau Sadiki talked about "Diving With a Purpose," underwater archaeology programs preserving our history. Diving With a Purpose originated at Biscayne National Park, and was co-founded by park archaeologist Brenda Lanzendorf and Ken. Although Brenda is no longer with us, Ken and others have carried on her work at the park to provide opportunities to educate avocational archaeologists and to participate in underwater archaeological investigations. Ken and Kamau are also involved in a youth Diving With a Purpose program. They talked about that as well. Diving with a Purpose is associated with the National Association of Black Scuba Divers. Both of our speakers were careful to emphasize that they don't have formal archaeological training, and this, however ... I mean, to have them here with us, however, was a great opportunity to talk to one of our partners about their experiences working with the Park Service. In a time when the workforce of the National Park Service does not reflect the cultural makeup of the United States, I think that organizations such as Diving With a Purpose represent an avenue for attracting minorities to the Park Service, if only we would only take advantage of these opportunities. This was an excellent talk about a partner organization that focused on providing ... Talking about the ways that they provide opportunities for avocational underwater archaeologists, promoting stewardship of our maritime resources, and working with young people.
I hope if you didn't get a chance to listen to it live that you do go and listen to the recorded webinar, and it should be posted in the next couple of days or so.
We have one more presentation in this webinar series, but I haven't finalized arrangements with the speaker yet. When I have the dates, I'll send out an announcement.
Today, I'm very happy to welcome Michael Fought, who's the Principal Investigator for SEARCH, Inc., and he will give a talk on "Submerged Prehistoric Sites: Pioneering into the Deep." He reminds us that the last marine transgression started about fourteen thousand years ago, at a time when we know people are in the New World, and that there are almost certainly sites that have not yet been discovered on both the east cost and the west coast of North America. Michael's presentation will outline the history of the sea level rise and show the chronology of humans that would have been affected by it, and some of the sites that we already know about in North America.
Michael is the Principal ... Sorry, I've already told you that, where he works. Let's see. He received his B.A., his M.A. and Ph.D. in archaeology from the University of Arizona. He has more than forty years of professional experience in the archaeology of submerged prehistoric sites and the interpretation of geophysical data to identify drowned and buried landscape features. He's particularly interested in Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic archaeology, and he co-founded, along with David Anderson, the Paleo-Indian Database of the Americas, which is an exceedingly useful and interesting database. David spoke to us about some of the Paleo-Indian research that people have been doing with the database, a webinar that he gave in this series a couple years ago.
Michael, thank you for joining us today.
Michael: Thanks for having me, Karen. I really appreciate it. Should be kind of fun.
Karen: I hope so!
Michael: Are you going to switch the images?
Karen: Oh, yes.
Michael: There we go. There we go.
Karen: There we go. Okay. You’re away!
Michael: Thanks so much. I've organized this talk into some parts. It's mainly a history of submerged prehistoric archeology or submerged human habitation sites, is what they're often known as. Pre-contact here in North America or in the New World for the Native Americans is probably a better term than prehistoric. Let's get into that a little bit.
First off, the talk was touted as saying that we'll explain a little bit about why submersed prehistoric sites exist underwater, and the answer is because of glacial cycles. Glacial cycles are based on a hundred to a hundred and fifteen thousand year cycles that happen on a regular basis because of the obliquity and the tilt in the procession of the earth around the sun. That's an interesting story in and of itself, but the result is that if you look at Google Earth, which is a great place to go see some of this, the way this works, is that wherever the continental shelves are shown in light blue that are now flooded were essentially exposed at the full glacial eras when there was glaciers at both caps of the globe. That exposed quite a bit of landscape at various times and in various configurations, many times. As many as twenty-two or more times there's been glacial cycles. It's been up and down and up and down over the millennia.
This last cycle from a hundred and twenty-five thousand years ago, the sea level started going down to about its full glacial lowering right at the shelf break, right at around twenty-two thousand years ago, and it started coming up around fourteen thousand years ago, and I'll show some graphics a little later on in the talk about how that affects the continental shelves. People didn't know about the glacial cycles so much That was figured out in the 30s and wasn't really proven until the mid-50s, and so ... But people have certainly been finding prehistoric sites underneath the water.
Here's a history of them, because it goes back, not unlike shipwreck archaeology, to the days of hard hat diving. Oto Blundell, great stuff in Scotland around the Crannogs in the 1890s, diving with hard hat and service supplies.
Eric Thompson? Not Eric. I forget Thompson's first name. Thompson at Chichen Itza with a hard hat, again, with service supplies in the really murky water of Chichen Itza, to get at the artifacts and remains of virgins that were thrown in Chichen Itza. Again, early 1900s that took place.
In Switzerland, a lot of lake dwellings. Natural lake levels fluctuated not unlike sea levels, because of precipitation changes and stuff, so Swiss lake dwellings were submerged by lakes rising, and these things were found in the 40s, 50s. I think people are still working on them. Herb Garrison out of University of Georgia has worked on Swiss lake dwellings, underwater diving and excavations. A lot of preservation in the fine sediments and anaerobic conditions.
Ruppé. Now I'm coming over to the United States, now. We get into the 1960s and things start picking up a little bit, with Reynold Ruppé out of Arizona State University. River divers in Florida finding a lot of artifacts. That's what my career has been based on and what I started out with, certainly, was the finds of Paleo-Indian artifacts in the rivers of Florida. I'll refer to that again a little bit later down. It's what I chased after ... I was chasing after those kinds of situations on the off-shore and the big bend of Florida that I'll get to here.
Warm Mineral Springs has human remains that are found there. Is somebody asking a question? Nope. Like I said, in the 60s ... Warm Mineral has lots of stories. There's a ton of stories that go with Warm Mineral, funny stories, whatever, but the brain material in 1960 that was found in the remains has always been considered as a Paleo-Indian remain and Waters, Texas A&M and the Archaeological Research Cooperative have a proposal to date and get the genetic code out of those remains, so we might found out a little bit more about how old they are.
After this, Flemming in ‘83 wrote the book Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archeology, all about submerged prehistoric sites. It's still a classic to this day, with lots of useful articles, only a couple of which are New World-based. They're mixed, New World and Old World.
Melanie Stright in the ‘80s and ‘90s did work for the Minerals Management Service which is now BOEM, or the Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management. She's a significant player in cultural resource management of submerged prehistoric sites anywhere, and everybody should have her pubs. We'll get to that a little later, too.
Coastal Environments, and it came out of Melanie Stright getting money from the Feds to pay for research to be done. Coastal Environments out of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, with Willie Gagliano and Rich Weinstein and Charlie Pierson. Just exquisite work. To this day, I would still recommend all their publications. I'll mention another one in a second as I go on down.
One thing I want to point out at the bottom is most of these sites ... Everybody might think of submerged prehistoric as Paleo-Indian and a survey that's of interest and has research questions that can go with it, but the main ... The sites that are mostly known are Middle Holocene and later, sites that are in more shallow water, that aren't buried, that you can actually get at and find. Again, in the history ... Some of this work, in the Masters and Flemming volume, bring up some real interesting sites. A lot of sites in Israel, from eight thousand year old on, to six and five thousand year old, including burials and early olive production, features and stuff. It's really interesting work.
John Gifford, who used to be at the University of Miami but has left now, as far as I understand, started out at Franchthi Cave in Greece and stuff, and that again is ... They were coring, and they found situations of paleo-landscape features, drainage ways out there that's now submerged in front of Franchthi Cave. That was in the early 80s, so it's done a long time ago, in that sense.
Probably the most well-known, well-excavated, abundant, well-preserved, I just can't go on and on and on enough about the Danes. About the Danes, because they've just found so many submerged prehistoric sites. Excuse me. I've got the little pointer here. If you take a look at the yellow and blue image ... Karen, do I have this? Do I have it?
Karen: Michael?
Michael: Yeah.
Karen: Can I break in just for a minute?
Michael: Yes.
Karen: You're not typing as you're doing this, are you?
Michael: I am not.
Karen: Can someone ...
Michael: Why?
Karen: Can someone who is typing please put their phone on mute so that we can improve the quality of our presentation and our recording? Thank you.
Michael: Oh, yeah. No, I'm definitely not typing. I'm having trouble doing one thing at a time, let alone two.
There you go. I want to point out here, Denmark, coming over here, it shows a little bit more. The situation in Denmark has to do with isostatic rebound from when it was glaciated, so some of Denmark is exposed and tilted up, and the southern part of Denmark is tilted down, and therefore that's why there's so many more submerged prehistoric sites and stuff down there. The Danish model is real famous. This guy, Jonathan Benjamin, who's probably the new guru of submerged prehistoric, he's in Flinders in Australia, now, wrote a great article that people commented on called the Danish Model, having to do with the Danish model, which basically is to say, they look for submerged paleo-landscape settings where they know fisherman were taking plaice in terrestrially, and what they know in more recent times, and as they traced that out they realized that they could find sites, again, in these same situations. There's Fischer and Petersen are all these famous people. Boy, I'd like to meet some of those guys one of these days.
Again, it's real early work that shows both the excavations of submerged prehistoric sites with stratigraphy, as you can see right here. These divers, this drawing is a good one. It shows they're using hydraulic dredges that are run off this pontoon vessel here. They had a big engine that ran the water pumps that excavated stuff then into the screens. They were basically excavating as one ... The screen was a quarter inch screen, or whatever size screen that you want. It's just taking place underwater with the divers. The canoe, seven thousand year old canoe, dugout canoe, decorated paddles. It's just phenomenal stuff. A lot of fishing gear preserved, and a lot of evidence for fish weir features, which are these big fences that were built with catch basins at the apex, where you could catch the fish. Also, as you can see here in the lower right, skeletal remains have been found there, as well. That's some of the most abundant and well-known submerged prehistoric sites, although there's other places that are building of a similar kind of quality, that's certainly a good one.
The drawings to the left, and particularly the black and white ones, show that Tybrind Vig was once terrestrial, and as the sea level came up it was eroded down. I want to point this out: this is a really important concept, that while there's a stratigraphic integrity to the site, it's already been reworked by the sea level coming up, and that's going to be true for virtually every site that we know of. Submerged prehistoric sites around the world, they've all been reworked because sea level rise changes things as it comes up. It affects the site. This brings up a notion in the long run of, what's a significant site, because even if it's reworked, these sites are surely significant in terms of their contribution to our understanding of the past. This is an unresolved issue here in culture resource management to some extent, because we haven't found a lot of sites yet.
I can go on and on and on, particularly about Doggerland. The right, then, is this area. So that's England and Scotland and them, in between, Doggerland, in between Norway and England, is called Doggerland. It was totally exposed. They found lots of Pleistocene animal finds there. They found abundant numbers of artifacts. Not sure ... There are not many but a few concentrations that would be called sites that they found, and they've reconstructed the paleo-landscape just tremendously. If anybody's interested in any of those, there's a lot of reports, there's a lot of publications out. Please get to me afterward and I can sure turn you on to it, those situations.
Here, now let's move over to North America and South America, actually. There's an example there, too, but I don't have a slide on that. I want to bring up, in particular, the Canadians. Here, Daryl Fedje, if anybody knows Fedje's name, he's been around since the mid-80s looking for sites. They've reconstructed there, you can see Hecate Strait, there, the blue rainbow colors and the reconstruction there of what's called a multi-beam reconstruction. You can see underneath the water, that there is extensive paleo-landscape setting. You can see the former river channels. You can get an idea of where things might have been when it was a terrestrial situation. Here, again, we're in a situation where there's isostatic rebound because it was covered by glaciers. By the same token, this was this corridor that people from Beringia should be coming in to populate the New World whenever they came in to do it. This is an important set of research.
I might add, they found artifacts and one single artifact was in a big dredge bucket at fifty-three meters, that there's a lot of evidence of what would be twelve thousand calibrated age materials along this stretch, but not the fourteen thousand that we need for pre-Clovis that we found in other places, certainly down in Baja. But they're looking and they're doing some of the best research.
I might add, Montague Harbor was done in the mid-80s and it's a Middle Archaic - Middle Holocene age site that had really good research done early on, technical, where they used the sub-bottom profiler, remote-sensing seismic gear, as well as hydraulic dredges and such to do excavations. Montague Harbor's a good example. I think there's a new publication coming out of Montague Harbor here pretty soon. I know there was a presentation at the ... There was a session at the last SAAs. There was a presentation on that there.
Here now we're coming down the west coast to the Catalina Islands, which are known as Santa Rosae. Down on the lower right, you can see with lowered sea levels there would be a much larger island. John Erlandsen has done research there and Amy Gusick. Erlandsen and Gusick are currently working on a ... That's not a NOAA project. I just realized I've labeled that as a NOAA project. I believe that's BOEM, B-O-EM, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, money that they're working on. There's some research going on, both for shipwreck and paleo-landscape settings that BOEM's doing out there, and that's an ongoing project right now. I'm actually going to go visit. Amy Gusick is a friend and colleague. In fact, she pulled together research down in Baja with Loren Davis out of the University of Oregon, and I got to go on that op, as well.
I'm going to show you ... I think I've got ... Yeah, I've got the layout. This is a Google Earth image. Not only here, you can't see wyemounts until I press this little red dot. You can see up here where we think there might have been an archaeological site that we found on Isla Bahia I think it's called, and also over on Espiritu Santu. If you were to study these in Google Earth, you'd see there's submerged weird features, all along the west coast here, in different coves and inlets inside here. The site we found was probably at sixty feet off this Isla Ballena is what it's called. Let me go to another slide here.
Gusick’s strategy was one that I'm going to refer to here a couple or three times, as we go down. The first thing you want to know is who's around, that’s there that we know terrestrially in the area, who's around? Then we want to know ... So we know what kind of artifacts there are and what kind of time periods. If people didn't show up in a certain area until the sea levels were up to today's levels, then we're not going to find a bunch of sites. They need to be around the area. But the same thing with sea level rise is to understand what to do with the extent and the full depth of lowering and raising is. In a lot of different places in the world, as I mentioned already, the isostatic rebound issues ... Sea levels are related both to the melting of the ice, which is the static sea level, and local, isostatic or tectonic variables. This seacoast seems to be pretty stable right there by the San Andreas Fault, so don't get me started about that. I have issues about dating. In fact, I'll bring that up.
Then reconstruct the paleo drainage system, and this usually with remote sensing gear, sub-bottom profilers, seismic sonar and that kind of stuff, so you have an idea what's underneath the ocean to get to the landscape. Then up in the upper right there, you can see the terrestrial landscape is pretty much shallow to exposed in this situation, which is useful. In other areas, particularly along the Atlantic coast, the previous landscape features can be really either buried or even horribly eroded, as is the case up by New Jersey, certainly. The Hudson, the paleo-Hudson's kind of a big problem.
She went modeling for sites, and we may have found a site there. That's one of the things that I find absolutely fascinating. This is at sixty feet depth. We hand fanned around and found a diverse pile of shell, rock of different sorts, including possible chip-stone and rounded cobbles that didn't belong there. The sixty foot depth didn't go with the one thousand year age we go back from the shell and that's still a real problem. That's why I say you don't have control on sea level here, so it's my take on that whole situation. But it was sure fun working there, though. I'll tell you. We took lots of samples, as you can see on the lower right. We worked on the boat. Back and forth every day. We'd go through all the sediments looking for artifacts, and point counting. I'll get into that, again, of how we identify sites through the sedimentary pictures.
Let's jump over now to the east coast, Chesapeake Bay, and the offshore. This is a very recent ... First off, Chesapeake Bay is known for clammers’ encountering Middle and ... Not early; Middle and Late Archaic materials in the Chesapeake Bay with what the clammers do , possibly indicated burials being compounded by, acted upon by those vessels and stuff. In the upper right, you can see the map. It's an old map I have that Dennis Blanton did, pulling stuff together about known similar sites in Virginia. You can see they have several. I think there's ten to twelve known submerged prehistoric sites in the Chesapeake.
Darren Lowery is an influential researcher in Maryland in that area there, and he identified this point, this Cinmar point here that you can see to the right, from a museum exhibit that had come from a clammer that had been worked out on the continental shelf. You can see on the lower left, pretty far out to the shelf break, that would be at the farthest full glacial extent. The point is known to be rhyolite. It comes from a source in Pennsylvania, if I'm not mistaken. Certainly in North America. The mastodon that was found ... It was dredged up with a mastodon, as well, came in with ... I believe the radio-carbon is twenty-one thousand. That puts it about twenty-three. The radio-carbon dates might be nineteen and the calibrated age is twenty-one, or something like that, but it's definitely old. It's definitely consistent with the glacial maximum extent. Actually, I'm in planning right now with Darren to pull together an op to go out there and try and do a remote sensing and try to see if we can reconstruct specifically where that point came from.
Quickly, I'll add that that point is of such a shape that it is reminiscent of the Spanish or French Solutrean that had been proposed as the progenitors of Clovis culture here in the United States. While there's critique of that hypothesis, it has merit on many levels, and this point is certainly consistent with that hypothesis, although the material certainly would have been more convincing if it had been made on French chert, but ... There you go.
Let's jump down to karsts. Let's go to karst, because karst is familiar in submerged prehistoric findings. Karsts, sinkholes, cenotes. At Chichen Itza, there are a couple of images over there on the left of Chichen Itza. Again, Thompson dived in there during the turn of the century and there's been work subsequent to that. But here in the caves in Yucatan, cave divers have been finding some really important remains, including this woman. It's a woman's remain in Hoya Negro, and they've got DNA off her now and there's not a direct radiocarbon date. Their argument postulates that she's fourteen thousand years old, or the equivalent. That remains to be seen for sure with dating remains, but it sure is old. There's no doubt about that.
There's a lot of photographs. If you want to go online, you'll see quite a bit of just exquisite photographs that they've taken from this situation. Presentations in the Society for Historical Archaeology meetings this year show that a lot of photogrammetric work that they're doing in order to record the site, so it's a real cutting edge find. Also unexpected in the sense ... I mean, Yucatan's not usually known for such old remains, although people have been interested for a long time. Pilar Luna is involved in that, at INH, Dominique Rissolo, and Chatters. Chatters is the guy who was involved in the Kennewick findings, as well.
Beeker, Charlie Beeker out of Indiana, has been working in ... I don't know if he still is, at this Dominican Republic sinkhole. But just pointing out that these features definitely are places where materials have been thrown in, possibly for ceremonial reasons. That's certainly true here, and the diving has been productive in terms of producing information. That would be later prehistoric, Ciboney-type materials that are in there.
Now we're getting into Florida, my home ground. Sonny Cockrell passed away just this last year, the guy up in the upper left holding the remains from Warm Mineral Spring. Don't get confused. There's two places: Warm Mineral Spring and Little Salt Spring. They're not even hardly a mile apart. They're both similar features. As this image in the middle there from Science shows you ... That particular image is the reconstruction of the Little Salt Spring, but Warm Mineral has the same kind of a ledge feature, and Warm Mineral is the one where the human skeletal remains have come from that ledge feature. At Little Salt, there's possibly remains on that ledge but nobody knows.
John Gifford's done considerable work on the basin there of that, doing some underwater archaeology, and the lower right images show some of his painstaking work to do photogrammetrical work, GIS mapping locally. Hopefully he's working on publications on that stuff right now. The map in the upper right up there shows you where Little Salt and Warm Mineral are further south, and you can note that they're well out of the range. Those black dots, even though this is kind of an old map, show the distributions of Paleo-Indian finds in Florida, and you can see they are definitely associated with karsts. An exposed or shallow buried karsts are what those blue colors are. It's interesting. There's not a lot of artifacts that are associated with the Warm Mineral Springs remains. It's a fascinating issue.
Let's see. Karen, that's not going to go, is it? That's not going to have the animation, is it? Oh, I didn't think of that.
Karen: It's going.
Michael: Is it going?
Karen: Yes.
Michael: It's animating? I don't see it animating on mine. Does it look like the sea levels are coming up?
Karen: Sea levels are coming up.
Michael: Weird! Why not on mine?
Karen: I don't know. It's doing it, though.
Michael: That's good news. You all can see that, from the full glacial extent out there, the sea levels have come in quite dramatically. My own work is up in the big bend up there. I don't know what else to say. I know the NOAA money for exploration has supported Adovasio and Hemmings for several years. I think they may have another op still yet to go out there. They started at the full glacial extent and had been looking for sites, and they've been working their way shallow ever since, and more and more shallow, because they haven't found the sites at the full glacial. They're sort of coming in to the more shoal water, and I reiterate that it gets easier the more shoal the water and the less the sediment they cover, the easier it gets.
Karen: Mm-hmm (affirmative).
Michael: One more thing ... Is it still going, Karen? Because mine certainly isn't.
Karen: It seems to have gotten stuck. It gets stuck at about one K and then it starts over. We'll see how far it gets this time.
Michael: If we get lucky, in the upper right where I have the black arrow in the upper right, there ... It used to be that I was very aware of that area because it had many apparent inlets, as if the coastline had been variegated or a rugged coastline, and I realize now ... That would be very useful for finding estuarine environments where people would have been accessing resources, so that would be an excellent place to go look for a submerged pre historic site. But as it turns out, I think those features, now I'm realizing more and more, since I know more of the area, are sand waves that are covering the previous topography so we don't really see that.
All right. Let's move on.
Karen: Okay.
Michael: If you went ... Let's see. Let me move ... No, it's not good here ... Let me move backwards just a little bit ... if we were right up here ... There's the red dot. Right up here is the Aucilla River, okay? Right up here. My work that we're going to get to is the Paleo-Aucilla, and there's a Paleo-Suwannee and there's a Paleo-Apalachicola, and so on and so forth, that are known on the off-shore.
In the place where I first learned to do this work, and the place where river divers had been for many years and the place where it is absolutely, it is unequivocal that there's pre-Clovis there now, with Texas A&M's excavations with Jesse Halligan in the lower right, there, and Mike Waters, who's in the blue shirt in the chair up there in the upper left. Waters is with the Center for the Study of the First Americans, and he's been throwing a bunch of money at these labs. I started up there in 1986. There's just an exquisite varied surface there with artifacts, wood stakes, wood chips, adzes, projectile points, deer remains clearly worked and stuff, on a surface that dates at right around twelve thousand years ago, calibrated. It's really important. It's a Bolen - age site. The diagnostics to the lower left, there, out of Page Ladson are Paleo-Indian into Early Archaic. Part of the demonstration in Florida, probably of anywhere else that I know of, of clear continuity from Clovis progenitors through to the Early Archaic, to about eighty-five hundred or nine thousand years ago.
The big sinkhole, by the way, and it had a depositional sequence of ... It's about four meters thick and it starts out about eighteen thousand radio-carbons, so it'll be about twenty-two thousand calibrated years ago, and then it has this bed of mastodon dung that we used to call the straw mat. It's now called unit three, and that has dates of all around fourteen thousand five, fourteen thousand six, right in that zone, and clear artifacts that are in the middle, well interchanged into that sediment bed, so it's real good evidence. Fascinating. I didn't agree with it for a long time, but I sure as heck do now! Basically, because there's been more evidence accrued and confirming evidence. All right. Where are we going? We're doing okay on time?
Karen: Yeah. You're fine.
Michael: All right. We're getting down there, though.
Karen: You're great.
Michael: All right. Here, just as a summary of the work I've done on the off-shore, again, here's the Paleo-Aucilla, up in this center map. The Aucilla's labeled there, so you can see the dots of places where we've done ... Gray dots are survey and black dots where there's known artifacts found. Paleo-channels that I've reconstructed with sub–bottom profiling. I went to this off shore area specifically because there was such a big patch of paleo-Clear area. It was clear they were in the area, so that was a good place to go look. Second reason was because there was karst, and so there was very little sediment yield in the river, so sites are ripe, exposed or shallow buried. The third is that the ocean is relatively mild, if an ocean could be said to be that, up in the Gulf of Mexico up here, because it's a very low-energy coastline. A lot of estaurine stuff, so, again, the preservation of the sites would be predicted to be more and, indeed, we found quite a few sites. What, thirty-six encounters?
Pretty good sites: J and J Hunt, Ontolo and then the sites in the Eccafina Channel all have pretty substantial numbers of artifacts that were found. The Eccafina Channel's a Middle Archaic site, the J and J Hunt is Paleo-Indians and Early Archaic as well as Middle Archaic, and that may be true with Ontolo as well. I'll talk about that some more. I'm hoping you guys can see where these are. Here's J and J Hunt, it's like right in here in the Paleo-Aucilla, and Ontolo is right over in here as well, okay? These are all sites that we found. I had good funding. I was teaching at Florida State. First I did my dissertation out of the University of Arizona and I got some good funding to do that, and then I got hired at Florida State University, and for several years, about six years, I got State of Florida special category funding to go out on the offshore with boats and remote sensing gear and coring and students. It was just a splendid experience all the way around. We got a lot of work done. That summary map just before this slide is an example of that.
Let me point just a couple of things. One is I'm using the side-scan sonar in the upper right, I mean upper left up there, so techniques you would be familiar with for shipwrecks. Although, in the lower left, down there in the bottom down there, you can see the sub-bottom profiler is also important. The Paleo-Aucilla ... As we know, the Aucilla on land is a series of sinkholes that are together, that are in linear sets together. It makes it useful to study where to go. It's the margins, the flat margins by those paleo channels that we're interested in, which stay out there for a couple of days. The coring here on the far right, I just want to point out, has a terrestrial fresh water to brackish water to marine sequence, and that's exactly what we're looking for, is to try and reconstruct that kind of stuff.
Here, just to show the diagnostics of these different sites. We're really fortunate. I mean, there's just a good five to six thousand artifacts that have come out of this area that have had some analysis but could stand some more. A fluted point there, was found ... A portion of a fluted point, a Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic diagnostics, and then Middle Archaic, as well. The notion is, by the way, that the Paleo-Indian folk are at the upland areas in this, when the sea levels are probably about seventy or eighty kilometers offshore, you know, out away from where they were at the Paleo-Aucilla, but that when the Middle Archaic people were there, they were at the coast line and this is also evidenced by not only the diagnostics but by shell, shell midden material.
Just quickly I want to say that I think that's one of the more interesting and possibly important issues to chase after in Florida because the Middle Archaic sites are more frequent. They're in the near shore where you can get at them more, and they may show us that folk who were assessing marine resources sooner than we thought, or not, which another thing to investigate when you're doing that. The Army Corps of Engineers have a lot to do with that, because that's where a lot of things happens in cultural resource management situations, which is kind of the next ...
Quick, let me go over quickly, and just to say is that ... Working in the offshore and certainly in underwater situations extensive, a lot of work goes on in the industry that the industry uses the same devices that the archaeologists use, in terms of remote sensing and coring, and the dredges are what we would want to use if we had the ability to excavate as one might want to on land, with a backhoe or with some other large piece of machinery. That's where I've often seen that cultural resource management is a good place for research to get done. I've published a little article with Nick Flemming on it in Sea Tech Magazine, and I've got some examples that I'll show you where we were successful in doing a cultural resource management project.
I want to reiterate this contribution by Coastal Environments. Particularly in 1982, they did studies of coring at known sites so that they could get models and data of sites about what sites looked like in cores and stuff. That is the way to start out in assessing sediments more specifically. I'll show you an example of that on down, but that's the way to go. That document, 1982, still a classic. This is a little complex slide. I apologize for it, but I wanted to point out here ...
In Tampa Bay, if you go ... If you look at the ... Let's see if I got this quick. Here, you can see the red dot. Here, this is the Gill right here, okay? Right in here, in Tampa Bay. There used to be a lake, Lake Edgar, right here, a freshwater lake, right up until maybe, I don't know, probably about seven or eight thousand years ago, there was a lake. There's a lot of chert resources right in here. That's what this ... This is a blowup, an expansion of an old map that shows in the purple colors where made land was. In other words, Tampa Bay's been made less large because of the growth of landscape out there. But by that study, then, I was able to identify a paleo-channel setting and those little red dots, that little red dot project you can see down there was, we pointed out, was real potential ... Right in here ... Was real potential for sites, and therefore the state let us experiment with monitoring the dredge flow rather than doing any other work, and let the dredge be Phase Two, in that sense. We found a Middle Archaic site, as expected, and were able to reconstruct where that came from, although that was a pretty crude experience, we learned a lot and it can still be done again in other situations.
Here ... Question? Nope. Here in the Saint John's River, reconstructed because the Saint John's river has changed so dramatically since the time I used the 19th century maps and sub-bottom profiler data to try and get an understanding of the paleo-landscape that could have been around, underneath the water there. I want to go back to that quickly. I want to point out in this that this is the way the Saint John's River ... It flows north and then it takes a hard right turn and goes to the ocean, eastward. It has this sort of meandering way about it, and it has had several different iterations that have never been reconstructed by the geologists and stuff. It's just an incredibly ripe place for doing research, paleo-environmental research.
Here, just quickly, I made a model that we might be ... There was a positive relief feature on the sub-bottom profiler, and we ended up with shell and bone material that indicated an archaeological site. No artifacts, but the diversity of materials indicated a possible site. Here, a second situation, probably the best one I've had in my entire career, where to the left here in the upper image you can see ... Get this thing going here ... In the upper image you can see a paleo-channel feature here, you can see the margin from the paleo-channel feature. This was about thirty feet deep. It's over here in the turn, in the old way that the river used to go. Here is a reconstruction of the topography, and I dived on this spot with an airlift, here. Setup with an airlift that was able to lift the material all the way to the top where we screened the material. When we processed all of that, we got artifacts, in that far right image. By doing point counts and going through the sediments, there was bone and shell and artifacts and flakes and stuff. The radio-carbon came back with six thousand ten, plus or minus forty, about seven thousand years ago, and that was right on with what the model said it should have been, where sea level said it should have been about that time. You know, I say that's one of my favorite experiences in culture resource management.
The moral of the lesson ... I have two more slides. I think we're just down to two. Predictive models, constrained by how much there's been work done so you can figure out what the geology is or what sea level is in any particular place. Situations are different all along the coastline. North America, it depends. I never even brought up South America. There's plenty of opportunities there, as well. Remote sensing technologies are getting better and better. Really high resolution. Good control with GIS. We would never have been able to do this work without the GIS control on where we are. ROVs and AUVs are coming in, and that'll be a good thing, especially in working deeper situations. I'm more ... Of course, I'm getting older so I don't get to dive as much necessarily, but ... We get to use ROVs and AUVs down there, doing the work.
The models right now: all of my models about where a site might be located in a submerged setting are qualitative. I know the local prehistory; I know the local sea level rise. I know kind of what it looks like on the offshore, and I just say, "Here, it ought to be right here." But there could be more disciplined and mathematical models that could be made. In fact, that's what they've done in Doggerland. I think there's been a lot more of that, and I think there's going to be more of that with Loren Davis' work in Oregon
Yeah. You got to sample more sediment. In any culture resource management situation, I think if it was prehistoric on land, you might have two hundred shovel tests. I might get one or two dredge or core samples, so it's a real different situation.
There's nowhere to go for school. There was a program at Florida State University that had a balanced shipwreck and prehistoric program. It's a geological problem, so any geo-arc school could be good for it. Flinders, Jonathan Benjamin's gone there, is good, and Southampton deals with it some. They'd be good for cultural resource management, to have more and more kids coming out of there that know what they're doing, looking for sites. I'm done. Thank you for your attention, if anybody's still there.
Karen: Oh, yes. We're here. Wow. Wow! That was a lot of information there.
Michael: Yeah, I'm sorry if it was a little too much. I apologize.
Karen: No, it was great. Do we have any questions or comments? All right. I have a question.
Michael: They're all worn out.
Karen: Michael, do you have ... You've said a couple of times in the presentation that the effects of sea level rise is to ... One of the effects is to rework those site. I wondered if you would talk about that. Does that mean that underwater archaeologists don't have stratigraphy to work with?
Michael: No, it's still a stratigraphy, it's just it's been reworked in that sense, and that's kind of what is a problem right now, kind of a criterion D problem. Since there aren't known sites, we don't know how they form. There can be research about studying sites as they're eroding into the margins today, because that's certainly happening, but ... I've heard of two sites. There's one in the Isle of Wright by Garry Momber that has a lot of preservation. It's still in a reworked setting, though. There's probably situations that are more preserved that are deeper in the sediment packages that, again, might be difficult to get at. Some of the surfaces where there might be artifacts on the offshore in the Atlantic, for instance, could be buried under ten meters of sand or more. That's a massive problem, to get to where there might better preservation. Pre-inundation deposition and then sediment cover on that, and when the sea level comes up you're okay. But in general the sites are reworked and mixed. Like the plow zone in that sense.
Karen: Yeah.
Michael: Like t. I use the criterion D, because there's so few sites that, from my way of thinking, they're all significant right now until we understand better about where they are and how they are, how valuable they are or not.
Karen: Yeah, sure. Huh.
Michael: There can be just exquisite preservation, too, in an anaerobic situations. Again, that's what fine-grained soils tend to, and low slope situations tend to preserve the sites better, so it's a mixed ... It can be a mixed potential.
Karen: The sites that you showed us from the Santa Catalina Islands on the west coast, they looked like they were right on the surface of the ocean, on the bottom, and you were saying that you could hand fan and ...
Michael: Oh. I know, you're talking Mexico. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Go ahead, please. I'm sorry. I was thinking ... They're not in the Catalina Islands. That's down in Baja. The tip of Baja.
Karen: Okay. Okay. Sorry.
Michael: Yeah. No worries.
Karen: It looks like it depends on how quickly the sea level is rising, whether or not the-
Michael: Indeed. It's a function of not only how fast it's rising, but what the slope is and what the configuration of the coastline is.
Karen: Yes.
Michael: Yeah, there's a lot of variables there.
Karen: Yeah.
Michael: There's caves. There's real potential for caves, for instance, in the northwest cost. There would be better preservation. I think Jim Dixon wants to get into those, and Kelly Monteleone. They've been working trying to get toward that. I think they really got busy for a while, though. Sustained research is what's really needed, and that's where the Canadians have really benefited, because they go up there all the time. Year after year after year, they keep working on it.
Karen: It looks like there might be sustained research through BOEM, too. Maybe Federal agencies are going to step up and do something a little bit more long-term-
Michael: Yeah, and you know what? I'm sorry I forgot to mention that South Carolina has a BOEM project. The paper that we're working on right now, the Coastal Carolina group is doing that, and they may be finding locations. One of the problems is that, I didn't really mention this, but most of the models are built saying, "Oh, here's where a site is," but then we avoid it. That's the most useful tactic. We don't know whether we're right or wrong.
Karen: Yeah.
Michael: We know that some of it's wrong ... There isn't a lot of modeling, necessarily. Sometimes they pump artifacts up on the beaches, you know? There's quite a few examples of that, so it's clear we're impacting sites. Sandy Hook comes to mind, with the Corseone collection, was a big bunch of artifacts that they pumped up on the beach and there's just been one recently in Bali beach, in South Carolina where they pumped up a real diagnostic Early Archaic
Karen: Huh.
Michael: About twelve thousand year old range. Twelve, maybe ten. Somewhere in there.
Karen: You had mentioned that you didn't think that there were good underwater archaeology programs-
Michael: For prehistoric. Don't misunderstand. I'm sorry. There's real good for shipwreck – my apology .
Karen: Okay.
Michael: Yeah, no. Historic, there's ... ECU's exquisite. Texas A&M Nautical, of course everybody knows about. What else? Is there another one? These are the two main.
Karen: Those are the two I was thinking of. I wanted to ask-
Michael: Yeah, absolutely. Charlie Beeker has people through, his people, that are really good at it and so... By the way, just another point, if you look at the Secretary of the Interior's qualifications for archaeologists, they distinguish specifically between historic and prehistoric archaeologists. In this case, I think it's really important because finding and analyzing shipwrecks is a lifetime job and has its own techniques and methodologies, and then there are some are similar in terms of sampling and excavation and some remote sensing, but in general the prehistoric is dramatically different, and really they're going after a whole different sediment package. In many respects ... I'm trying to think how to put it politically, like, there should be two separate consultants.
Karen: For an underwater project?
Michael: Right, unless a consultant like Charlie Pierson or myself or others are well versed in both genres, in general, you should really have two different people-
Karen: Yeah-
Michael: Doing the analyses. Prehistoric, in particular, demands quite a bit of knowledge of culture groups, diagnostics, marine processes, remote sensing and all that kind of stuff. It certainly is fun, though. I hope I've implied that it's an interesting subject, for sure.
Karen: Thank you For doing that!
Michael: It certainly kept me going for a while.
Karen: I have to ask you. I have to ask your opinion. I have to ask the fifty thousand dollar question.
Michael: Sure.
Karen: These very early pre-Clovis sites that are both on the coast of Florida or in Florida, in freshwater environments, and the submerged sites off of the coast of Virginia, Maryland and Delaware.
Michael: Yeah, yeah.
Karen: That have produced these really early pre-Clovis points, so where does it come from? How did they get here? What do you think? What's your thought?
Michael: I think that Clovis is a separate issue. I think Clovis is definitely a separate issue, and the people who are in it with us, it's a whole bunch of artifacts indicating a whole bunch of people at a pretty precise moment time that looks pretty abrupt. I could get into that argument.
I actually am working on a paper about that back and forth thing, about that abruptness. The similarities of Clovis with Solutrean are true, and the notion that they're just accidental is like, "Yeah? Show me some more like that!" Because there aren't any, really, and that includes the overshot flake. The criticisms are in the missing ... There's supposedly five thousand missing years between Solutrean and when we first see Clovis. Okay. I agree with that. That's true. But on the other hand, there's supposed to be sixteen to fifteen thousand years of missing time for the genetic still stand that's supposed to be in Beringia. We don't see that either. I don't understand. That doesn't necessarily kill the idea.
There's a real recent publication in American Antiquity by, I forget who wrote it, but people out of Missouri and stuff. O'Brien, I believe, is certainly an author on it. They show that the diversity of fluted points is mostly in the east-
Karen: Yeah-
Michael: In the middle eastern portions. Now to give that biologic, the density and diversity would be the homeland, and that's where Chesapeake is where you would end up, if you were coming from Spain in the full glacial times, that's where you would end up. There's still merit in the genetics; mixed haplo-groups have some consistency with what's going on. You know, the people that protect Beringia as the sole source of people, I never have bought that model, and I'm working on a paper ... I always am working on something that's trying to shoot that full of holes, because it looks to me like people are already here. When we see people coming in from Beringia and Northeast Asia, which we do, everybody's already here. There's a bunch of people who are already here. When I say "a bunch of people," there's some sites that are pre-Clovis throughout the continent, so they're spread pretty far and wide. I don't know. Did I say I don't know? I don't know. But I like it. I want to know.
Karen: If they came from Spain, they would have colonized the eastern shore-
Michael: First. Yeah, and that's where you could explain the missing five thousand years-
Karen: In North America.
Michael: Yeah.
Karen: Did they make their way around the top?
Michael: Around ...?
Karen: Like, was one foot on the ice sheet the whole way, or did they come straight across?
Michael: Oh! Now I really don't know. Now, I know that Stanford-Bradley model have it that that's what they're doing, that they're coasting along. They may have even been riding, basically, the glaciers. I think there's data that the directions aren’t going the right way. Nelson Decks (?) has worked on some of this stuff and I need to review it. It's been a while since I've looked at this stuff. Yeah. Look, I want to try and bring people straight in from Southeast Asia straight across into South America first, and you want ... That's a harder one. That's a big border.
Karen: Why do you want to do that? There's-
Michael: Because that's where the gene pool could be developing, because there isn't any archaeological evidence for the stand still ... There has to be this big long period of isolation of the gene pool in the New World from the gene pool it came from, which is kind of unknown where that was, specifically. Southeast Asia's the biggest area of submerged continental shelf there is, so ...
But now we get a problem, because that would be fourteen K, would be the sea level rise, would force people out, and then they would be in diaspora and they might come into the New World, you know. I know across the ocean's a problem. I get it. It's not that easy and there'd have to be quite a few people. It has to be like a thousand people or better, a breeding population in order to survive! That's a lot of people. It's a conundrum. Anyway. Also, that would not explain how early the Clovis is supposed to be coming in. I suppose it's about the same. Sixteen K is what Solutrean needs to be. Anyway. I've been studying it for a long time and it's just a fascinating story. It's certainly changed. I mean, ten years ago we'd be talking about nothing but Clovis, but now we know there's a lot of other groups around at the same time as Clovis.
Karen: Yeah. That is probably one of the biggest changes in the past decade of research.
Michael: That's what I wrote my dissertation on in 1996. I was trying to demonstrate that.
Karen: Wow.
Michael: Yeah.
Karen: Oh, that people came from Southeast Asia?
Michael: No, I didn't get that until just recently since I've been drinking more. That was a joke. No, I didn't ever know. I was never convinced, but more and more there's so many similarities, and the genetics that are ... I can demonstrate it with a genetic thing. Stay tuned! I'm going to present it at the SAAs in April in Orlando, and so maybe I'll have the story a little better by then.
Karen: Do any of my Park Service colleagues have any thoughts on this, any opinions?
Michael: I think somebody should be disagreeing. The whole boat thing from South East Asia? Come on! You know who likes it, Karen? The nautical people, the shipwreck people. They buy it in a heartbeat.
Karen: Okay. Yeah. You and I can talk about that another time.
Michael: Right. No, I'm all done.
Seth: Hey, Mike. Just really quick. This is Seth at Isle Royale
Michael: Okay.
Seth: I just had a question about ... Maybe I'm not directly addressing what you guys were talking about most immediately, but I thought that that point that was found at the Cinmar site.
Michael: Cinmar. Yeah, yeah, yeah.
Seth: Excuse me.
Michael: No worries.
Seth: You know, the crabber site. Has that been substantiated in any sort of way beyond just the find?
Michael: Substantiated in ...?
Seth: Verified. I mean, I know it was ... What he tried to ...
Michael: No, no.
Seth: Okay, to find the site……
Michael: It was found in 1971, if I'm not mistaken, or somewhere around that time.
Seth: Yeah.
Michael: I think they were probably on LORAN, probably LORAN C at the time.
Karen: Yeah.
Michael: That's the kind of navigational quality there would be. The guy didn't ... It was not considered valuable. You know the one that had the elephant carving and stuff from Florida? I don't know if you know. There was this finding of a carved antler or some bone thing, and the guy was wanting to sell it and stuff. To me, that immediately makes it suspect. But this guy just found it on the offshore and said, "Hey, I found this out there. Here, put it in the museum."
Seth: Yeah
Michael: I consider this story to be legitimate in that regard. Other clammers, by the way ... Lowery's worked on this but I don't think he's published anything or told any of these stories, but the clammers don't like to talk about what they find out there, the people that are dredging this stuff out there, because they figure they're going to get stopped. We're not clear ... That was one of the benefits of the Doggerland research, was that there was a lot of sharing and stuff and they were really looking for stuff. God only knows how much people are finding out there.
Karen: Seth?
Michael: I don't know that part-
Karen: Denny-
Michael: I believe it, by the way. I don't have any reason to doubt it. Whether the point is associated with the mastodon is the question. That's more equivocal. Are you with me, that just because they came up together doesn't mean they were together in time?
Seth: Oh. Yeah, it's just struck me as such an outlier from what you guys have done already. We had been right on that beach edge.
Michael: Yeah.
Seth: of your….
Michael: I want to go. I'm hoping ... I'm really pleased. He asked me to put together a budget to see if we could figure out how to get out there. I guess he's got a boat now. I'm trying to pull together some budget ... I'll be working on it this next week.
Seth: Yeah?
Michael: I'd like to go out there and see some more of it.
Seth: Have you been following any of that work going on in Huron Lake?
Michael: Yeah. Yeah. Oh, I should have mentioned it. Of course. Okay.
Seth: Yeah.
Michael: No, it's ...
Seth: Lakes pride speaking here, that's all.
Michael: What's that?
Seth: Great Lakes pride speaking, that's all.
Michael: No, I'm so sorry. I didn't know. I'm embarrassed, actually. He's a good friend and colleague and we're working together on, not a symposium, but like a forum together at the SAA this summer. Last year we put together, at the SAAs, a two-fold morning and afternoon session on nothing but submerged prehistoric. It was ...
Seth: Yeah.
Michael: There's a lot of stuff going on. It was pretty neat. I apologize.
Karen: Working on in Lake-
Seth: Oh, no. I'm just ... I'm glad to hear that you're aware of it, you know what I mean?
Michael: Oh, absolutely.
Seth: Yeah, yeah.
Michael: O’Shea’s, his students and stuff, actually, O’Shea... They're just doing great work. They've already published on it a bunch.
Seth: Yeah. I'm not sure. I've thought they had maybe a dry season last year, or things kind of went down and maybe they're going to ramp up again. I'm not sure.
Michael: I just have it on my notes to call him this next week, too, I’ve got to get going on the forms
Seth: Yeah.
Michael: Anyway. Thanks for asking about it, though. I appreciate it. We should have brought it up already.
Karen: Who is this that you're talking about, guys?
Seth: John O'Shea's work on ... There's an interesting ridge formation.
Karen: Yeah, I know about the project. I didn't know who was doing it.
Seth: Right. It's O'Shea, right, Mike?
Karen: O'Shea?
Michael: Yeah, yeah. O'Shea at Michigan.
Karen: Okay.
Seth: Yeah, and I ... I just haven't heard anything for like a year. It seems like they were making some inroads and they were ...
Michael: No, they were doing it all. I get excited just thinking about it. They were ... They pulled together some gear. They were doing excavation. They were getting data. It was like they were really moving ahead. It's like, "Great." It's great.
Seth: Yeah.
Michael: Anyway. No, I'm real enthused about all that.
Seth: Thanks!
Michael: Thank you for listening, and I appreciate your time.
Seth: Very interesting.
Karen: I just wanted to go back to the Cinmar point for a minute, Seth ... I just lost his name. Denny Stanford has written an article, and I think ... Has Bradley written about it, as well? There have been articles that have been written about the point.
Michael: I have copies, if anybody wants, can reach out. In fact, my email's there on that last slide, by the way, if somebody ... I thought it was. You can find me, if you do the mfaught.org. Go ahead.
Karen: Also, I thought that recently they had sourced the rhyolite
Michael: Yeah-
Karen: To Catoctin Mountain.
Michael: Yeah, yeah. No, that's better. Is that in Pennsylvania.
Karen: No.
Michael: Where is it?
Karen: In Maryland.
Michael: Okay, but I ...
Karen: Sorry.
Michael: Thank you for clearing us up on that. No, because it fits ... It was like it was an exact ... It couldn't have been more clear that that's where that came from.
Karen: Yeah.
Michael: Of course, it was just exquisite. Lowery's worked on the staining and other issues that are on that point and stuff ... It's not like that point ... The staining on the point came from out on the water, you know. I think the argument that could probably be the best one against it would be that it was dropped from the boat, because it's not unlike bi-points that are known up in Maine and that area where it might ... But still, I mean, are they that far out there? That's weird. Dropped from a boat when sea levels came up, is what I'm trying to intimate, that it came much later in time. Anyway. Just to go on ad nauseam, those bipoints are real important right now because people are using those as similarities to Solutrean and ... There’s been critique by (?) and some of his group, you know, the guys out of Missouri, have critiqued that. But nobody's critiqued that they're very apples and oranges. Every time I look at the graphics and stuff, it's like they're not really paying attention to the shapes. It's just that it's a biface and it's got double ends. It's like, "Okay, there it is." It's like, "No, there's more finesse in that shape than that." Anyway, I got about another year and then I'll be on what I call self-tenure, retirement, maybe like I’ll get into doing some landmark morphometrics and get into some statistics on the shapes.
Karen: It's certainly an interesting topic.
Michael: It sure is. Yeah, it sure is. I love it. I was lucky that two things just came together, looking for people and you might be able to look for them under the water. I was like, "Oh!"
Karen: Do we have any other questions or comments? Do you have any last remarks?
Michael: No, I do not. I appreciate everybody spending so much time. Really appreciate it.
Seth: Mike, thanks for your time.
Michael: Yeah, great. Oh, and if anybody needs any advice or pubs or any of that, I'm available at that website. Put my name in.
Karen: All right. You and I are going to have to have a talk about Southeast Asian navigation.
Michael: All right. I can't believe I actually brought that up! I've got to get out there and get slapped around on it so I can figure it out a little better. There you go.
Description
Michael Faught, 2/18/2016, ArcheoThursday (2)
Duration
1 hour, 8 minutes, 46 seconds
Credit
NPS
Date Created
02/18/2016
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