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Oral History Interview with Annette Warley Pt. 1
Transcript
Oloye Adeyemon: Brown versus Board Oral History Collection. Clarendon County, South Carolina. School Segregation/Desegregation Interviews. Interview Seven, Mrs. Annette Warley. Interviewed on July 13, 2001, in the home of Mrs. Warley, in Summerton, South Carolina. Interviewee, Mrs. Annette Warley. Interviewer Oloye Adeyemon from National Park Service. These interviews are made possible through the Brown versus Board Oral History Research Project, funded during the summer of 2001 by the National Park Service as part of the Brown versus Board of Education National Historic Site Oral History Project.
Mrs. Warley, what is your full name?
Annette Warley: Annette Wright Warley.
Oloye Adeyemon: Wright is your middle—is your maiden name.
Annette Warley: Maiden name.
Oloye Adeyemon: What were your parents’ names?
Annette Warley: Jefferson Nathaniel Wright, my father. Annie Farrison 01:43, my mother.
Oloye Adeyemon: Where were you born?
Annette Warley: Orangeburg, South Carolina.
Oloye Adeyemon: What year? What is the birth date?
Annette Warley: August 9, 1906.
Oloye Adeyemon: At what time, what point did you come to Clarendon County?
Annette Warley: I came to Clarendon County in 1925.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Had you been in Orangeburg all of your life up until that point?
Annette Warley: No. My mother and father travelled, when we were babies, from Orangeburg intending to go to Georgia to find employment. My father took a walk, and he was—he got a job with the railroad the same day. We never left Charleston.
Oloye Adeyemon: You went to Charleston from Orangeburg with the intention of going to Georgia?
Annette Warley: Yes. They—yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: But got a j—your father got a job [crosstalk 02:57]—
Annette Warley: Got a job—
Oloye Adeyemon: - in Charleston.
Annette Warley: - with the railroad.
Oloye Adeyemon: What did he do with the railroad?
Annette Warley: He—I don’t know what he did fir—oh. He kept the roundhouse until he got a promotion to brakeman.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. What year would he get the promotion to brakeman?
Annette Warley: To brakeman.
Oloye Adeyemon: How many years maybe?
Annette Warley: That would be 19—well, I think it was ’22 or ’23.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Was he the first brakeman, first black brakeman? Was that something that other blacks did as well?
Annette Warley: That I cannot answer.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. When he was going to Georgia, was he always lookin’ for railroad work?
Annette Warley: No. He just heard that, uh, they were looking for new employees.
Oloye Adeyemon: In Georgia?
Annette Warley: In Charleston.
Oloye Adeyemon: No. When he first left Orangeburg, going to Georgia.
Annette Warley: No. He left Orangeburg, stopping in Charleston on their way to Georgia, but never got there.
Oloye Adeyemon: Never got there.
Annette Warley: You see, my mother had a sister in Charleston.
Oloye Adeyemon: I see.
Annette Warley: He never got there because he got a job.
Oloye Adeyemon: When he left, heading for Georgia—
Annette Warley: Mm-hmm.
Oloye Adeyemon: - when he first—
Annette Warley: Yes. Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: - headed off to Georgia, was he expecting a job in Georgia? Was—there was a—
Annette Warley: Oh. Yes, he heard that were lots of work in Georgia.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. Was there a particular part of Georgia that he was thinkin’ of goin’ to?
Annette Warley: Yes. Um, not Atlanta, the other crossroads.
Oloye Adeyemon: Savannah.
Annette Warley: Savannah.
Oloye Adeyemon: What kind of work had he heard they were hiring for in Savannah?
Annette Warley: Uh, he—office work.
Oloye Adeyemon: Office work.
Annette Warley: Because my father came from—uh, my mother from State College. My father from Claflin University.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. So, your father was a college graduate.
Annette Warley: Yes. He was.
Oloye Adeyemon: And so, he was heading to Savannah—
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: - to do office work.
Annette Warley: Yes, indeed.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. So, both of your parents were college graduates.
Annette Warley: [Whispering 05:10]. Mother a teacher.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. She had been teaching in Orangeburg—
Annette Warley: Oh, she—
Oloye Adeyemon: - before they left.
Annette Warley: Ah. Oh, yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Not long. They left when we were babies.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. I understand. So, when he got this work in Charleston, you stayed there—
Annette Warley: Stayed there.
Oloye Adeyemon: - until you were almost 20.
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. We graduated—I graduated Avery Institute.
Oloye Adeyemon: In Charleston.
Annette Warley: In Charleston.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Maybe I should s—tell you this. Black teachers were not allowed to teach in Charleston City Schools.
Oloye Adeyemon: At all.
Annette Warley: At all. They had to teach over the Ashely, county schools, but not city schools. For that reason, my mother said, “If I can’t teach yours, you will not teach mine.”
Oloye Adeyemon: I see. So, the black children went to Charleston schools, but they didn’t have black teachers.
Annette Warley: They did not have black teachers, all white.
Oloye Adeyemon: And the black students went to all black schools.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Do you think the black students—
Annette Warley: Oh, not all black went to black schools, only those that could pay. I went to private school.
Oloye Adeyemon: You’re saying that blacks in Charleston did not have public education at that time?
Annette Warley: They had—oh, yes. Am I—get this straight. Public education.
Oloye Adeyemon: Blacks went to pu—
Oloye Adeyemon: Black teachers went—black children went to—were taught by white teachers.
Oloye Adeyemon: In the public schools.
Annette Warley: In the public school system.
Oloye Adeyemon: But black students didn’t go to school with white students. They had white teachers.
Annette Warley: Oh, no, no. They didn’t go to school with white teach—uh, students.
Oloye Adeyemon: White students. The black students at that time in Charleston did not receive the same education that the white students in Charleston did—
Annette Warley: Did not.
Oloye Adeyemon: - did they. No, they did not. What were some of the differences in the education that the black children received at that time in Charleston and education that white students received?
Annette Warley: I can hardly tell. I never went to—
Oloye Adeyemon: You didn’t go to—
Annette Warley: - public school—
Oloye Adeyemon: - the school. But the buildings—
Annette Warley: - a day in my life.
Oloye Adeyemon: Were the buildings that they went to school in different than the buildings that-that the black students went to, were the buildings themselves—school buildings different from the ones that the white children went to?
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. They were different. Didn’t have many now, but they were different then. They were, you know, they needed reworked.
Oloye Adeyemon: Now—
Annette Warley: The black children who—only when their parents could afford it that you—that went to private school.
Oloye Adeyemon: And the private school was in Ashely County, that your mother taught at.
Annette Warley: Yeah. Mm-hmm.
Oloye Adeyemon: That was a private school.
Annette Warley: Private school over the river.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Over the Ashley River.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: There are islands over there. There were islands.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: John’s Island, Jones Island, Ward-Malloy 08:25, and many others.
Oloye Adeyemon: Which was—so the school that your mother taught wa—taught at was on an island?
Annette Warley: On the island.
Oloye Adeyemon: Which island?
Annette Warley: Uh, John—I believe-I believe it was John’s Island.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. And that’s where you went to school.
Annette Warley: Oh, no.
Oloye Adeyemon: What school—
Annette Warley: I went to Academy in Charleston City.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. So, you went to a private—
Annette Warley: An Academy.
Oloye Adeyemon: - school in Charleston.
Annette Warley: Private school.
Oloye Adeyemon: And you—
Annette Warley: In the city.
Oloye Adeyemon: And because your mother was not able to teach in the Charleston Schools—
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: - you didn’t go to the school she taught at, but she made sure you went to a private, black academy.
Annette Warley: That’s it. Exactly. Exactly.
Oloye Adeyemon: What was the—was the education different in the black academy, private school from the black public school?
Annette Warley: More thorough, indeed.
Oloye Adeyemon: What were some of the differences?
Annette Warley: Uh, they weren’t taught anything about black achievements, nothing. And, um, they-they did not—the most thing you could hear them say is, “George Washington never told a lie.” And i-it seemed to be geared toward white supremacy. And, um, well, they just didn’t learn, uh, history as we did. That’s the main thing. They did not learn history as we did, ancient history, which is really Bible—
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: - ancient history.
Oloye Adeyemon: The—
Annette Warley: We were all qualified.
Oloye Adeyemon: When you came out of school.
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. Definitely.
Oloye Adeyemon: How would you compare the teaching qualifications of the black teachers in the academy with the qualifications of the white teachers, just in terms of teaching qualifications?
Annette Warley: In the academy, more thorough.
Oloye Adeyemon: The teachers, the black teachers were—
Annette Warley: Oh, the teachers—
Oloye Adeyemon: The black teachers in the black academies and the white teachers, their teaching training, how did it compare?
Annette Warley: Well, they weren’t as qualified a-as-as the black. The whites were not as qualified.
Oloye Adeyemon: What did their qualifications consist of, for the most part, the white teachers?
Annette Warley: Yeah. They could teach right outta high school.
Oloye Adeyemon: They could? What did the black academy require?
Annette Warley: Oh, college. College.
Oloye Adeyemon: The—
Annette Warley: Very strict.
Oloye Adeyemon: Very strict.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Did the—how did the black teachers feel about teaching black children?
Annette Warley: Black teachers—
Oloye Adeyemon: Feel about teaching black children?
Annette Warley: They were—uh, they felt great. They-they were glad that the whites were not there. They were glad to be able to teach their own and more thoroughly.
Oloye Adeyemon: They were very thorough.
Annette Warley: Yes, more thorough. They were glad to teach, uh, the black children.
Oloye Adeyemon: How did the white teachers feel about teaching black children, the ones that were in the public school in Charleston?
Annette Warley: Even now. They, um, they think they are equal to the blacks, but they are not.
Oloye Adeyemon: The teachers, you mean?
Annette Warley: Yes. Yes. And I think now, like then, the white teachers had more fear because they didn’t want to be labeled as taking advantage or using discrimen—discrimination. They, um, they didn’t crack down on the children as a black teacher would.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Because she-she wanted them to get something, whatever it took, if it took a lashing or whatever. Uh—
Oloye Adeyemon: I understand.
Annette Warley: - the black teacher was more thorough, more determined, more qualified and worked harder. They worked harder, and they still do.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, were most of the black teachers women?
Annette Warley: Yes. Definitely.
Oloye Adeyemon: Who was the principal of the academy?
Annette Warley: A woman. I can’t tell you—
Oloye Adeyemon: Can’t remember her name.
Annette Warley: A woman.
Oloye Adeyemon: Yeah. Okay. Did—
Annette Warley: You know, it was run by the church.
Oloye Adeyemon: Which church?
Annette Warley: Uh—
Oloye Adeyemon: What type of church?
Annette Warley: AME.
Oloye Adeyemon: AME. Okay.
Annette Warley: Methodist Episcopal Church.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Wallingford Academy.
Oloye Adeyemon: M’kay. That was the name of it. Okay. And that’s where you gra—
Annette Warley: Very thorough.
Oloye Adeyemon: That’s where you graduated from.
Annette Warley: Oh, well, I had to leave there. On the-the fourth grade. That’s only primary.
Oloye Adeyemon: Oh.
Annette Warley: That was primary.
Oloye Adeyemon: Didn’t go all 12 grades.
Annette Warley: No, no, no.
Oloye Adeyemon: Where did you go when you left there?
Annette Warley: Avery Institute.
Oloye Adeyemon: That—you did say that.
Annette Warley: A training school.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Annette Warley: Avery Institute Training.
Oloye Adeyemon: And was that also run by the church?
Annette Warley: Oh, no.
Oloye Adeyemon: Who ran that?
Annette Warley: Avery Institute?
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Independent.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. It was independent.
Annette Warley: Support from New York.
Oloye Adeyemon: From New York. Okay. Okay.
Annette Warley: Support from New York. That I know.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. And at Avery Institute, was—were—was the—was it different than—in terms of the teachers or was there any differences?
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. The teachers came from north, east, no, not many from the south. They came from New York, parts of New York, New Jersey—
Oloye Adeyemon: Were there white-white teachers there?
Annette Warley: - Washington. West. East.
Oloye Adeyemon: Were there white teachers at Avery Institute?
Annette Warley: We had no white teachers.
Oloye Adeyemon: They were black teachers—
Annette Warley: Not one.
Oloye Adeyemon: - that came from other areas of the country.
Annette Warley: Other areas of the country. Well, qualified.
Oloye Adeyemon: Well, qualified. Okay.
Annette Warley: Lived on the campus.
Oloye Adeyemon: Lived on the campus. I understand. And this was located where?
Annette Warley: The foot of Bull Street. Bull Street.
Oloye Adeyemon: In Charleston.
Annette Warley: Charleston, South Carolina.
Oloye Adeyemon: Your mother taught across the Ashely River.
Annette Warley: Across the Ashley River.
Oloye Adeyemon: In Ashely County.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Where was the elementary school located that you went to, that you talked about earlier? Where was it located?
Annette Warley: Are you talkin’ about when I left—
Oloye Adeyemon: The elementary school. What was the name of it? Um, the academy.
Annette Warley: Oh, there—Wallingford.
Oloye Adeyemon: Where was it located?
Annette Warley: Oh, Meeting Street.
Oloye Adeyemon: That was also in Charleston.
Annette Warley: Meeting Street.
Oloye Adeyemon: Meeting Street.
Annette Warley: Charleston.
Oloye Adeyemon: Meeting? M-E-E-T-I-N-G?
Annette Warley: Yes. Just like meeting someone.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Annette Warley: Meeting Street.
Oloye Adeyemon: Both of these schools were in the black section of Charleston, both academy and Avery Institute?
Annette Warley: No. Avery Institute was in a white section.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: White section.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Annette Warley: They all—they made a point to watch school when it turned out so they could complain if we’re too loud.
Oloye Adeyemon: Were you too loud?
Annette Warley: Yes. They said so. You couldn’t even play. We had to walk like tin soldiers.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. This was, I guess, uh, during the—this-this was in the early 1900’s, very early.
Annette Warley: Yes. White section.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Bull Street.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Did they own their own building, Avery Institute?
Annette Warley: Oh, yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Mm-hmm.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, you had brothers and sisters?
Annette Warley: I had one brother, one sister.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: One died a baby.
Oloye Adeyemon: What were their names?
Annette Warley: Alma Wright. Clifton Wright. They both died young.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: I was the one supposed to n—have not made it. The doctor said I wouldn’t make it.
Oloye Adeyemon: Why?
Annette Warley: I was too sick. I was a sickly baby.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: The people would come and with my mother and look at the baby and give her a pat on the shoulder and say, “Be patient.” I wasn’t to make it, but they were.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. And they didn’t, and you did.
Annette Warley: They didn’t, and I did.
Oloye Adeyemon: Hm. What kind of illness did you have as a baby?
Annette Warley: Do I know? I can’t tell.
Oloye Adeyemon: Never told you.
Annette Warley: I don’t know, but I do know I was just pining away. I couldn’t—
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. Nothing they did would-would make a difference in the beginning.
Annette Warley: Nothing. Nothing they did. But—oh, yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: What turned things around?
Annette Warley: Oh, I can tell you. You won’t believe this.
Oloye Adeyemon: Yes, I will.
Annette Warley: The doctor said, “She won’t make it. I give up, but here’s the last thing I can do. Send your husband over early in the morning, milk the mare. I’m putting that baby on horse milk, not goat, horse milk. Sterilize it, and that’s all you use.” In two weeks’ time, I started kicking a bit.
Oloye Adeyemon: Hm.
Annette Warley: Horse milk.
Oloye Adeyemon: Wow.
Annette Warley: May not believe it.
Oloye Adeyemon: I do.
Annette Warley: Horse milk. Not goat milk. You know, goat milk is in the stores today.
Oloye Adeyemon: Yes, it is.
Annette Warley: But this was horse milk.
Oloye Adeyemon: Wow.
Annette Warley: And I made it. But I think, um, it wasn’t just the milk.
Oloye Adeyemon: They prayed.
Annette Warley: The man upstairs.
Oloye Adeyemon: I’m sure they prayed a lot.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, you were saying that, uh, Avery Institute was owned by—was, you know—
Annette Warley: Blacks.
Oloye Adeyemon: - it-it was—they owned the school.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Is Avery, uh, Institute still standing today?
Annette Warley: It is. It’s standing today. It’s, uh, historic.
Oloye Adeyemon: They’ve made it a historic site?
Annette Warley: Yes. Oh, yeah. Historic site.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, people can go to Avery—
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: They can go there and see it.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: And—
Oloye Adeyemon: Do you—sorry.
Annette Warley: They are doing research. It’s a research center.
Oloye Adeyemon: Really? Really—
Annette Warley: Research.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. And a museum? Is there a museum there in the building?
Annette Warley: I don’t know. I really don’t know, ‘cause it’s there.
Oloye Adeyemon: Can you tell us anything else? Because there may be people that go to visit Avery Institute as a historic site? Is there anything that you can tell? Anything more you can tell us about Avery? ‘Cause maybe when they go, they’ll see pictures, but there won’t be anybody there or anything written by anybody that went there. Are there things that you can remember that might-that might help them to appreciate Avery Institute even more?
Annette Warley: Um, I know that all the prominent professionals of Charleston, their children went to Avery.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Avery.
Oloye Adeyemon: Is there anybody prominent in Charleston during that time that you remember from the fact that their children went there when you went there? Is there anybody at all who’s names you can remember?
Annette Warley: Oh, now?
Oloye Adeyemon: Anybody lived in Charleston during that time that was in—that was prominent that you remember? Do you remember the names of any of the prominent people in Charleston?
Annette Warley: Ah. I did. The Mazyuck’s.
Oloye Adeyemon: What-what—
Annette Warley: They were undertakers.
Oloye Adeyemon: They were undertakers. Their children went there?
Annette Warley: Yes. Harold Mazyuck. Mm-hmm. And, um, doctors’ children. I can’t remember the father’s name. Uh. And then. Dr. McFall. Dr. McFall.
Oloye Adeyemon: How did you—can you spell that? F-A—
Annette Warley: M-C capital F-A-L-L.
Oloye Adeyemon: Dr. McFall.
Annette Warley: Dr. McFall.
Oloye Adeyemon: He was a prominent doctor in Charleston.
Annette Warley: Yes. He was prominent.
Oloye Adeyemon: And his children went to there.
Annette Warley: His children went to Avery.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, blacks were very proud of Avery.
Annette Warley: Yes. Oh, very proud. Edith McFall was a teacher there.
Oloye Adeyemon: That was his wife, Dr. McF—
Annette Warley: His daughter.
Oloye Adeyemon: Oh, his daughter.
Annette Warley: Daughter.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Mm-hmm. Edith McFall. Oh, all the prominent people.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: Doctors, lawyers, undertakers, big dealers in, uh, food.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Prominent people, children went to Avery.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Annette Warley: You-you know it was pay. You have to p—it was private school.
Oloye Adeyemon: Private school. Yeah. Yeah.
Annette Warley: My mother could hardly afford it, but we stayed in.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. Mm.
Annette Warley: Could hardly afford it, but we did.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. Okay. Now, while your mother was teaching—
Annette Warley: All three of us.
Oloye Adeyemon: All three of you were sent there.
Annette Warley: All three of us. Never went to public school.
Oloye Adeyemon: While your mother was across the river teaching in Ashely—
Annette Warley: Uh-huh.
Oloye Adeyemon: - your father was working first with the—
Annette Warley: Railroad.
Oloye Adeyemon: - railroad.
Annette Warley: He worked at the—he worked there until he died.
Oloye Adeyemon: Until he died. Now—
Annette Warley: Accident.
Oloye Adeyemon: Oh, what happened?
Annette Warley: He was promoted to brakeman; that is, separate and connect cars. There wasn’t—there was—this train my father was coupling—you know, you run on top while the car is running.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: You do your bit—y-your job is, um, continuous.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: You-you’re moving while the trains move.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: And, uh, there was another car, head on collision.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: Another train.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: Head on collision. Knocked my father—I don’t know how many feet, 3:00 in the afternoon. My mother didn’t get word until 7:00 in the evening. He was already in the hospital.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: And, uh, broken bones everywhere.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: Never recovered.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. What year was that? Do you remember?
Annette Warley: 1921.
Oloye Adeyemon: 1921.
Annette Warley: 1921.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, she remained in Charleston four more years as widow.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Was she able on one salary to keep you in Avery?
Annette Warley: On her salary.
Oloye Adeyemon: On just her one salary she was able to keep you in Avery?
Annette Warley: Yes, she was.
Oloye Adeyemon: Yeah. There musta been a lotta sacrifice she went through.
Annette Warley: Yes. We owned a home. Started buying the home.
Oloye Adeyemon: Had that home—that was while your father was working as a brakeman.
Annette Warley: Yes. He took the job.
Oloye Adeyemon: Had he been able to finish paying for the home by that time?
Annette Warley: We lost it.
Oloye Adeyemon: You lost it because it was one salary.
Annette Warley: Too much.
Oloye Adeyemon: So—
Annette Warley: My mother could not afford it and keep us in private school.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, she chose private school over homeownership.
Annette Warley: Over homeownership.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, we can say that—
Annette Warley: We moved from there into a new house “up the road” we call it.
Oloye Adeyemon: But you had to rent then.
Annette Warley: Rent paid.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: We lost the home. Had to get rid of the car.
Oloye Adeyemon: You had a car, too.
Annette Warley: Had a car, the only one in the neighborhood.
Oloye Adeyemon: Only one.
Annette Warley: Had a car. It was an Overland.
Oloye Adeyemon: That was the name of the car?
Annette Warley: Overland.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Did you buy it new?
Annette Warley: Brand new. Papers still on it. Brand new.
Oloye Adeyemon: I guess the whites were a little-little bit surprised—
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: - when you drive by ‘cause many of them were walking at the time.
Annette Warley: My mother didn’t want him to buy it, but he was determined—
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: - to get a car for his son to drive.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. Mm. Mm-hmm. So, I-I—it’s—is it the case that—
Annette Warley: We lost the car and the home. [Doorbell rings]
Oloye Adeyemon: So, was it the case that education was more important than anything to your parents?
Annette Warley: Yes. That’s it. Exactly. Education.
Oloye Adeyemon: And because it was that way for them, it became that way for you?
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: When did you make up your mind that you were going to become a teacher?
Annette Warley: When, uh, when I got into high school.
Oloye Adeyemon: Did any of your teachers encourage you when you told them you wanted to be a teacher? Did you tell your teachers?
Annette Warley: They knew from what I chose—
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. To teach.
Annette Warley: - to follow.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: You see. I wanted—the subjects only concerned teaching.
Oloye Adeyemon: Was your mother happy that you were gonna be a teacher?
Annette Warley: Yes, she was. She was. My mother, nine sisters were teachers.
Oloye Adeyemon: Your mother had nine—your mother had nine sisters.
Annette Warley: Nine sisters.
Oloye Adeyemon: And all nine were teachers?
Annette Warley: All taught at one time or another.
Oloye Adeyemon: Wow.
Annette Warley: All taught.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, they made a major contribution—
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: - to the education of South Carolina.
Annette Warley: Yes. Yes, they did. Beautiful.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. ‘Cause many of their students probably went on to become teachers.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, they made a major difference.
Annette Warley: Yes, made a major difference.
Oloye Adeyemon: Do you feel—how do you feel about the importance of teaching?
Annette Warley: Oh. I have one daughter who is a teacher now.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: And I was saying—the one that came there just now—she should have been. She should have become a teacher long ago. She shoulda been. I lost one daugh—two daughters. You see I had six children.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. Six children.
Annette Warley: Lost four.
Oloye Adeyemon: Wow.
Annette Warley: I got only two.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: Of the two, one is a teacher in good standing.
Oloye Adeyemon: Where? Where does she teach?
Annette Warley: District One. Right here.
Oloye Adeyemon: Here in Clarendon County.
Annette Warley: Clarendon County, District One.
Oloye Adeyemon: Is that the same district that you taught in when you were teaching?
Annette Warley: Same district.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. So, what year did she start teaching?
Annette Warley: The year? Oh, she was teaching in New York—
Oloye Adeyemon: Oh.
Annette Warley: - and came down when her father died.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. And continued to teach here.
Annette Warley: And continued to teach here.
Oloye Adeyemon: What year did she start teaching in New York?
Annette Warley: Mm. You don’t—
Oloye Adeyemon: About, not exact.
Annette Warley: I came in ‘71. In the 60’s.
Oloye Adeyemon: In the 60’s. And when did she come back to Cla—
Female Voice: I don’t think so, Grandma.
Annette Warley: You think earlier?
Female Voice: Yeah because she didn’t graduate from high school until the 60’s.
Annette Warley: Oh. Then it’s 50’s.
Oloye Adeyemon: It would be the 70’s maybe?
Female Voice: It would be definitely into the 70’s.
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. Into 70’s.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Female Voice: 70’s.
Oloye Adeyemon: [Crosstalk 28:28]
Annette Warley: In New York.
Oloye Adeyemon: And when did she move here?
Annette Warley: Uh, ’84. January ’84.
Oloye Adeyemon: And she’s still teaching.
Annette Warley: Still teaching.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. So, she’s been teaching here for 17 years.
Annette Warley: Yes. Still teaching.
Oloye Adeyemon: And when did you start teaching in Clarendon County?
Annette Warley: Mm. I started in ’2—I believe, looking back, ’25.
Oloye Adeyemon: And how long did you teach?
Annette Warley: Not long because my husband refused to stay. I got married, and he told his father, “I’m leaving.”
Oloye Adeyemon: You married someone here in Clarendon.
Annette Warley: Yes. He told his father, “I’m leaving.” So, he left and went to New York, and I had to follow.
Oloye Adeyemon: I understand.
Annette Warley: I didn’t teach for two years.
Oloye Adeyemon: When you got to New York, did you continue to teach?
Annette Warley: No. I did not. And first place, I was having children one after the other. I couldn't stay on any job—
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: - then. No job. I really couldn't stay on any job until after the last of the six.
Oloye Adeyemon: Did you go back to teaching then?
Annette Warley: No. I went to the federal government.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. I’d like to talk about that a little more in a minute.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: But before we get to Clarendon County and your teaching position here, I’d like to talk about college. You know when you graduated from Avery Institute.
Annette Warley: Avery Institute carried that degree.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. So, you—
Annette Warley: My teaching degree.
Oloye Adeyemon: - went straight through and continued to study—
Annette Warley: Straight through Avery Institute carried the subjects.
Oloye Adeyemon: - until you got the college degree.
Annette Warley: That’s right.
Oloye Adeyemon: And when you got—
Annette Warley: You see I got here—yeah. I was ap-I was appointed to come here. I didn’t know anything about this place.
Oloye Adeyemon: Who appointed you?
Annette Warley: Uh, Avery Institute, to the principal searching for teachers—
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: - at Avery. Her name was Mrs. Pendergrass.
Oloye Adeyemon: Was the princip—
Annette Warley: She was the principal.
Oloye Adeyemon: Here in Clarendon County.
Annette Warley: Right across there.
Oloye Adeyemon: Right across the street from your house.
Annette Warley: Right across.
Oloye Adeyemon: What was the name of that school?
Annette Warley: St. Paul Elementary.
Oloye Adeyemon: That was in what year?
Annette Warley: [Whispering 30:48] ’25, I believe.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Annette Warley: Mm-hmm.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, in 1925 you left Charleston—
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: - and came here to teach at St. Paul.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: And Mrs. Pendergrass was the principal.
Annette Warley: Pendergrass.
Oloye Adeyemon: What was—do you remember her first name?
Annette Warley: You know, I really can’t tell you her first name. Uh, her husband was the minister for Liberty Hill.
Oloye Adeyemon: Liberty Hill Church.
Annette Warley: Liberty Hill Church. He was the—
Oloye Adeyemon: That’s a National Historic Site, isn’t it?
Annette Warley: Yes. Oh, yes. Definitely.
Oloye Adeyemon: And that’s here—
Annette Warley: The plaque is out front.
Oloye Adeyemon: That’s here in Clarendon County.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: That was one of the very old black churches in—
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, Liberty Hill Church was where Mr. Penderg—Reverend Pendergrass preached.
Annette Warley: Right.
Oloye Adeyemon: And Mrs.—
Annette Warley: The wife—
Oloye Adeyemon: - Pendergrass was a teach—
Annette Warley: Principal.
Oloye Adeyemon: - principal at St. Paul.
Annette Warley: She was searching for teachers, came to Avery—
Oloye Adeyemon: And asked.
Annette Warley: - and, uh, I think there were maybe 10 of us, around South Carolina.
Oloye Adeyemon: That were chosen.
Annette Warley: That were chosen. County—there are 48 counties, you know?
Oloye Adeyemon: Yeah.
Annette Warley: So, there we-were about at least 10 of us in South Carolina—
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: - at least ten.
Oloye Adeyemon: That went to teach in South Carolina.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Out of Avery’s gradua—
Annette Warley: Out of Avery Institute.
Oloye Adeyemon: Now, that was in your graduating class.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: How many students were there at Avery?
Annette Warley: Ooh. I couldn't—not counting the training school. Seniors, not many like here. Maybe 20 seniors.
Oloye Adeyemon: Twenty seniors. And—
Annette Warley: And then degrees—three, eight—about 25.
Oloye Adeyemon: Each one, in each grade.
Annette Warley: Yes. Say 18 to 25.
Oloye Adeyemon: You said the training school. What was the difference with the training school?
Annette Warley: The training school were for the little ones, you know, uh—
Oloye Adeyemon: Would that be like elementary school?
Annette Warley: Yes. Mm-hmm. It—that’s where we got our training.
Oloye Adeyemon: I understand. I understand.
Annette Warley: At the training school.
Oloye Adeyemon: I see. Were the classes small?
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. Class was small.
Oloye Adeyemon: How do you feel about that?
Annette Warley: Principal—had a different principal for the training school.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Uh-huh.
Oloye Adeyemon: How do you feel about, uh, small classes—
Annette Warley: Oh.
Oloye Adeyemon: - for teachers?
Annette Warley: Oh, beautiful. Uh, it’s—today they have too many. 30? More? And the small classes, you can do a more thorough job. You can give more time individually—
Oloye Adeyemon: Does it—
Annette Warley: - with the smaller classes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Does it allow you to understand what problems each student is having?
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, you think the small classes are good.
Annette Warley: Small classes, definitely.
Oloye Adeyemon: Was there much involvement between the teachers and the parents when you were going to school, where the parents knew what the teacher was teaching? Teachers talked to the parents—
Annette Warley: Teachers always—
Oloye Adeyemon: - about the children?
Annette Warley: Yes. They visited the home.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: They did.
Oloye Adeyemon: Did the parents also visit the school?
Annette Warley: Only when called in or when we had programs.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: Exercises, you know.
Oloye Adeyemon: They would come.
Annette Warley: Even a spelling match.
Oloye Adeyemon: The parents would come.
Annette Warley: You know, spelling match—
Oloye Adeyemon: The parents would come.
Annette Warley: The auditorium was filled.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. When you left Avery, you came straight to teach here.
Annette Warley: Mm-hmm.
Oloye Adeyemon: Now, you used the word “appointed”. Was this something that you were required to do?
Annette Warley: Oh—
Oloye Adeyemon: You said that the school—
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: - did it without you knowing. You said that you were—
Annette Warley: Until we are notified where we’re going. That was the system.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, you went to the school, you learned to teach, and you were required to go out and teach.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Were you required to do it for a certain length of time?
Annette Warley: No. In—
Oloye Adeyemon: You—
Annette Warley: No. Indefinite.
Oloye Adeyemon: That was just what you were supposed to do.
Annette Warley: Yes. I’m—
Oloye Adeyemon: And the school had something to do with where you went.
Annette Warley: Something to do with it, to see to it that you got a teaching position.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: But you were expected—
Annette Warley: I came right here. I didn’t know a thing about this place.
Oloye Adeyemon: You were expected to do it.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: How did your mother feel about you leaving the Charleston area?
Annette Warley: My mother, uh, she was in agreement, and sh-sh-she thought it was great.
Oloye Adeyemon: Did you see her much after you came here?
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. Yes. I—because my husband had a car when no one else did around here.
Oloye Adeyemon: Were you married to him before you arrived here or after you arrived?
Annette Warley: Oh, after. Long after.
Oloye Adeyemon: For a while you were on your own?
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Did you stay with a family?
Annette Warley: Oh, I stayed with other teachers. There was Mrs. Blackwell, who boarded teachers.
Oloye Adeyemon: And she was also a teacher.
Annette Warley: No, no. You mean the lady that boarded us?
Oloye Adeyemon: Mrs. Blackwell. Yes.
Annette Warley: No. She was not. She just loved to cook and entertain. That’s what—loved—
Oloye Adeyemon: So, it was comfortable.
Annette Warley: Oh, yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Where-where was that home, that boarding home?
Annette Warley: Eh, I would say, you know where you go out there and make a left?
Oloye Adeyemon: Yes, ma’am.
Annette Warley: Well, I would say about quarter of a mile beyond that.
Female Voice: Is that on 301, Grandma?
Annette Warley: Uh, no. We were not on—301 hadn’t come through there yet.
Female Voice: Oh, there was no 301. 301 is that road that you came in.
Annette Warley: Yeah. 30—but there was a roadway.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Do you remember what they called it, the roadway?
Annette Warley: What did they call it? There was a store, a big store, country store.
Oloye Adeyemon: Who owned that?
Annette Warley: Uh, Mr.-Mr. King.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Mr. King.
Oloye Adeyemon: Was he black?
Annette Warley: No.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm.
Annette Warley: Hm-mmm. Country store, you could buy horse feed, or you could buy a gallon of milk.
Oloye Adeyemon: Was it called The Country Store? It was called—there’s got to be—what was the name of the store?
Annette Warley: Didn’t name it.
Oloye Adeyemon: Did it have a name?
Annette Warley: Henry King.
Oloye Adeyemon: Henry King’s—
Annette Warley: Go up there to Henry King.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. And so, the boarding house was near there?
Annette Warley: It was near there.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Very near. So, uh, where was that house? See that old beat-up house on the corner? It was there. You can see that’s over 100 years old.
Oloye Adeyemon: Really? What was that house that’s over 100 years old? What was it at the time?
Annette Warley: Living quarters.
Oloye Adeyemon: You’re saying the boarding house still stands?
Annette Warley: Oh, oh, that’s not my boarding house.
Oloye Adeyemon: But that was another one.
Annette Warley: There was another one.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. And it still stands.
Annette Warley: They tell me it was remodeled.
Oloye Adeyemon: Remodeled. Okay. Do know where she’s talkin’ about?
Annette Warley: They tell me it was remodeled.
Female Voice: Um, is it-is it the one that—the-the house you hate? Is it that beat-up house that we don’t like, or is it a different one, Grandma?
Annette Warley: Oh, you mean there on the corner?
Female Voice: Yeah. Yeah. Was it [crosstalk 38:30]
Annette Warley: No. It was not that close.
Female Voice: Oh, okay.
Annette Warley: That quite that close.
Female Voice: But it’s-it’s on Liberty Hill Road there?
Annette Warley: I’m trying to think whether they tore it down or remodeled it.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: But I’m told it was remodeled.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay. The—
Annette Warley: - but I can’t picture the spot.
Oloye Adeyemon: That’s good. The only reason I ask—
Annette Warley: It was close.
Oloye Adeyemon: Yeah. The only reason I asked is because if there are any buildings or anything, any pictures that you have of some of the places you talk about, we would like to use copies of those pictures, with your permission—
Annette Warley: Oh, I see.
Oloye Adeyemon: - in order that the story you’re telling can have pictures that go along with it. But we’ll—we can do that later. It doesn’t have to be done all at this—
Annette Warley: Yeah. Just think.
Oloye Adeyemon: - this minute. Only the—that’s funny. Only the church I can remember.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: And a little schoolhouse next to it. Is it still there?
Female Voice: No, Grandma.
Annette Warley: I don’t think.
Female Voice: No, the little schoolhouse is not still there.
Oloye Adeyemon: Which schoolhouse is this?
Female Voice: Uh, that would be—
Annette Warley: A one-room schoolhouse.
Female Voice: They—one-room schoolhouse, that would be the Liberty Hill Schoolhouse.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. And then Liberty Hill Church.
Female Voice: And Liberty Hill Church.
Oloye Adeyemon: Now, Liberty Hill Church is still there. That’s the one that has the plaque.
Female Voice: Oh, yeah.
Annette Warley: Oh, yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: And Liberty Hill School was next to it.
Female Voice: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Now, when you came to teach, you didn’t teach at Liberty Hill School, you ta—did you?
Annette Warley: No.
Oloye Adeyemon: You taught at St. Paul School.
Annette Warley: Right over there. It was right over there.
Oloye Adeyemon: St. Paul School.
Annette Warley: St. Paul School.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Do you know how—
Annette Warley: It was a two-story building.
Oloye Adeyemon: Two stories.
Annette Warley: It wasn’t supposed to be so, but it was.
Oloye Adeyemon: How did it happen to end up two stories?
Annette Warley: We don’t know. Uh, I’d like to use the word Rosenwald, but, um, it seems that Rosenwald were giving money toward building more modern schools.
Oloye Adeyemon: Now, Rosenwald from up north.
Annette Warley: Rosenwald.
Oloye Adeyemon: Is that the Rosenwald you’re talkin’ about?
Annette Warley: I—actually, no I—that’s why I didn’t want to use the word—
Female Voice: - Rosenwald. Because I do know it had specifications and giving the permission and money to build schools.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Now, did—
Annette Warley: For the blacks.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Now, was that the only one of the schools in the county that was two-story?
Annette Warley: No. Oh, yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: So—
Annette Warley: I think it was a—they think it was an error.
Oloye Adeyemon: An error?
Annette Warley: But it was two-story. Upstairs, one big room for entertainment, and um, and worship.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: You know, then we could, um, we could, uh, say our prayers.
Oloye Adeyemon: In school.
Annette Warley: Mm-hmm. Then. But it was two-story, now.
Oloye Adeyemon: Now, when you say you think it was an error, what do you mean?
Annette Warley: They—because Rosenwald did not allow two-story buildings.
Oloye Adeyemon: To be bought with the money—
Annette Warley: All on one floor.
Oloye Adeyemon: - that they gave.
Annette Warley: All on one floor.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm. So—
Annette Warley: Like now.
Oloye Adeyemon: So that made the school different, and special.
Annette Warley: Yes. Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: All our new schools are on one floor.
Oloye Adeyemon: Except for St. Paul.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Now, you were already teaching there when the new school was built, or was it already two-story when got there?
Annette Warley: Already two story when I got here.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. What di—were you aware of any differences in the black schools at that time in Clarendon County and the white schools at that time?
Annette Warley: Well, the number one, they had better schools.
Oloye Adeyemon: I-in terms of the buildings?
Annette Warley: Yes. Better schools. A-and more teachers. And, uh, more privilege. Everything was better than we had.
Oloye Adeyemon: Did they have more supplies to work with, more books?
Annette Warley: Oh, yes. They had everything better than we had.
Oloye Adeyemon: How many—and what grades were you teaching at St. Paul?
Annette Warley: I taught first grade.
Oloye Adeyemon: And it went up to how far? To what grade?
Annette Warley: Seventh.
Oloye Adeyemon: Seventh grade.
Annette Warley: Through seventh.
Oloye Adeyemon: The children at St. Paul School went where when they left? What was the school they went to when they left St. Paul?
Annette Warley: That’s—when they left St. Paul.
Oloye Adeyemon: To high school.
Annette Warley: Summerton? Summerton never got on—off to—never really got on their feet. I think—
Oloye Adeyemon: And had Scott Branch been bought—b-built by then?
Annette Warley: S-St Paul. I—that’s getting a little above me.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Annette Warley: That’s getting a lit—
Oloye Adeyemon: Because you left—
Annette Warley: I left.
Oloye Adeyemon: - before you—
Annette Warley: Yes. I left.
Oloye Adeyemon: - taught that far. I mean, the—
Annette Warley: I-I wanted to say they went to Sumpter, but I can’t nail that down.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Annette Warley: I believe they went to Sumpter.
Oloye Adeyemon: There may not have been a high school here at the time.
Annette Warley: No. May not have been. Not at that time.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. So—
Annette Warley: Graduated out from the seventh.
Oloye Adeyemon: So, at that time—a-and even with the whites, a lot of them didn’t go to high school during those years. Is that true?
Annette Warley: Say what?
Oloye Adeyemon: Is it true that many whites did not go to high school in those days?
Annette Warley: That’s true. Very true.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Very true.
Oloye Adeyemon: At the time that you were teaching, this area was not—was this area a part of Summerton, or was this rural?
Annette Warley: Rural.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Rural.
Female Voice: Grandma, tell him about how this area was when you came here. What was down the road? What was down—I was amazed to find out this.
Annette Warley: Uh.
Female Voice: If you looked down the road there was nothing down there.
Annette Warley: There was nothing down there. There were houses all down the road.
Oloye Adeyemon: When you-when you came—
Annette Warley: But they’re sharecroppers.
Oloye Adeyemon: There were sharecroppers.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: When you came, they were still there.
Annette Warley: They were still there.
Oloye Adeyemon: And that—
Annette Warley: All down the road. On Sundays they were walking to church.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm.
Annette Warley: Walking.
Oloye Adeyemon: What was the closest church to here?
Annette Warley: Liberty Hill—
Oloye Adeyemon: Liberty Hill.
Annette Warley: - has always been the closest.
Oloye Adeyemon: Mm-hmm. And you lived where? You said you lived at the boarding house.
Annette Warley: Boarding house. I say it’s quarter of a mile.
Oloye Adeyemon: Now, you got married later on.
Annette Warley: Yes.
Oloye Adeyemon: Where did you live then?
Annette Warley: With my in-laws.
Oloye Adeyemon: Where was that?
Annette Warley: Right where she is now.
Oloye Adeyemon: So right next door to where—
Annette Warley: Right next door. That’s right.
Oloye Adeyemon: You lived next door, and you taught across the street.
Annette Warley: Right next door.
Oloye Adeyemon: Okay.
Annette Warley: Course it’s remodeled.
Female Voice: I have pictures before—
Annette Warley: Yeah.
Female Voice: - it was remodeled.
Oloye Adeyemon: Oh, okay.
Annette Warley: She has pictures.
Oloye Adeyemon: Thank you.
Description
This interview presents the history of an African American school teacher in the segregated South and discusses the differences between public schools in Charleston and Clarendon Counties. Mrs. Warley also discusses a Rosenwald school in Clarendon County where she began teaching in 1925 and describes the differences between life in Summerton in the mid-1920s to life in Summerton in 2001.
Credit
NPS
Date Created
07/13/2001
Copyright and Usage Info