Peeking at Pikas: Status and Vulnerability to Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease

An American pika explores the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve.

NPS/McLaughlin

October, 2024
The American pika (Ochotona princeps), also known as the rock rabbit or mouse hare, is closely related to rabbits and hares, but lives in an unusual habitat. In Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve (NPP), pikas live mainly at high elevations in piles of broken rock called taluses. Within taluses, temperatures can be warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the surrounding air, allowing pikas to adapt to a relatively narrow temperature range. Climate change is predicted to threaten pikas, and some populations have already been lost.

Exotic disease might also threaten pikas. A deadly new form of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHDV2) is spreading worldwide and has been found in dead rabbits and hares near Great Sand Dunes NPP. In 2022, the Inventory and Monitoring Division funded a survey of pikas, rabbits and hares in the park to better understand where pikas occur and where they might be exposed to RHDV2 through contact with rabbits and hares¹.

Signs of Discovery

Fresh signs of pika were detected in most of the 115 plots surveyed. Pika sign was more likely in plots at higher elevations and where solar radiation was higher at a regional scale (1.1 km around the plot). Here are some major results found:

• Estimated pika occupancy was at 95%.
• Fresh rabbit or hare sign was detected in 30% of plots.
• Overall rabbit/hare occupancy was estimated at 66% (after accounting for imperfect detection and varied inversely with elevation).

Areas of potential contact between rabbits, hares and pikas occurred mostly within the subalpine forest (10,000-12,000 ft), where probabilities of finding pikas as well as rabbits or hares ranged 0.50 to 0.94.

A relatively low-elevation talus where pikas might come into contact with rabbits and hares in Great Sand Dunes NPP.

NPS/Ray

Process Breakdown

Randomly selected plots were surveyed in August 2022 for fresh fecal pellets and other signs of pikas, rabbits and hares. A subset of plots were surveyed twice, to quantify how often fresh sign might have been missed that was present. Variables like observer, wind speed and temperature were recorded to model their effects on detection. Information was collected on variables that might influence the use of each plot by pikas or rabbits and hares. These variables included elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, climate and biome (below or above tree line). All these data were used to develop models for estimating the probability of pika presence in talus habitats and the probability of rabbit/hare presence across the park.

Hope for Pikas

Although a 2010-2012 study^2,3 predicted pika losses in Great Sand Dunes NPP by mid-century due to climate change, pika occupancy had increased by 2022. No evidence was found of recent pika losses due to climate or RHDV2. Because pikas tend to overlap with rabbits and hares within the subalpine forest, they could be exposed to the RHDV2 virus. Park managers will keep an eye on pikas, rabbits and hares in the park to help ensure their health.

Sources

1. Peralta A and Ray C. (2024) https//doi.org/10.36967/2303667
2. Jeffress et al. (2013) http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-0979.1  
3. Schwalm et al. (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13189