Apple Tree

Apple Blossom

©James L. Reveal. - Smithsonian Institution

• Scientific name: Malus pumila
• Kingdom: Plantae – Plants
• Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
• Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
• Order: Rosales
• Family: Rosaceae – Rose family
• Genus: Malus P. Mill – apple
• Life Cycle: Perennial
• Nativity: Introduced

Description: The apple is a small tree that can reach 25 feet in height with a crown spread of 25 feet (The Natioanl Arbor Day Foundation Website). The leaves are simple, oval in shape, have small serrations along the margin, and are arranged alternately along the branches. A typical leaf is 2 – 5 inches long, 1.5 – 2.5 inches wide, and has an acuminate tip (Petrides 1972). The twigs, buds, and undersides of the leaves usually have white pubescence. The bark is brown and scaly and mature trees in the park can have a trunk diameter of up to 24 inches. Showy, white, five petaled blossoms, often tinged with pink, are found on the tree in late spring. The flowers are pollinated by bees and other insects. The pomaceous fruits mature through the summer and become ripe and ready to eat in the fall. Ripe apples range in color from green to yellow to red or a mixture of these colors.

Common Names: Names for this tree species include the apple, common apple, and paradise apple. The accepted scientific name is Malus pumila, but is also referred to as Malus domestica, Malus sylvestris, Malus communis, and Pyrus malus (ITIS website). This extensive crossing of genetic lines has made it very difficult to differentiate the apple into taxonomically distinct species. Thus, there is much debate in the botanical world over species separation and inclusion. Apple trees, one of the first fruit trees in human history to be domesticated, have been specifically cultivated to produce edible fruits. Fruits with the best taste, color, size, or storage capacity have been favored and selected for over time. Different lines of Malus pumila have been purposely crossed to produce new, more desirable varieties of apple. Apple trees in the park may have very different genetic histories and thus produce fruits with distinctive color, size, or taste.

Habitat: Not a native plant species to North America, the ancestral apple tree can be traced back to the mountainous region of central Asia (Wikipedia website). From here, cultivated apple trees slowly made their way west through Asia to Europe and eventually on to America with the European settlers.

Today, apple trees can be found growing throughout the park at elevations up to 3700’. They require well drained nutrient rich soil and moderate sunlight. When in bloom in the spring or heavy with fruit in the fall, apple trees stand out from other trees in the forest. Many locations along Skyline Drive including Skyland, Loft Mtn. Campground, Limberlost, Spitler Knoll Overlook, and many other overlooks contain apple trees.

 

An apple tree in fruit near Loft Mountain Campground, Shenandoah National Park.

NPS Photo by N. Fisichelli.

Other Facts: Apples trees growing in the park are the remnants of fruit orchards that predate the park’s existence. Stonewalls, rock foundations and apple trees are all reminders of the people who lived off of the land in the Blue Ridge Mountains.

During the 19^th and early 20^th centuries, apples were a major cash crop for the farmers and settlers in and around the area that now comprises Shenandoah National Park (Moore 2000). Numerous types of apples were grown here in central Virginia at that time, including several locally created varieties. It appears that the only surviving variety is the Milam apple, named after the Milam family of Madison County (Moore 2001). It is believed that the Milam apple was developed in an orchard near the present day location of Milam Gap in the park at milepost 53 along Skyline Drive. Other previously thought extinct local varieties may still be growing in the hollows and on the mountain sides of Shenandoah National Park.

The abundant fruit produced by these trees is an important food source for deer, bear, birds, other park wildlife, and hungry park visitors.

References and Links:

Moore, Robert H. 2000, 21 September. ‘Milam’s Gap and the legendary Milam Apple’ (Electronic Version) . Page News and Courier.

Moore, Robert H. 2001, 19 April. ‘Page was once known for orchards and new apple varieties’ (Electronic Version) . Page News and Courier.

The National Arbor Day Foundation. http://www.arborday.org

North Dakota Tree Information Center, North Dakota State University. ND Tree Handbook

Petrides, George A. 1972. Peterson Field Guide: A Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs, 2^nd Ed. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 21-22.

Further information can be found:

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Report U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Germplasm Resource Information Network database which is sponsored by the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

PLANTS National Database, a website supported by the Natural Resource Conservation Service.