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Historic Roads in the National Park System
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Understanding and Managing Historic Park Roads
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Historic Roads in the National Park System
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ENDNOTES
1. 1916 Annual Report of the Superintendent of National Parks to the Secretary of the Interior, 2.
2. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 27.
3. Alfred Runte, "Trains for Parks: A Second Chance," National Parks, March/April, 1994, 30.
4. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac.
5. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways 1776-1976: A History of the Federal-Aid Program. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976): 17.
7. The Federal Highway Administration operates in the same way today. America's Highways, 19-21.
9. Linda Flint McClelland, Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the Park Service (Washington, D.C.: Park Service, 1994), 20-27.
10. McClelland, Presenting Nature, 22, quoting from Olmsted's "Notes on the Plan of Franklin Park."
11. McClelland, Presenting Nature, 47.
12. America's Highways, 44, 47, 48.
13. Roy Stone, "Report of the Special Agent and Engineer for Road Inquiry for 1893" in Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1893, 590-591.
14. Martin Dodge, Report of the Office of Public Road Inquiries for 1901, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901, 243-44.
15. Martin Dodge, "Report of the Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries for 1900," in Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900. The experiment never did settle the question because of variety of gravel and stone used in different parts of the country, the amount of precipitation, and the climate varied so much.
16. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 30, passim.
23. Logan Waller Page, Report of the Director of the Office of Public Roads for 1906, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906, 23.
26. Quoted in America's Highways, 79.
33. Charles M. Upham, "The Alignment, Grade, Width, and Thickness in Design of Road Surfaces," Public Roads, 2:21, 22, Jan-Feb 1920, 25, quoted in America's Highways, 126.
34. Hot Springs Federal Reservation became Hot Springs National Park in 1921. Thus, technically it was not the first national park area to allow automobiles.
35. National Archives, RG 79, Entry 6, Hot Springs, box 66, Letter, Superintendent W. Scott Smith to the Secretary of the Interior, 1 July 1907.
36. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, PI-166, Yellowstone, box 207, Letter, First Assistant Secretary to Chairman of the California Promotion Committee, 28 July 1908. Although the letter stated that the automobile regulations for Mount Rainier were attached to the correspondence, they were not included in this copy, nor did they turn up in the general files on automobile regulations in the parks. These 1908 regulations for Mount Rainier were probably the first ones written to govern the use of vehicles in national parks. Autos, as shown in the earlier paragraph, allowed in Hot Springs Reservation in 1907.
37. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, PI 166, Yellowstone, box 207, Letter, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, to the Secretary of the Interior, 29 March 1909.
38. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, PI 166, Crater Lake, box 16, letter (letterhead and second page with signature missing) from Montana automobile association to the secretary of the interior, 22 March 1911.
39. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, PI 166, Crater Lake, box 16, letter (letter filed here instead of under Glacier) from Fred Whiteside to Hon. Henry Myers, 24 March 1911.
40. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 7.
41. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, Yellowstone National Park, box 209, containing clipping from Chicago Automobile Club Journal, undated but 1916, article entitled "The Club Journal Starts Something," that includes copy of 26 September 1916 letter, A.G. Batchelder, Chairman Executive Board, American Automobile Association, to E.G. Westlake, Chicago Automobile Club.
42. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, Yellowstone National Park, box 209, containing article "Land of the Geyser," Motor West, 15 August 1915, 22.
43. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, passim.
44. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, PI 166, Crater Lake, box 7, "Regulations Governing the Admission of Automobiles into. the Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, During the Season of 1911;" same entry, General Grant National Park, Box 177, "Regulations Governing the Admission of Automobiles into General Grant National Park California, During the Season of 1910;" same entry, Crater Lake, Box 16, "Regulations Governing the Admission of Automobiles and Motorcycles into the Glacier National Park, Montana During the Season of 1912" (these are the regulations for the 1911 season at Mount Rainier, with cross-outs and changes to alter them for Glacier); and same entry, Yellowstone National Park, Box 209, "Regulations Governing the Admission of Automobiles into the Yellowstone National Park for the Season of 1915."
45. 1916 Annual Report of the Superintendent of National Parks to the Secretary of the Interior, 15-16.
46. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, Yellowstone, box 208, containing news clipping from the Dallas News, 23 August 1914, "American Motorists Tour Home in 1915: 'See America First' Will Be Autoist's Slogan Next Year," no pagination.
50. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 22.
52. National Archives, RG 79, entry 6, Mount Rainier, box 135, Letter Adolph Miller, Assistant Secretary of the Interior to Ethan Allen, Superintendent, Mount Rainier National Park, 15 April 1914.
53. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 28.
54. McClelland, Presenting Nature, 73.
55. Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 1915, 26-27.
59. Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 1915, 51.
62. National Archives, RG 79, Entry 6, PI-166, Yellowstone National Park, box 209, press clippings containing article "May Autos Traverse National Park Roads: The Yellowstone Privilege Appreciated by the Speeders-Record of Entrances," no date, no newspaper listed, printed just after August 1, 1915.
63. Chester C. Davis, "Motoring Through Wonderland: A Tour with the Montana A.A.," American Motorist, VII:10, 1 October 1915, 594.
66. Kieley, A Brief History of the National Park Service, 6.
67. Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 1915, 115-16.
72. Stephen T. Mather, Progress in the Development of the National Parks (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1916), 6.
73. Ise, Our National Park Policy, 203. These fees were reduced further in 1926, Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 28.
74. Mather, Progress in the Development of National Parks, 18.
75. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 195.
77. National Archives, RG 79, entry 18, Records of Key Officials, Arno B. Cammerer, 1922-1940, box 10, containing memo Secretary of the Interior Franklin Land to Stephen T. Mather, May 13, 1918, 2. This "Statement of National Park Policy" also is included in the Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918, 273-276.
Ideas about park road design also had started to evolve. Certain structures or methods of construction were being perceived as either appropriate or inappropriate. Even in the eyes of the Office of Public Roads, park road construction was already developing as a discipline separate and distinct from other types of road construction. Although the two bureaus had extremely different missions, some parallels existed in park road design philosophy.
78. Alfred Runte, Our National Parks and the American Experience, 156.
79. Kieley, A Brief History of the National Park Service, 24-25.
80. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 27.
81. McClelland, Presenting Nature, 103.
82. 1915 Proceedings of the National Park Conference, 73-75.
84. Mather, Progress in the Development of National Parks, 22.
86. National Archives, RG 79, entry 17, box 6, Undated Clipping "Is This Important," printed by the Rainier National Park Company.
87. Foresta, Our National Parks and Their Keepers, 27.
88. Thomas H. MacDonald, Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Public Roads, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Public Roads. Washington, D.C., October 15, 1921, 3.
89. Robert Sterling Yard, National Parks Portfolio (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1925), 3-4.
90. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 195-96.
91. USDI, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1924, 14.
92. 1924 Annual Report of the Director, 2-3.
93. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 27.
94. National Archives, RG 70, entry 22, box 4, Letter from George W. Borden, President, Western Association of State Highway Officials, to George Goodwin, 13 August 1924. This concept of having a higher-volume road constructed inside park boundaries was quite contrary to the way parks were developed.
95. The concept does, however, bring to light the issue of high-volume highways funneling visitors into the congested roads in parks.
96. National Archives, RG 79, entry 22, box 4, Letter from George W. Borden, President Western Association of State Highway Officials to George Goodwin, 13 August 1924, including meeting notes from Western Association of State Highway Officials at Yellowstone National Park.
97. National Archives RG 79, entry 7, file 630, box 154, letter from A.E. Demaray to Mr. Hites, 7 March 1923; and letter from Editor In Charge of Travel and Education to George Goodwin, 7 March 1923.
98. National Archives, RG 79, entry 22, box 1, Director Stephen T. Mather to George Goodwin, 11 February, 1925.
99. Only copies of his original submittal disapproved by Mather appeared in the National Archives. National Archives, RG 79, entry 22, Stephen T. Mather to George Goodwin, March 25, 1925.
100. 1924 Annual Report of the Director, 13.
102. McClelland, Presenting Nature, 108.
103. WASO central files, copies in the Office of Associate Director, NPS, WASO, Memorandum William G. Carries to Mr. Hearon, 22 August 1941.
104. McClelIand, Presenting Nature, 108-110, quoting from the Annual Report of 1926.
108. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 104.
109. Kieley, A Brief History of the National Park Service, 23-24.
111. Mary Culpin, The History of the Construction of the Road System in Yellowstone National Park, 1872-1966: Historic Resource Study Volume 1, 485.
112. Hull, Daniel (see William Tweed, Laura E. Soullière, and Henry Law, National Park Service, Rustic Architecture 1916-1942, San Francisco, National Park Service, Western Regional Office, 1977, passim.
113. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 194-95.
114. McClelland, Presenting Nature, 102-104.
115. WASO files, 630, Roads General, January 26, 1934.
???116. WASO files 630, Roads General, 1934-1936, Comments on the General Specifications 50-1935 for Forest and Park Roads, by Thomas Carpenter, n.d., 8.
118. McClelland, Presenting Nature, 124-28.
120. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 162-63.
121. WASO files 630, Roads General, 1934-1936, Director Arno B. Cammerer to H.K. Bishop, Chief, Division of Construction, Bureau of Public Roads, October 21, 1935.
122. WASO files 630, Roads General, 1934-1936, Director Arno B. Cammerer to Superintendents and Custodians, November 21, 1935.
123. McClelland, Presenting Nature, 120.
124. MeClelland, Presenting Nature, 135, citing the Annual Report of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior, 1930.
125. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, 265.
126. National Archives, RG 79, entry 7, central classified files, 630, Roads General, "Hearings before the Committee on the Public Lands, House of Representatives, 68th Congress, on H.R. 3682. February 1924.
127. Kieley, A Brief History of the National Park Service, 10-12.
128. WASO flies 630, Roads General, 1934-1936, containing a copy of an article from the San Francisco News, July 15, 1936.
129. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press), 169.
130. Frederick Law Olmsted, "Border Roads for Parkways and Parks," Landscape Architecture, XVI (1925), 74-75.
131. WASO files 630, Roads General, 1934-1936, A.E. Demaray, "Discussion of Federal Parkways," before the Council Meeting of the American Planning and Civic Association, January 24, 1936, 1-4.
132. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Parkways: A Manual of Requirements, Instructions, and Information for Use in the National Park Service, 2-3.
133. "Blue Ridge Parkway Visual Quality Guidelines," Draft, Denver Service Center, 1994.
134. "Public Roads, Limited Access Highways, Parkways," Landscape Architecture, XXXV (October, 1944), 55.
135. As of this writing the National Park Service remains responsible for the plantings and landscape adjacent to a parkway, but it is no longer responsible for the actual roadbeds.
136. Ron ShatTer, "Slow But Dependable," Washington Post, 2 December, 1993, DC 1 and DC 7.
137. Norman Newton, Design on the Land.
138. WASO files 630, Roads General, 1936-1941, Tom Carpenter, "On Highway Speed," 25 October 1940.
139. Federal Works Agency, Works of the Public Roads Administration, 1942. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1949.
140. National Archives, "Public Roads Administration," reprinted from the annual report of the Federal Works Agency, 1945, 15-16.
141. Everhart, The National Park Service, 27.
142. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, 257-58.
145. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 54, 61.
146. Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, 173.
148. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 107-8.
150. Park Road Standards, 1967.
152. "Interagency Agreement on Federal Lands Highways Program for Park Roads and Parkways," Federal Register, 48:122, 23 June 1983, 28774-75.
153. WASO flies, Memorandum, 16 May 1983, for Association Director, Park Operations, Stanley Albright to Directorate, Field Directorate, and Manager, Denver Service Center; and Park Road Standards.
157. WASO files, Memorandum, Jay Bright, Assistant Manager, Denver Service Center, to Denis Galvin, Manager, Denver Service Center, 14 March 1983.
158. WASO files, Memorandum, Tort Liability - Design Standards for National Park Roads, Assistant Regional Counsel James F. Zotter to Project Design Engineer Richard G. Wasill, 4 December 1895.
159. WASO files, Memorandum, Resident Landscape Architect to Superintendent, Blue Ridge Parkway, 2 February 1983.
160. This broad study has not yet been funded; some of the work proposed in it, but by no means all, has been accomplished in this study.
161. The odd part about driving Skyline Drive was that Shenandoah felt more like a parkway. Driving into the north end of the Blue Ridge Parkway felt like entering a park. The vistas were broad and open. Shenandoah's were tight and enclosed.
162. "Babbitt Urges Authenticity in U.S. Parks," Miami Herald, 24 May 1994.
163. Nash, The American Environment: Readings in the History of Conservation, xii.
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