Fish Management

Program Focus

Native cutthroat trout are the most ecologically important fish of the park and the most prized, and highly regarded by visiting anglers. Several factors, mostly related to nonnative species introductions, are threatening the persistence of these fish. The Yellowstone Native Fish Conservation Program strives to use best available science in addressing these threats, with a focus on direct, aggressive intervention, and welcomed assistance by visiting anglers.

 

Duration:

1 hour, 5 minutes, 50 seconds

Todd Koel, leader of the Yellowstone Native Fish Conservation Program, provides an annual update about the program and fishing/boating regulations in the park.

 

Over the past decade, the aquatic resources of Yellowstone National Park, and the ecosystems they support, have become seriously threatened by introductions of non-native (from elsewhere in North America) and exotic (from another continent) species.

For the foreseeable future, the Native Fish Conservation Program will focus the greatest amount of effort possible on conducting activities that are aimed at supporting its two main priorities:

• Preservation of Yellowstone Lake cutthroat trout, which is the largest remaining concentration of inland cutthroat trout in existence.
• Restoration of fluvial populations of native trout, many of which have been lost due to introductions of non-native species.

The specific activity currently conducted to preserve Yellowstone Lake cutthroat trout is the lake trout suppression program, which is one of the largest non-native fish removal programs occurring in the United States. An example of activities related to the restoration of fluvial populations of native trout include the westslope cutthroat trout restoration in the East Fork Specimen Creek watershed.

Most of the activities related to restoration of fluvial populations of native trout are financially supported by the Native Fish Conservation Grant of Yellowstone Forever, a non-profit organization whose mission is to fund projects and programs that protect, preserve and enhance Yellowstone National Park.

 

Young cutthroat trout swimming in shallow water

NPS/Jay Fleming

 

Aquatic Ecology of Yellowstone

Native vs. Nonnative Fishes in Yellowstone

Yellowstone has 11 fish native to its lakes and streams. Native sport fish include three subspecies of cutthroat trout, fluvial arctic grayling, and mountain whitefish. Non-native fish species that were introduced to the park in the late 19th and early 20th centuries include rainbow trout, brown trout, brook trout, and lake trout. Although non-native trout are also important to the angler experience in Yellowstone, they have contributed to a decline in the park’s native cutthroat trout and fluvial arctic grayling.

Current Status of Native Species

The ranges and densities of the park’s native fish species have been substantially altered during the past century due to angling harvest, introduction of nonnative and exotic species, and natural factors. Despite changes in species composition and distribution, large-scale habitat degradation—such as water diversions or water pollution—has not occurred in the park.

Maintaining Cutthroat Trout Genetics

Native cutthroat trout are the most ecologically important fish of the park and the most highly regarded by visiting anglers. Nonnative rainbow trout compete with the native cutthroat trout for food and habitat resources, and, even worse, interbreed with the cutthroat trout, producing hybrids. Once this occurs, the cutthroat population is forever damaged, and cannot be restored without immense expense and a complete removal of the entire fish community from the stream. To reduce the level of hybridization in the park’s cutthroat trout waters, anglers are encouraged to harvest rainbow trout. By working together, we can help to ensure that genetically pure cutthroat trout will persist for future generations to enjoy!

Ecological Integrity

In Yellowstone, bald eagles, ospreys, pelicans, otters, grizzly bears, and other wildlife take precedence over humans in utilizing fish as food. Fishing regulations reflect this priority and that of maintaining fish populations that have sufficient number of spawning adults to maintain natural reproduction and genetic diversity. Because of the increasing number of anglers in the park, more restrictive regulations have been adopted in Yellowstone. These restrictions include season opening and closing dates, no use of bait, catch-and-release only for native fish, and (in some waters) mandatory harvest of nonnative species. Some waters are closed to fishing to protect threatened and endangered wildlife or sensitive nesting birds, and to provide viewing areas for visitors seeking undisturbed vistas.

 

 

History of Fisheries Management

Created in 1872, Yellowstone National Park was, for several years, the only wildland under active federal management. Early visitors fished and hunted for subsistence, as there were almost no visitor services. At the time, fishes of the park were viewed as resources to be used by sport anglers and provide park visitors with fresh meals. Fish-eating wildlife, such as bears, ospreys, otters, and pelicans, were regarded as a nuisance, and many were destroyed as a result.

To supplement fishing and to counteract “destructive” consumption by wildlife, a fish“planting” program was established in Yellowstone. Early park superintendents noted the vast fishless waters of the park and asked the U.S. Fish Commission to “see that all waters are stocked so that the pleasure seeker can enjoy fine fishing within a few rods of any hotel or camp” (Boutelle 1889). The first fishes from outside the park were planted in 1889–1890, and included brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Firehole River, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the upper Gibbon River, and brown trout (Salmo trutta) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lewis and Shoshone lakes. The harvest-oriented fish management program accounted for the planting of more than 310 million native and non-native fish in Yellowstone between 1881 and 1955. In addition, from 1889 to 1956, some 818 million eggs were stripped from Yellowstone trout and shipped to locations throughout the United States.

Largely due to these activities and the popularity of Yellowstone’s fisheries, recreational angling became a long-term, accepted activity in national parks throughout the country. In Yellowstone, fisheries management, as the term is understood today, began with the U.S. Army, and was assumed by the National Park Service in 1916. Fish stocking, data gathering, and other monitoring activities began with the U.S. Fish Commission in 1889, were continued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service until 1996, and have been the responsibility of the National Park Service since then.

Approximately 48% of Yellowstone’s waters were once fishless, and the stocking of non-native fishes by park managers has had profound ecological consequences. The more serious of these include displacement of intolerant natives such as westslope cutthroat trout (O. clarki lewisi) and Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), hybridization of Yellowstone (O. c. bouvieri) and westslope cutthroat trout with each other and with non-native rainbow trout, and, most recently, predation of Yellowstone cutthroat trout by non-native lake trout. Over the years, management policies of the National Park Service have drastically changed to reflect new ecological insights. Subsistence use and harvest orientation once guided fisheries management. Now, maintenance of natural biotic associations or, where possible, restoration to pre-Euro-American conditions have emerged as primary goals. Eighteen fish species or subspecies currently are known to exist in Yellowstone National Park; 11 of these are considered native (they were known to exist in park waters prior to Euro-American settlement), and five are introduced (non-native or exotic).

A perceived conflict exists in the National Park Service mandate to protect and preserve pristine natural systems and also provide for use and enjoyment. However, fisheries management efforts in Yellowstone are currently focused on preservation of native species, while allowing for use of these fisheries by visiting anglers through a complete catch-and-release regulation. Because the primary mission of Yellowstone’s Native Fish Conservation Program is the preservation of natural ecosystems and ecosystem processes, the program does not emphasize maintenance of established non-native fish stocks. In fact, harvest regulations have been liberalized, and anglers are encouraged to keep non-native trout caught in waters where they co-exist and are causing harm to native cutthroat trout or Arctic grayling. Program activities are almost exclusively focused on the preservation of Yellowstone Lake cutthroat trout, the restoration of fluvial populations of native trout, and research and monitoring to support these critical activities.

 

 

Locations

The Native Fish Conservation Program is within the Wildlife & Aquatic Resources Branch, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park.Year-round facilities include office space within the historic Cavalry Troop Barracks building at park headquarters at Mammoth Hot Springs.

Seasonally (May–October), operations are centered at the historical Lake Fish Hatchery District within the park interior, on the northern side of Yellowstone Lake. Although cutthroat trout egg-taking and hatchery operations were discontinued in 1956, the buildings remain a center of contemporary fisheries management activities, particularly those related to the preservation of Yellowstone Lake cutthroat trout. Program facilities at Lake now include offices, a water quality laboratory, shop and garage area, gill net storage space, and housing for staff. Boats are moored at Bridge Bay Marina.

Program staff have expertise in cutthroat trout and arctic grayling conservation through removal of introduced, nonnative and exotic species; reintroductions of native fish into restored habitats; applied research; and long-term monitoring. Staff also have expertise in the monitoring of aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and water quality as indicators of ecosystem health.

 

Contact Information

307-344-2282 (phone)
307-344-2211 (fax)

Native Fish Conservation Program
Yellowstone Center for Resources
PO Box 168
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 82190