Yellowstone Historic Resource Study The History of the Construction of the Road System in Yellowstone National Park, 1872-1966

308. Horace Albright, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for 1929 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1929), 134-135.

309. Albright, Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for 1929, 17-18.

310. Horace Albright, "Unusual Difficulties Encountered in Developing System of Scenic Highways in National Parks," an article in Horace Albright Papers, File, Roads/Trails, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

311. Horace Albright, "Scenic Reserves," The Saturday Evening Post, 4546, September 4, 1929.

312. Horace Albright, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for 1931 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931), 121.

313. Albright, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for 1931, 129-131.

314. Albright, 32-33.

315. Ibid., 2-3.

316. Monthly Narrative Report, August 31, 1931, Yellowstone National Park District No. 3, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

317. Albright, 77.

318. Ibid., 76.

319. Horace Albright, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1932 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1932), 1.

320. Albright, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1932, 1.

321. Frank Kittredge, "Preserving a Valuable Heritage," Civil Engineering, Vol. 2 No. 9, 553, 536-537.

322. L.I. Hewes, "America's Park Highways," Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 9, September 1932, 537-540.

323. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1933," Yellowstone National Park Library, Yellowstone National Park.

324. Roger Toll, superintendent of Yellowstone National Park to C.F. Capes, Bureau of Public Roads Highway Engineer, 4 September 1933. Yellowstone National Park Library, Yellowstone National Park.

325. Roger Toll, "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1934," Yellowstone National Park Library, Yellowstone National Park.

326. Ibid., 20-21. "Report of Sanford Hill, landscape architect ECW, July 1934." Yellowstone National Park Collection. Box 10. National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

327. Walter D. Popham, temporary landscape architect, "Emergency Conservation Work. Report to the Chief Architect Through the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for the month of September, 1934," Yellowstone Collection, Box 10. National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

328. Roger Toll to Thomas Vint, Chief, Landscape Architecture Division, National Park Service, 30 November 1934. Landscape Architecture and Engineers Reports for 1934-1960, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

329. Of the 328 miles of maintained road within the park boundaries, 210 are on the Grand Loop, 52 miles are subsidiary or side trip roads, and the remaining 66 miles are service roads in the Government and concession utility areas. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1935," 16.

330. The Northeast Entrance Station is considered a classic example of the entrance or checking stations of the National Park Service. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

331. Roger Toll to C. F. Capes, Bureau of Public Roads, 18 September 1935, File Box: Roads and Bridges 1919-1936, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1935," 17-18.

332. Untitled document found in File Box: Road Specs. Bridge Specs 1919-1936. 1956, Folder: Grand Loop Highway 1-D-2 Report, July 6, 1936 to August 13, 1936, Bid Contract and Bond Report, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

333. Ibid.

334. Roger Toll, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park to Arno Cammerer, Director of the National Park Service. 12 February 1936, File Box: Road Construction, File: 332.1 F.Y. 1934, Yellowstone National Park, Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

335. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1936," 5, 24, and 26.

336. Edmund Rogers, superintendent, Yellowstone National Park to Arno Cammerer, director of the National Park Service. 6 October 1936. "Monthly report for September 1936," Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

337. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1937," 40-41. The road obliteration conducted by the CCC crews during 1937 was to the following road sections:

Chittenden Bridge to Artist Point — The remanent of old road scars and road grades were sloped and regraded to the original ground forms. Trees and sage were planted to eliminate the scars. Mammoth Hot Springs area — Earth fill, sod clumps and sage were brought in to regrade areas of the many old road scars in the complex. The old road section between buildings No. 3 and 4 was obliterated. Most of this section was resodded using sod removed from the proposed road to the Power House, and the remaining area was seeded.

Roads south of the Fish Hatchery — The road east of Lake Lodge was completely obliterated. Many young trees were planted and duff spread. It was found that this procedure worked well through wooded areas. Fountain Paint Pots — The old contractor's road into the borrow pit area was obliterated and planted. Nez Perce Creek — The old road heading east of the creek on the north side was obliterated and planted.

Yellowstone River Auto Camp road — This road, which left the Grand Loop just south of the auto camp and ran through heavy cut sections near the river on the north side, was restored.

Lewis Lake area — The road that joined the South Entrance road just north of Lewis Lake and opposite the road to Heart Lake was obliterated by removing the oil mat back about 200 feet, grading the road to remove the ditch lines and setting out trees. The project also involved the removal of an old log bridge that was about 150 feet off the Grand Loop road.

Old Faithful — Grading and placement of duff was done in several areas.

Norris area — The old road that was south and west of the Minute Man Geyser was obliterated by spreading fill over the areas and restoring the natural ground contour. The road was graded and planted out with trees and duff was spread near the intersection of the Grand Loop road. Sanford Hill, and Howard Hill, "Monthly Narrative Report to the Chief Architect, for Yellowstone National Park, for June, July and August, 1937," File Box: Landscape Architects and Engineers, Reports 1934-1960, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

338. Howard Gregg, Assistant Landscape Architect, "Monthly Report to the Chief Architect, for November 20 to December 20, 1937, for Yellowstone National Park," Box File: Landscape Architects and Engineers Reports, 1934-1960, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

339. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1938," 26-27.

340. Howard Gregg, "Monthly Narrative Report to the Chief Architect, December 20, 1937 to January 20, 1938," File Box 10, Yellowstone National Park. National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

341. Sanford Hill and James K. Somerville, "Report on Yellowstone National Park, October 1938," File Box: Landscape Architects-Engineers, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

342. Edmund Rogers, Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park to the Director of the National Park Service, 15 August 1938, File Box: 630 Roads, General, Part 1. 1936-1939. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

343. C.S. Capes, "Progress Report Season of 1939 on Public Roads Administration Activities on the Yellowstone National Park Highway System Yellowstone Park Wyoming, Federal Works Agency Public Roads Administration District No. 3," December 18, 1939, Technical Information Center, Denver Service Center, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.

344. Capes, "Progress Report Season of 1939 on Public Roads Administration Activities on the Yellowstone National Park Highway System, Yellowstone National Park Wyoming."

345. Ibid.

346. Thomas Allen, Regional Director of Region Two, National Park Service, to C. M. Vandeburg, Director, Publicity and Promotion Department, Golden Gate International Exposition, 20 May, 1938, File Box: Roads Construction, General Correspondence, 1936-1939, 1945-1953, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

347. "Annual Report of Yellowstone National Park for 1939."

348. "Progress Report, Season of 1939 on Public Roads Administration Activities on the Yellowstone National Park Highway System, Yellowstone National Park."

349. The Landscape Architecture Division was changed to the Branch of Plans and Designs in December 1934.

350. Thomas Carpenter, Stanley Abbot, and Edward Zimmer, "Report of the Committee on Roads and Parkways,"Branch of Plans and Design Conference, Washington D. C., February 23 to 28, 1939. File Box: Landscape Architects/Engineers, Folder, 1939 reports, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

The Bureau of Public Roads adopted the following National Park Service techniques and designs:

1. design for flattening and rounding of earth cut slopes

2. transition cut slopes in relation to fiat gutter slopes and paved gutter ("Flattening the lower part of steep cut slopes give stability and enables plant growth to become established. This will reduce maintenance in the gutter sections to a considerable extent. Taking the slope as a whole, curvature at the bottom together with curvature in the reverse direction at the top, results in an ogee. As a form, curvature at the bottom of the slope improves the perspective appearance through the resultant feeling of stability expressed. Actual stability of the slope is created in the lower portion of 1:1 and 1-1/4:1 slopes, with the introduction of a slope 1-1/2:1 and flatter at the bottom. It is the kind of slope that nature makes at the bottom of steep slopes through erosion, in reaching angle of repose. Slopes of this kind appear to be more of a natural part of the landscape than the straight geometric or plane form, and serve to further the appearance of the road fitting the natural terrain . . . . It is recognized that this type of sloping may not apply in terrain that is predominantly rock."

3. flat gutters avoid the sharp angles and permit cars to pull off the traveled lanes. ". . . a better appearance is gained and safety added to the road." A rough textured finish for the gutters and top of shoulders to enable a driver to know when he has left the travel lane.

351. "Progress Report for the Season of 1939 on Public Roads Administration Activities on the Yellowstone National Park Highway System Yellowstone National Park Wyoming."

Based on meager information we (Bureau of Public Roads) have thus far obtained, it is found that the average traffic density on the Grand Loop Route is 250 to 300 vehicles per hour, and on the Entrance Roads, about 150 per hour. The character of traffic is primarily passenger vehicle traffic, as the volume of truck traffic seldom amounts to more than 5% [sic] of the total. Based on the average annual increase for the past five years, it is reasonable to forecast that in 1945 the traffic density on the Grand Loop will be 400 vehicles per hour and the Entrance Roads, 200 per hour."

352. Ibid.

353. Ibid.

354. Ibid.

355. Capes, "Progress Report Season of 1940 on Public Roads Administration Activities on the Yellowstone National Park Highway System Yellowstone Park Wyoming, February 28, 1941," File Box: No. 40, Progress Reports, Public Roads Administration—1940, Yellowstone National Park, National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

356. Ibid.

357. Capes, "General Maintenance Inspection Report on Yellowstone National Park Highway System, Wyoming, May 15, 1940," File Box: Roads General. Yellowstone National Park, National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

358. Sanford Hill, "Narrative Report on Yellowstone National Park, May 1940," File Box 10: Monthly Narrative Reports, Landscape Architects, Yellowstone National Park, National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

359. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park for 1940."

360. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1941."

361. Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1940, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940), 194-195.