Yellowstone Historic Resource Study The History of the Construction of the Road System in Yellowstone National Park, 1872-1966

1. K. Huppe, "Literature Search Emigrant-Gardiner 69 KV," Highland Technical Services, The Montana Power Company. March, 1988, 111.

2. A brief overview of the New World Mining District written in 1918 by Mr. J. T. Pardee. This document is included in material relating to Cooke City in the Archives at Yellowstone National Park.

3. According to the Lee Whittlesey's Yellowstone Place Names, John H. Baronett, who was born in Glencoe, Scotland, in about 1830, had "traveled in the South Pacific and the western America" before coming to the Yellowstone area in 1864. He guided and prospected in the Southwest and in Montana, including scouting for George Custer in 1868. Baronett is credited with finding the missing member of the Washburn expedition, Truman Everts, in 1870. Later, Baronett served several times as a guide for General Philip Sheridan on his trips to the Park. He was the "only member of the civilian police force to be retained when the army took over the Park in 1886. He was even considered for the superintendency of the Park in 1884. Baronett lived in Livingston until his death in 1901." Lee H. Whittlesey, Yellowstone Place Names (Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988), 19.

In Aubrey Haines' classic The Yellowstone Story, he states that Baronett deserted a ship in China and made his way to the California gold fields. He also prospected in Australia and Africa and visited the Arctic on a whaling ship before returning to California in 1855. In addition to prospecting, he served as a courier for General Albert Sidney Johnston during the Mormon War, he joined the First Texas Cavalry during the Civil War and later served with the French under Maximilian in Mexico. In September of 1864, he returned to the Montana Territory crossing the Yellowstone Plateau and 2 years later he was on the 1866 Yellowstone Expedition. After serving with Custer on the Black Hills expedition, he returned to the Yellowstone country. After a long wait for compensation for his bridge from the Department of Interior, he was awarded $5,000. Haines states that he left the Yellowstone country with his money for an "expedition to Nome, Alaska during the last great gold rush. But his schooner and his hopes were both crushed in the arctic ice. Thereafter, the old man's health failed rapidly and he was last mentioned as an indigent at Tacoma, Washington, in late January or early February of 1901." Aubrey Haines, The Yellowstone Story, (Boulder, Colorado: Colorado Associated University Press, 1977), Vol. II, 446-447.

4. Richard A. Bartlett, Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985), 118.

5. Aubrey L. Haines, "The Bridge That Jack Built", Yellowstone Nature Notes, Jan.-Feb. 1949, Vol. 21, 1-4.

6. Haines, "The Bridge That Jack Built."

7. F. V. Hayden, Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and Positions of Adjacent Territories Being a Fifth Annual Report of Progress by F. V. Hayden (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office 1872), 79.

8. Robert R. O'Brien, "The Yellowstone Road System. Past, Present, and Future, "(Ph.D. Diss., University of Washington, 1964).

9. A very good description of the 2-week pursuit of the Nez Perce Indians by Gen. O. O. Howard can be found in Aubrey Haines' The Yellowstone Story, 218-239, Volume I.

10. P. W. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park, to the Secretary of the Interior, for the Year 1878 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1879), 986.

11. P. W. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park, to the Secretary of the Interior, for the Year 1879 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1880), 22.

12. John Ponsford to Secretary of the Interior, 6 September 1880. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

13. John Ponsford to Secretary of the Interior, 22 October 1880. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

14. Ibid.

15. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park, to the Secretary of the Interior, for the Year 1879, 19.

16. P. W. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park, to the Secretary of the Interior, for the Year 1880 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1881), 25.

17. Clarence Stephens, Assistant Superintendent to Superintendent P. W. Norris, 2 November 1881. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

18. Dan C. Kingman, Notes on "Construction of Roads and Bridges in Yellowstone National Park", quoted in Annual Report of Captain Clinton B. Sears, Corps of Engineers, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1887.

19. Dan Kingman's report for 1885 which can be found in the Yellowstone National Park Library on microfilm. M63 R3. The site of this bridge is not located.

20. Transmittal letter of the "Report of W. H. Phillips on the Yellowstone National Park." 49th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document No. 51.

21. Moses Harris, Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1887 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office), 1887, 7.

22. Harris, Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1887, 12.

23. Ibid, 13.

24. "A Standing Menace. Cooke City vs the National Park", Forest and Stream, December 8, 1892.

25. Maj. Hiram Chittenden to Maj. W. A. Jones, no specific date could be discerned, but it must be after November 16, 1892. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

26. George Anderson, Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior 1895 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1895), 11. George Anderson, Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior 1896 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1896), 13.

27. George Anderson, "Report, Office of Road Construction, November 9, 1896", Annual Report of Superintendent Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the War for 1896.

28. Anderson, Annual Report of Superintendent Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of War for 1896.

29. Ibid.

30. Colonel S. B. M. Young, 3rd Cavalry, Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1897 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1897).

31. Article in "Editor's Study" Column, Harper's Magazine, Vol. XCIV, January, 1897.

32. Hiram Chittenden, "Improvement of the Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges." Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1899, Appendix EEE, (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1899), 12.

33. Aubrey Haines, "The Bridge That Jack Built," Yellowstone Nature Notes.

34. Mr. K. S. Chamberlain, Division Engineer, Bureau of Public Roads, to Mr. Edmund Rogers, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, 6 September 1956. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

35. Capt. Hiram Chittenden and Maj. John Mills, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges In the Yellowstone National Park and the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park; Survey for Wagon Road From Valdez to Fort Egbert, Alaska, and Survey for Military Trail Between Yukon River and Coldfoot, Alaska, Appendixes FFF and KKK of the Annual Report of the Chief Engineer for 1904 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), 4174. In Aubrey Haines' article The Bridge That Jack Built, he wrote, "Harry Trischman says that the old bridge was used by fishermen until 1905, but finally became so dangerous that it was necessary to burn it in that year." He also stated that the American Bridge Company built the new bridge on the site of the present crossing.

36. Capt. Ernest Peek and Maj. Hiram Chittenden, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Report Upon the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), 2549. 1st Lt. Wildurr Willing and Maj. C. W. Kutz, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Report Upon the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park Appendixes GGG and HHH (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), 2511.

37. "Improvement of Yellowstone National Park Maintenance and Repairs, Report of Operations for October, 1914."

38. "Report on the Operations on Yellowstone National Park for May, 1915."

39. Stephen Mather, Director of the National Park Service to Sen. H. L. Myers, Chairman, Committee on Public Lands, 19 February 1918. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

40. "Report for July, 1915, Yellowstone National Park." "Report for August, 1915, Yellowstone National Park."

41. "Report for September, 1915 for Yellowstone National Park." "Report for November, 1915 for Yellowstone National Park."

42. Mather to Myers, February 19, 1918. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

43. Ibid.

44. Will Hartman, engineer, to E. B. Bubard, Manager Yellowstone Mining Company, 26 November 1917. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

45. Maj. John Schultz, Corps of Engineers, to Chester Lindsley, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, 9 November 1917. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

46. Maj. G. E. Verrill and Col. George Zinn, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Report Upon Crater Lake National Park (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), 3835.

47. Verrill and Zinn, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Report Upon Crater Lake National Park, 3835.

48. Horace Albright, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park to Stephen Mather, 14 October 1920. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

49. Horace Albright, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, to Stephen Mather, Director of the National Park Service, 3 June 1921. The records that were used for this study did not reveal any more contact with the mining companies, or reveal any more transactions with them. The gap in the records are therefore between 1921 and the mid-1920s. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

50. Horace Albright, Director of the National Park Service to Senator Francis Warren, March 6, 1929. Albright replaced Stephen Mather as director on 12 January 1929. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

51. L. Foreman, "Final Construction Report (1936) on Tower Junction - Cooke City Highway Project RTEC 8-A1, Small Bridges and Culverts, Yellowstone National Park, State of Wyoming. File 485 Yellowstone RTEC 8-A1. Accounts No. 2432. March 9, 1937." Yellowstone National Park Archives. Yellowstone National Park.

52. Frank Mattson, Associate Architect, Robert G. Hall, Jr. Landscape Architect, and Robert Albers, Jr. Architect, "Report to the Chief Architect Through The Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for the Period - September 28 to October 28, 1934." History Files. Yellowstone National Park Archives. Yellowstone National Park.

53. Frank Mattson, Resident Landscape Architect, "Report to the Chief Architect Through Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park for Month of October, 1934." History Files. Yellowstone National Park Archives. Yellowstone National Park.

54. C. F. Capes, Bureau of Public Roads Engineer, "Monthly Narrative Report, Yellowstone National Park, Bureau of Public Roads District No. 3, June 30, 1935." History Files. Yellowstone National Park Archives. Yellowstone National Park.

55. Roger Toll, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, to C. F. Capes, Bureau of Public Roads, 26 September 1935. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

56. Sanford Hill, Resident Landscape Architect, Yellowstone National Park, "Monthly Narrative Report to Chief Architect Through the Superintendent on Major and Minor Roads and Trails and Projects Other Than E. C. W. for Yellowstone National Park Period: June 24th to July 25, 1936." R.G. 79. Yellowstone Box 10. National Archives and Records Center. Denver, Colorado.

57. Sanford Hill, Resident Landscape Architect and James Somerville, Assistant Landscape Architect, "Report on Yellowstone National Park, October 1938." R.G. 79. Yellowstone Box 10. National Archives and Records Center. Denver, Colorado.

58. C. F. Capes, "Traffic Survey Report Intra-Park Travel Season 1937, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. September 20, 1937."

59. Sanford Hill, "Narrative Report on Yellowstone National Park for June, 1939." O. D. Van Buskirk, Jr., "Final Report (1938-39) Tower Junction-Cooke City Project 8-A1 Bridge Betterments Yellowstone National Park Wyoming. Public Roads Administration, D-3." R.G. Yellowstone. Box 10. National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

60. L. F. Copeland, "Report on Proposed Alternate Bridge Locations and Recommended Structure Types for the Crossing of the Yellowstone River Route 8, Northeast Entrance Yellowstone National Park." This report discusses in detail the problems and possible solutions for bridge construction in this location. For some reason, one of which is no doubt the delay in all road work because of World War II, the bridge was constructed until 1963. History File. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

61. "Final Construction Report (1961-1963) on Yellowstone National Park Project 8 Bridge and Approaches Northeast Entrance Yellowstone National Park Wyoming." Office of Maintenance Division. Yellowstone National Park.

62. C. F. Capes, "Final Survey and Design Report (1941) on Northeast Entrance Road 8-A4 National Park Project Yellowstone National Park State of Wyoming, November 28, 1941." Loose Folders. Yellowstone National Park Archives. Yellowstone National Park.

63. A.W. Burney, Acting Chief Engineer, Yellowstone National Park to Regional Director, Region 2, National Park Service. 2 April 1945. National Archives R.G. 79. Yellowstone Entry 7 Box 174.

64. "Final Construction Report (1963-1964) on Yellowstone National Park Project 8 Grading, Base and Bituminous Surfacing Northeast Entrance Road Yellowstone National Park Class 1 National Park Highway Park County State of Wyoming." "Real Property Records, Yellowstone National Park," Rocky Mountain Regional Office, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. Office of Maintenance Division. Yellowstone National Park.

65. "Parkwide Road Engineering Study of the Yellowstone National Park Road System, Draft Report, October 1986," U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Vancouver, Washington, 1986. Volume I.