Yellowstone Historic Resource Study The History of the Construction of the Road System in Yellowstone National Park, 1872-1966

1. P.W. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1877, to the Secretary of the Interior (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1877), 841. P.W. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1878, to the Secretary of the Interior (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), 979.

2. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1878, to the Secretary of the Interior, 979-980.

3. Herman Haupt, The Yellowstone National Park (New York: J.M. Stoddart Co., 1883), 49.

4. Norris, 980.

5. P.W. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1879, to the Secretary of the Interior, (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1879), 7.

6. P.W. Norris, Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1880 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1881), 13.

7. P.H. Conger, Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1882 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1882), 5.

8. Conger, Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1882, 6.

9. Dan Kingman, "Construction of Roads and Bridges in Yellowstone National Park," quoted in Annual Report of Capt. Clinton B. Sears, Corps of Engineers, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887.

10. Kingman Report.

11. Ibid.

12. Captain Moses Harris, Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1888, 7 and 12.

13. Maj. Charles J. Allen, Annual Report of Maj. Charles J. Allen, Corps of Engineers, Officer in Charge, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1889 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), 2863.

14. Captain F. Q. Boutelle, Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1890), 8 and 9.

15. Capt. George Anderson, Report of the Acting Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1895 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895), 8.

16. Hiram Chittenden, "Roads in Yellowstone National Park," Senate Document 226, 50th Congress, 1st Session. Acting Secretary of War Transmitting in Response to Resolution of the Senate of March 12, 1900.

17. Hiram Chittenden, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Construction of Military Road from Fort Washakie to Mouth of Buffalo Fork of Snake River, Wyoming and Erection of Monument to Sergeant Charles Floyd in the Charge of Hiram Chittenden, Captain, Corps of Engineers, Appendixes FFF, III, and JJJ of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1901 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901), 3780.

18. Hiram Chittenden and John Mills, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges In the Yellowstone National Park and the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park; Survey for Wagon Road From Valdes to Fort Egbert, Alaska, and Survey for Military Trail Between Yukon River and Coldfoot, Alaska, Appendixes FFF and KKK of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1904 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), 4174. Hiram Chittenden and John Mills, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and the Road into Mount Rainier National Park (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), 2811.

19. For a detailed history of the Golden Gate Viaduct, see HAER NO. WY-46 report, Yellowstone National Park.

20. Hiram Chittenden and John Mills, Annual Reports Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park, Appendixes FFF and KKK of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1905, 2820.

21. Ernest Peek, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1907 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1907), 2821, 2466 and 2467.

22. Ernest Peek, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1908 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), 2547.

23. Wildurr Willing, "Report of Inspection of Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park, made September 24, 25, and 26, 1909, with recommendations by request of Capt. Wildurr Willing, Corps of Engineers, U.S.A."

24. 1st Lt. Wildurr Willing and Maj. C. W. Kutz, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park," Appendixes GGG and HHH for 1909 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), 2511.

25. Capt. C. H. Knight, Maj. J. B. Cavanaugh, and Maj. Jay J. Morrow, Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1912 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912), 3031.

26. Capt. C. H. Knight to Chief Engineer, Army Corps of Engineers, 12 February 1912. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

27. Capt. C. H. Knight to Chief Engineer, Army Corps of Engineers, 19 February 1912. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

28. Maj. Amos Fries, "Report to the Chief of Engineers for October, 1914."

29. Maj. Amos A. Fries and Maj. Jay J. Morrow, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park; and Report Upon Crater Lake National Park, Appendixes EEE and FFF (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1914), 3393-3395.

30. Chester Lindsley, Office of Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park to Capt. John Schultz, 9 October 1917. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

31. Stephen Mather, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1921 and Travel Season 1921 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1921), 169.

32. C. A. Lord, "Final Report Mammoth-Norris Road-Project #502."

33. Lord, "Final Report Mammoth-Norris Road-Project #502."

34. Unnamed document, but probably a Location Survey report for the Obsidian Cliff to Mammoth Hot Springs road section. Yellowstone National Park, File No. 332.1 Firehole-Cascade-Old Faithful Section 1-C-2. Yellowstone National Park Archives.

35. C.F. Capes, "Final Construction Report Project 1-Al, A3, Grading Mammoth Terraces — Obsidian Cliff Section, Grand Loop National Park Highway Yellowstone National Park Wyoming, June 19. 1933."

36. The following quoted material is from the Landscape Architect report of July, 1932 by Kenneth C. McCarter and Frank Mattson:

July 6 - Permission was given to Mr. Anderson of the B.P.R. to use the material which had been stocked-piled near Sta. 70 for top dressing on the elimination of old borrow pits.

Mr. McCarter located a borrow pit at sta. 300. Many borrow sites have been prospected on this job which have proved worthless, in one instance the material which had been borrowed had the tendency to air-slake after being put into the road. Much boulders or "nigger-heads" generally develop after the pits are opened which cannot be used in the base of the shallow fill across Swan Lake Flats. The relocation between sta. 300 and 315 to avoid the double crossing of the Mammoth water supply concrete pipe line was recommended by McCarter. The proposed location turns slightly to the left, following closer to the natural fringe of trees and then reverses with easy curvature to the right and ties in with the main line again. This change obliterates much of the old road by following the present road more closely which is very desirable from the landscaping viewpoint.

July 10 - Mr. Toll phoned Mr. Wiggins regarding the waterline at the borrow pit at sta. 370. Mr. Wiggins believed the pipe to be about 16 ft. underground. If 2 ft. of covering were left over the pipe it would be satisfactory to Mr. Wiggins to excavate the dike.

July 12 - Mr. Anderson, B.P.R., resident engineer, asked for a relocation of borrow. The pit which had been prospected behind the old barns at the south end of Swan Lake Flats proved inadequate and of undesirable material.

July 13 - Mr. Wiggins does not favor the suggestion of cutting the water pipe line at the borrow pit at sta. 370 and use the marsh as a channel from there to Rustic Falls. His reasons were that the water would spread over the marsh and form a wallow for elk. Channeling would probably cause ice problems and flooding.

July 14 - The removal of the dike which supports the water pipe is still the controlling factor in the obliteration of this most unsightly borrow pit. It was decided that further borrow outside of the dike could be obtained with the prospect of future replacement of the pipe line. When the pipe line is replaced it can be located in the toe of slope of the road and the dike can be smoothed out. This will permit the blending of the slopes of the borrow pit into the side slopes of the marsh. The dike will then be the only unnatural feature remaining. . . . McCarter recommends that when the entire line is replaced that the line through the dike also be replaced for emergency purposes and that the dike be eliminated. The pipe line proved to be about two feet below the surface so the dike could not be partially excavated. It will be rounded off and sloped to fit the new conditions as well as possible.

37. Capes, "Final Construction Report (1931-32) Project 1-A 1, A-3, Grading. Mammoth Terraces-Obsidian Cliff, Grand Loop Project Yellowstone National Park Wyoming."

38. Kenneth McCarter and Frank Mattson, Landscape Architects Reports, July, 1932.

39. McCarter and Mattson, Landscape Architect Reports for July, 1932.

40. C.A. Lord, "Final Report Mammoth Terraces-Obsidian Cliff, Post Construction Project #558, 1933."

41. E.O. Anderson, "Final Construction Report, 1933-1934 on Project NE 1-Al, A3, A4, A5 Surfacing, Grand Loop Highway, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, January 11, 1935." Equipment used on this contract included the following:

1 - 1/2 yard Speeder gas shovel
1 - 1-1/4 yard Bucyrus-Erie gas shovel
1 - 60 Caterpillar tractor with bulldozer
1 - 30 Caterpillar tractor with fresno
9 - 3-1/2 ton dump trucks
1 - 3/4 ton truck
1 - 1/2 ton truck
2 - 310 compressors
2 - 15 x 36 Universal crushers
1 - 95 HP Allis-Chalmers engine
1 - 120 HP Waukesha engine
1 - Pioneer-Duplex crushing, screening, and loading plant
1 - 10 ton roller
1 - Auto patrols (10 foot blade)
1 - Tool car.

42. Anderson, "Final Construction Report, 1933-34 on Project NR 1-Al, A3, A4, A5 Surfacing, Grand Loop Highway, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, January 11, 1935."

43. E. O. Anderson, "Final Construction Report, 1935 on Project NR 1-Al, A3, A4, A5, Oiling, 1-A2, B, and C-1, Seal Goat, Grand Loop Highway, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, January 11, 1936." This project required the following major equipment:

1 Pioneer Duplex crushing and screening plant
1 Madson oil mixing plant
1 Diesel Caterpillar tractor
1 Diesel Auto Patrol (12' blade)
6 3-ton dump trucks
1 3-ton hoist truck
3 1-1/2-ton dump trucks
1 1-1/2-ton flat bed truck
1 welder truck
1 roller
1 distributor
1 sweeper
1 stone chip spreader

44. Anderson, "Final Construction Report, 1935 on Project NR 1-Al, A3, A5, Oiling, 1-A2, B and C-1, Seal Coat, Grand Loop Highway, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, January 11, 1936." The bituminous surfacing had a thickness of 3 inches loose and a width of 22 feet. It was constructed on 5 inches loose thickness of crushed rock base course which had been placed the previous year. A prime coat of Liquid Asphaltic Road Material, type MC-1 was used on the base course where needed, however most of it was in excellent condition, thus little priming was needed. Crushed gravel consisting of fairly hard rhyolite boulders and pebbles with sand filter and a small amount of dirt was the aggregate. The bituminous material, which consisted of liquid Asphaltic Road Material, type NC-4 was added into the mixture at a temperature of 175 degrees, then transported to the road at a temperature of 210 degrees or more. The material set up very quickly. A seal coat, which consisted of Liquid Asphaltic Road Material, type RC-1, was then covered with a cover of stone chips which had been crushed to a maximum size of 5/8 inch from basalt slide rock. The color to the chips was a blue gray which lightened the road surface for night driving.

45. E. O. Anderson, "Final Construction Report (1948-49) on Grand Loop National Highway-Wyoming, Project 1-A, B, C-1 Reseal, Yellowstone National Park, State of Wyoming, February 8, 1950."

46. "Final Construction Report (1965-1966) on Yellowstone National Park Project 1-A(1), B(1) and 12(1), Grading and Bituminous Stabilized Base, Grand Loop and Norris-Canyon Cutoff, Yellowstone National Park, State of Wyoming." This report gives very good details of the types materials and equipment used on this project.

47. Robert R. O'Brien, "The Yellowstone National Park Road System: Past, Present, and Future," (Ph.D. Diss. University of Washington, 1964).

48. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1878, to the Secretary of the Interior, 979.

49. Norris, Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1880, 13.

50. John Hartman to Secretary of the Interior Teller, 20 August 1883. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

51. Kingman Report, 1885

52. Kingman Report, 1885.

53. Ibid.

54. Report of the Secretary of War Being Part of The Messages and Documents Communicated to the Houses of Congress and The Beginning of The First Session of the Fiftieth Congress in 4 Volumes, Volume II- in four parts, Part IV (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), Annual Report of Major Charles J. Allen, Corps of Engineers, Officer in Charge, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1889, 2863.

55. George S. Anderson, Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1892 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892), 3 and 5.

56. Anderson, Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for 1895, 8.

57. Colonel S.B.M. Young, 3rd Cavalry, Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1897 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1897), 4.

58. Chittenden, Annual Reports Upon the Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Construction of Military Roads from Fort Washakie to Mouth of Buffalo Fork of Snake River, Wyoming, and Erection of Monument to Sergeant Charles Floyd in the Charge of Hiram Chittenden, Captain, Corps of Engineers, Appendixes FFF, KKK, and JJJ of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1903 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1903), 2893.

59. Chittenden, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park in the Charge of Hiram Chittenden, Captain, Corps of Engineers, Appendixes GGG and KKK of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1905, 2810. Chittenden, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and the Roads Into Mount Rainier National Park, Appendixes GGG and JJJ of the Annual Report of the Chief Engineers for 1906 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906), 2255.

60. Peek, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1907, 2,463.

61. Peek, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1908, 2,544 and 2,545.

62. Willing, "Report of Inspection of Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park, made September 24, 25, and 26, 1909, with recommendations by request of Capt. Wildurr Willing, Corps of Engineers, U.S.A."

63. Capt. C. H. Knight, Maj. J.B. Cavanaugh and Maj. Jay J. Morrow, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park, and Report Upon the Roads Into Mount Rainier National Park, Appendixes HHH and III, 3,031-3,032.

Horace Albright to Henry Jacoby, 30 October 1923. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

64. Stephen Mather, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1919 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919), 25-26.

65. Lt. Col. Amos Fries and Col. George Winn, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Report Upon Crater Lake National Park (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), 3748-3749.

66. Mather, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1921 and the Travel Season 1921, 167.

67. Stephen Mather, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the interior for 1925 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office 1925), 78-79.

68. Stephen Mather, Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for 1926 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), 56.

69. A.W. Burney, Assistant Engineer, "Report of Work Done on Projects No. 6 and 9, Yellowstone National Park, July 2, 1925." C.A. Lord, "Madison Junction-Old Faithful Project 1C (503) (525.1), 1930." Yellowstone National Park Archives, Box, Construction of Roads, FY 1926.

70. Lord, "Madison Junction-Old Faithful Project 1C (503) (525.1), 1930."

71. C.A. Lord, "Final Report Project #525.9, Loop Betterment, (Old Faithful 5 Milepost)."

72. C.A. Lord, "Final Report Project #530, Madison-Norris Oiling, Cleanup, Bridge Removal 1930."

73. "Reconnaissance Report-1931, Route 1. Firehole Cascades-Old Faithful Project, Section 1-C of the Grand Loop, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming."

74. C.F. Capes, "Location Survey Report, 1932 on Firehole Cascades - Old Faithful Section of Grand Loop Highway, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, April 14, 1934." F.C. Ammann, "Final Construction Report (1934-35) Project N.R. 1-C-2 Grading of the Grand Loop Highway, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, April 18, 1936."

75. Yellowstone National Park official (unnamed) to Mr. Thomas Vint, Branch of Plans and Design, National Park Service, 18 September 1935. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

76. Ibid.

77. T.A. Smith, "Preliminary Location Survey Report on Grand Loop Highway Firehole River Cascades to Madison Junction 1-C1 Relocation Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1938, January 16, 1939."

78. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1949."

79. Fixed Property Records for Yellowstone National Park, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.

80. W. A. Jones, Construction and Improvements of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park, in Appendix of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1891 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1891) 3932.

81. Aubrey Haines, The Yellowstone Story, (Boulder: Colorado Associated Press, 1977), Vol. II. 218.

82. Robert R. O'Brien, "The Yellowstone National Park Road System: Past, Present, and Future," (Ph.D Diss., University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1964), 106.

83. Willing, "Report of Inspection of Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park, Made September 24, 25, and 26th, 1909, With Recommendations by Request of Capt. Wildurr Willing, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A."

84. Capt. Ernest Peek and Maj. Hiram Chittenden, Report on the Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Report Upon the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), 2544

85. Willing.

86. Capt. C. H. Knight, Maj. J. B. Cavanaugh and Maj. Jay J. Morrow, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park. Report Upon the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park, Report Upon Crater Lake National Park (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), 3268.

87. "Summary of Necessary Improvements ending June 30, 1912."

88. "Report Upon Operations for May 1915," 9.

89. "Tentative Suggestions for Improvements to Park Roads, 1926."

90. A. C. Stinson, "Location Survey Report, 1934 on the Old Faithful-West Thumb Road Section D, Route 1, Grand Loop Highway. Yellowstone National Park Wyoming." United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Public Roads District No. 3, October 4, 1935. p. 2. File Box: Roads. Grand Loop 1931-42. 1971. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

91. Stinson, 5.

92. Ibid, 9-10.

93. Letter to Mr. Baggley, acting superintendent, Yellowstone National Park from Mr. W. M. Nichols, President Yellowstone Park Company, 28 August 1934. I have found no evidence that this section of road was regularly used after the completion of the new road.

94. Ibid, 15.

95. Ibid, 15.

96. Ibid, 27-28.

97. Memorandum to Mr. C. F. Capes, Bureau of Public Roads from Sanford Hill, Resident Landscape Architect, 2 June 1936. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

98. Capes, "Highway Improvements in Yellowstone National Park."

99. F. E. Ammann, "Final Construction Report (1936-37-38) Grand Loop, Yellowstone National Park Project 1-D2 Grading Yellowstone National Park," Public Roads Administration, D-3 Federal Works Agency. Office of Maintenance Division, Yellowstone National Park.

100. C. F. Capes, "Final Construction Report (1939-40) on Grand Loop National Park Highway, Project 1-D2, E2, pt. C2, Bit. Surfacing Yellowstone National Park, State of Wyoming." Office of Maintenance Division. Yellowstone National Park.

101. Letter to B. W. Matteson, District Engineer, Public Roads Administration from Lawrence Merriam, Regional Director, Region Two, National Park Service, 5 June 1945. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

102. E. H. Cowan, "Final Construction Report (1947) on Grand Loop National Park Highway Project 1-D1, D3 Bit. Surfacing Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming." Office of Maintenance Division. Yellowstone National Park.

103. Superintendent Yellowstone National Park to Regional Director, Region 2, National Park Service. 17 March 1950. National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado. Yellowstone File Box: 25. Folder:630-01 Major Road Programs.

104. Norris, Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1880, 23.

105. Anderson, Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1895, 8.

106. Hiram Chittenden, "Roads in Yellowstone National Park," - Senate, 226, 50th Congress, 1st Session. Acting Secretary of War Transmitting in Response to Resolution of the Senate of March 12, 1900, Letter from Chief of Engineers, U.S.A., Together with the Copies of Originals of All Reports Relating to the Present Condition and Aggregate Plans for the Development of the System of Roads in the Yellowstone National Park. Horace Albright, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, to T. E. Hofer, 16 October 1926. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

107. Albright to Hofer, 16 October 1926. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

108. Willing and Kurz, Report Upon the Construction, Repair, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park, and Report Upon the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park, Appendixes GGG and HHH, 2511.

109. "Report of Proposed Projects for 1923." This report was attached to a memorandum from Assistant Park Engineer Burney to Superintendent Horace Albright, 21 August 1923. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

110. Horace Albright, Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park, to Stephen Mather, Director of the National Park Service, 2 June 1925. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

111. Arno B. Cammerer to Thomas MacDonald, 11 September 1926. File Box: - Roads, General Correspondence 1919-1926, File - Roads, Correspondence May-December 1926, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

112. Horace Albright, "Report on Roadside Cleanup, Yellowstone National Park 1927," Record Group III 2 E, Box 83, File 774, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.

113. Guy Edwards, Assistant Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, to Horace Albright, Director, National Park Service, 10 November, 1932. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

114. Superintendent Yellowstone National Park to Regional Director, National Park Service. 17 March 1950.

National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado. Yellowstone File Box 25, Folder 630-01. Major Road Programs.

115. "Final Construction Report (1960-61) Project 1-E, Bridge and Approaches, Grand Loop, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming." Office of Maintenance Division. Yellowstone National Park.

116. "Narrative Statement for Completion Report for Route 12-E Arnica Creek-Bridge Bay Road, Contract No. 14-10-0100-1242 Work Order No. R-39-Yel-BPR." Arnica Creek - Bridge Bay 1E Folder. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park. Jack K. Anderson, Superintendent Yellowstone National Park to John Amerman, Yellowstone National Park Company. 11 June 1969. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

117. William A. Jones, Report Upon the Reconnaissance of Northwestern Wyoming Including Yellowstone National Park Made In the Summer of 1873 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1875), 58.

118. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1878, to the Secretary of the Interior, 983-984.

119. Norris, Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1879, to the Secretary of the Interior.

120. Norris, Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1880, 38.

121. Norris, Fifth Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park, September, 1881, 69-70.

122. Norris, Fifth Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park, September, 1881.

123. Conger, Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1882, 6.

124. Report of the Secretary of War Being Part of the Messages and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress in Four Volumes (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1887), Appendix AAA, Annual Report of Capt. Clinton B. Sears, Corps of Engineers, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1887, 3138-3139.

125. Report of the Secretary of War Being Part of the Messages and Documents Communicated to the Houses of Congress and The Beginning of The First Session of The Fiftieth Congress in 4 Volumes, Volume II- in four parts, Part IV, Annual Report of Maj. Charles J. Allen, Corps of Engineers, Officer in Charge,for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1889, 2857-2859.

126. George Anderson, Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1892, 3 and 5.

127. Anderson, Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1893 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1893), 8.

128. Anderson, Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior, 1895, 8.

129. Anderson, Report of the Officer in Charge of Construction and Maintenance of Roads, Etc., in the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of War, 1896 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1896), 5.

130. Hiram Chittenden, "Roads In Yellowstone National Park."

131. Hiram Chittenden, Annual Reports Upon the Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park and Construction of Military Roads from Fort Washakie to Mouth of Buffalo Fork of Snake River, Wyoming, and Erection of Monument to Sgt. Charles Floyd in the Charge of Hiram A. Chittenden, Captain, Corps of Engineers for 1903, 2891.

132. "Technical Report Upon the Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, 1904," 58. This document does not list an author, however, it is presumed to have been written by Captain Hiram Chittenden.

133. "Technical Report . . . 1904," 58.

134. Chittenden, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park in the Charge of Hiram A. Chittenden, Captain, Corps of Engineers, Appendixes GGG and KKK of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1905, 2818.

135. Ibid, 2818.

136. Ernest Peek, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1907, 2664.

137. Capt. C. H. Knight, Maj. J. B. Cavanaugh, and Maj. Jerry J. Morrow, Report Upon the Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park; Report Upon the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park; and Report Upon Crater Lake National Park, Appendixes EEE and FFF, 3269.

138. Chester Lindsley from Capt. John Schultz, 17 October, 1917. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

139. Stephen Mather, Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1921 and the Travel Season 1921, 167.

140. "Final Construction Report, 1930-1931, on Canyon Junction-Tower Junction Project, 1-G-1 Grading, Yellowstone National Park, State of Wyoming, January 30, 1932."

141. Ibid.

142. F.A. Kittredge, Chief Engineer, National Park Service, to Director of the National Park Service, September 5, 1933. File 332.1, Box-Road Construction, 1933, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

143. H.E. Dalton, "Final Construction Report (1934) on Grand Loop, Slide Removal Section NR 1-02, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, March 4, 1935."

144. C.F. Capes to Mr. Russell, Bureau of Public Roads, August 31, 1935. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

145. Roger Toll, Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park to C.F. Capes, Bureau of Public Roads, 23 October, 1935. Memorandum from Roger Toll to Mr. Emmert, Yellowstone National Park, 3 September, 1935. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

146. James Smith, "Final Construction Report (1948-49) on Grand Loop National Park Highway Project 1-F3, G4 Grading and Base Surfacing Yellowstone National Park, State of Wyoming, March 2, 1950." This report contains good information on the disturbance to the ground in Canyon Junction area. It contains copies of good photographs of the land fill near Cascade Creek. Office of Maintenance Division. Yellowstone National Park.

147. Ibid.

148. Real Property Record for Tower Creek Bridge, Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, Denver, Colorado.

149. A.O. Stinson, "Location Survey Report 1931-32 on Bridge Bay - Inspiration Point Survey including Section F and parts of Sections E and G of Route I, the Grand Loop System, and a part of Section D of Route 5, the East Entrance Highway, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, January 20, 1934." File Box: Roads. Grand Loop 1931-1942, 1971. Yellowstone National Park Archives. Yellowstone National Park.

150. Ibid. This report contains very good detailed information regarding the condition of this road section, segment by segment.

151. Ibid.

152. Ibid.

153. Robert Bond, "Preliminary Location Survey Report on Relocation of Portions of Sections 1-F, 1-G Grand Loop Highway, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 1937, February 26, 1938." File Box: Roads. Grand Loop 1931-1942. 1971. Yellowstone National Park Archives. Yellowstone National Park.

154. Excerpt from Report on "Investigation of Gas Hazards Proposed Bridge Foundation Sites in Yellowstone National Park" by S.H. Ash District Engineer, Bureau of Mines, and W.W. Kessler. 1939. Pg. 79. File Box 40, Yellowstone National Park, Canyon Junction Vicinity - Cascade Creek, Part 2 January 1, 1940 to December 31, 1943. National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado.

155. Memorandum to Regional Director, Region Two, National Park Service, from Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park. 8 June 1950. Superintendent to Regional Director, Region Two, National Park Service. 17 March 1950. National Archives and Records Center, Denver, Colorado. Pg. 79. Yellowstone File Box 25. Folder: 630-01, Major Road Programs.

156. Real Property Record for Tower Creek, Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, Denver, Colorado.

157. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1877, 843-844.

158. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park, for the year 1878, to the Secretary of the Interior, 984.

159. Norris, Report Upon the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1879, 6-7.

160. Norris. Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1880, 10, 38.

161. Norris. Fifth Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park by P. W. Norris, Superintendent, 9, 69-70.

162. Capt. Moses Harris, U. S. Army, Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park, 1887 (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1887), 9.

163. Capt. George Anderson to Secretary of War, Monthly Report, July 3, 1897.

164. "Report from Col. S. M. Young, Acting Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park to Quartermaster General, U. S. Army, August 13, 1897."

165. Capt. Hiram Chittenden, Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1902, Appendixes FFF and III (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1902), 3045-46

166. Chittenden, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges In The Yellowstone National Park and Construction of Military Road from Fort Washakie To Mouth of Buffalo Fork of Snake River, Wyoming, Appendixes GGG and KKK of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1903, 2893.

167. Chittenden, Annual Report Upon the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges In The Yellowstone National Park, Appendixes FFF and KKK of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1904, 4173. According to Lee Whittlesey's Yellowstone Place Names, Oxbow Creek flows north to the Yellowstone River from above Phantom Lake. In 1878, Ferdinand Hayden named the creek, "Geode Creek", but the name was officially switched to Oxbow Creek between 1915 and 1921.

168. Chittenden, Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repairs and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1904, Appendixes FFF and KKK.

169. Capt. Hiram Chittenden, Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repairs and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1905, Appendix FFF, 2818-2819. Maj. Hiram Chittenden, 1st. Lt. Ernest Peek, Maj. John Mills, and 1st Lt. Francis Pope. Annual Reports Upon the Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges In The Yellowstone National Park and the Roads Into Mount Rainier National Park, Appendixes GGG and JJJ of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1906, 2257.

170. 1st Lt. Ernest Peek and Maj. Hiram Chittenden, Report Upon The Construction, Repairs, and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges In The Yellowstone National Park and Report Upon the Road Into Mount Rainier National Park (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1907.), 2465.

171. Capt. C. H. Knight. "Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges." in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, 1913, Appendix EEE.

172. A discussion of the entire Gardiner, Montana to Cooke City, Montana road can be found in the History of the Northeast Entrance Road. This history describes the interaction between the National Park Service and private industry over the construction and maintenance of this road. Part of the discussion involves the Mammoth Hot Springs to Tower Falls segment.

173. Arno B. Cammerer to Thomas McDonald, 11 September 1926, File Box: Roads, General Correspondence 1919-1926, File, Roads Correspondence May-December 1926, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

174. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1933."

175.

The existing road to Tower Falls from Mammoth Hot Springs is unsatisfactory as to both gradient and alignment. Its point of departure from the Mammoth area, however, is from a satisfactory and logical point which is retained in the proposed plan. I carefully inspected the routes proposed by the Bureau of Public Roads engineers as well as the existing road. I do not approve of the location recommended by them on the north side of Gardner River and Lava Creek for the following reasons:

1. a new wide scar would be created on the slopes of Mt. Evarts which would take many years to heal

2. because there is no timber growth on the south slope of Mt. Evarts the entire road would always be in full view from many points

3. a switchback is necessary and would require exceedingly heavy construction on the steep slopes

4. the fine views of Mt. Evarts and those down the Gardner River Valley now obtained on the existing road, would be lost on the proposed location.

After studying the problem and discussing it with Chief Landscape Architect Vint, I recommend that the new road to Tower Junction be constructed along the south side of Lava Creek utilizing as much of the existing alignment as may be practicable. At a point about 1/4 mile down stream on the Gardiner River from the present steel bridge, a new high level bridge could be erected, if necessary constructed on a grade. This structure would be entirely satisfactory if built of steel, preferably with open, fully centered arches, and then painted gray to harmonize with the color of the existing rock outcrops. If a switchback was found to be necessary between the bridge over the Gardner River and Undine Falls, there is a wide stretch of land between Lava Creek and the existing road, which would lend itself well for such a purpose. The south bank of Lava Creek is well wooded and the road from the bridge to Undine Falls would be hidden from view and at the same time views from it are obtained of Mt. Evarts, the distant mountains down the Gardner River Valley, and the Hot Springs formations at Mammoth Hot Springs. Mr. Vint advised me, upon his arrival at Mammoth Hot Springs that he had previously worked out such a scheme as I have recommended and he concurred in my views.

Report by Clark Gilmore, Landscape Architect, Westchester County Park Development, New York, to Horace Albright, Director of the National Park Service, June, 1930. C. F. Capes, "Final Survey Report (1937) 1-H3 Bridge Investigation and Design Grand Loop Highway Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming." File Box: Roads. Grand Loop. 1931-1942. 1971. Yellowstone National Park Archives. Yellowstone National Park.

176. C. S. Cape, "Progress Report, Season of 1939 on Public Administration Activities on the Yellowstone National Park Highway System, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Federal Works Agency Public Roads Administration District No. 3. December 18, 1939." Technical Information Center, Denver Service Center, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.

177. Lee H. Whittlesey, Yellowstone Place Names (Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988), 26.

178. Report of the Secretary of War Being Part of the Messages and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress in Four Volumes (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1887), Appendix AAA, Annual Report of Captain Clinton B. Sears, Corps of Engineers, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1887, 3138-3139.

179. Hiram Chittenden, Improvement of the Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1899, Appendix EEE (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1899).

180. Chittenden, Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, including the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges (Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1903, Appendix GGG), 2890.

181. Chittenden, Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges (Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1905, Appendix FFF), 2819.

182. Willing and Kutz, Report Upon the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in the Yellowstone National Park, and Report Upon the Road into Mount Rainier National Park, Appendixes GGG and HHH, 2511.

183. Clarence Knight, Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, 1911, Appendix GGG. (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1911) 3031. Clarence Knight, "Improvement of Yellowstone National Park, Including the Construction, Repair and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges." Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, 1913, Appendix FFF. (Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), 3269-3270.

184. Amos Fries, Major, Army Corps of Engineer, to Acting Superintendent Col. Lloyd Brett, 11 September 1914. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

185. Amos Fries, Major, Army Corps of Engineers, to Chief of Engineers, Army Corps of Engineers, 5 May 1915. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

186. "Tentative Suggestions for Improvement to Park Roads," n.d. File: General Road, 1925-26. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

187. "Monthly Narrative Report for September 28 to October 28, 1934." "Report to the Chief Architect for June 25 to July 25, 1934." Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

188. Edmund Rogers, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park, to Arno Cammerer, Director, National Park Service, 18 May 1939. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Yellowstone National Park.

189. Ibid.

190. "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for 1948." "Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park, 1949."

191. "Final Construction Report (1965-1966) on Yellowstone National Park Project 1-A(1), B(1), and 12(1) Grading and Bituminous Stabilized Base. Grand Loop and Norris-Canyon Cutoff. Yellowstone National Park. State of Wyoming." Division of Maintenance. Yellowstone National Park.