TUMACACORI Historic Resource Study

¹Total population for O'odham in the entire Pimería Alta, based upon figures in accounts written by Kino and Manje, range from 13,287 to 16,168 (Hackbarth 1992).

²Because the riverine O'odham of the Upper Santa Cruz Valley appeared to be more closely related to the Sobaipuri peoples of the San Pedro and Gila river valleys rather than the Tohono O'odham in the western deserts, I rely more upon ethnographic accounts of Gila Pima subsistence written by Frank Russell (1975) and especially Amadeo Rea (1997) than upon research carried out among the Tohono O'odham by Underhill and others. O'odham words for plants and foods are all taken from Rea.

³Those rockpile gardens were not even recognized in the archaeological record until the groundbreaking surveys of Suzanne and Paul Fish and their colleagues at the Arizona State Museum during the 1980s. Future archaeological research may reveal that the O'odham were cultivating or manipulating upland plants in the late precolumbian or contact periods.

⁴In April 1701, Kino described this as the "ranch of San Luis" (Bolton 1919 I:292). On that same expedition, however, Manje indicated that the ranch was south of Guevavi but north of Bacoancos. His passage is somewhat ambiguous: "Y saludando a la gente y hecho plática de Dios y sus misterios [at Guevavi], proseguimos, al sur, por el valle arriba, pasando por el rancho del ganado mayor que cuidan para el Padre que piden; en el que contamos 400 vacas y 200 ovejas. Proseguimos adelante, y, andadas 12 leguas, dormimos en la ranchería de Bacuancos, en la casa de adobe y terrado, en la que tenían encerrada la cosecha del trigo y maíz para el sustento del ministro que, también, piden" (Burrus 1971:482). The 12 leagues could refer to the distance from the ranch to Bacoancos, or the distance between Guevavi and Bacoancos. On another expedition two years earlier, however, Manje noted the distance between Guevavi and Bacoancos as only seven leagues (Burrus 1971:431).

⁵Two years earlier, on his fifth expedition with Kino, Manje noted that at San Lázaro, on the bend of the Santa Cruz, "there was an estancia of more than 9,000 cattle belonging to a vecino from the province of Sonora. When the Pima nation rose up against that province, they ran off most of the cattle and killed the rest at this place on Sonora's frontier" (my translation of Burrus 1971:432).

⁶In his testimony to Francisco Padilla, Pedro de la Cruz declared that Oacpicagigua told him that when Keller's outburst occurred, "the Father must have been drunk, because he drinks a lot." Keller's defenders mentioned nothing about his drinking and painted a much more temperate portrait of the missionary. When Father Visitor Jacob Sedelmayr reported on his inspections of the Pimería Alta missions early in 1751, however, he included a long passage in German which he knew only his provincial, Juan Antonio Balthasar, would understand. "The man was drunk and he received me in that state," the German portion of the report states. "He was also drunk that evening and that night. He told jokes about the Superiors and cursed them. This is true. Both I and others have witnessed it at other times. He kept liquor in the house all the time, althought this was bad. The priests left him pretty much alone in there" (Matson and Fontana 1996:46).

⁷The garrison at Altar was the ancient presidial company of Sinaloa, first established at San Felipe y Santiago in 1585. Detachments slowly moved northward as the Spanish frontier advanced into Sonora and finally the Pimería Alta until the presidio finally came to rest at Altar.

⁸The O'odham presidial company of San Rafael de Buenavista, named after the abandoned hacienda of Buenavista in the San Luis Valley it was supposed to garrison, was created in 1783. Initially stationed at San Ignacio, it was transferred to Tubac in 1787.

⁹According to Urrea, his force of sixty-three defeated 2,000 O'odham during a battle that took place in the dark at 5:30 in the morning. I agree with historian Don Garate, who questions these figures. "One might venture to guess that it appeared to Urrea that there were two thousand warriors attacking him in the dark when, in reality, there probably were not more than a couple of hundred," Garate (n.d.:40) concludes.

¹⁰See "Breve resumen de los desastres...", written in 1760, for a community-by-community account of rebel and Apache depredations.