1. Charles C. Mason, "The Story of the Discovery and Early Exploration of the Cliff Houses at the Mesa Verde," typed copy, Colorado Historical Society, dated May 5, 1918. The story was published in the Denver Post, July 1, 1917, sec. 2, p. 6, with the notation that it had been checked over by the Wetherill brothers and "its facts vouched for."

2. The most likely date is December 8. The other date given was December 18. See Frederick H. Chapin, "The Cliff-Dwellings of the Mancos Canons," American Antiquarian (July 1890), p. 195; and Art Catalogue '92 (Minneapolis: Industrial Exposition, 1892). Richard Wetherill apparently was the source of the information. Mason said they were on a "cruise of exploration," with Wetherill looking for stray cattle. Richard Wetherill's story was told in the Mancos Times, Aug. 16, 1895.

3. Donald Cutter, "Prelude to a Pageant in the Wilderness," Western Historical Quarterly (Jan. 1977), pp. 8­9, 11; Don Cutter letter to author, Nov. 10, 1986.

4. Ted J. Warner (ed.), The Dominguez-Escalante Journal, trans. Fray Angelico Chavez (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1976), pp. 13­14.

5. Missouri Intelligencer, June 25, 1825; David Weber, The Taos Trappers (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1971), p. 79. Weber concluded that Becknell's camp was perhaps in the area of the present-day park.

6. Jean Pinkley to Chief of Resource Studies, Sept. 24, 1964, Mesa Verde Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park. For the Old Spanish Trail, see LeRoy and Ann Hafen, Old Spanish Trail (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1954), pp. 19, 157, 159; and John Kessell, "Sources for the History of a New Mexico Community: Abiquiu," New Mexico Historical Review (Oct. 1979), p. 267.

7. Hafen, Old Spanish Trail, pp. 341, 347.

8. Don Cutter letter to author, Nov. 10, 1986.

9. J. N. Macomb, Report of the Exploring Expedition . . . in 1859 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1876), pp. 79­80, 83­84, 89, 95. J. S. Newberry, Notes, Mesa Verde National Park, Aug. 4, 6, and 8, 1859.

10. Pinkley to Chief of Resource Studies, Sept. 2­4, 1964, Mesa Verde Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park. Attempts by Pinkley and others (and more recently by the author) to further identify Stangl proved fruitless. Pinkley believed Stangl belonged to some small independent trading party.

11. New York Tribune, Nov. 3, 1874; LeRoy Hafen (ed.), The Diaries of William Henry Jackson (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1959), pp. 296, 306­309; and W. H. Jackson, "First Official Visit to the Cliff Dwellings," Colorado Magazine (May 1924), pp. 153­155.

12. W. H. Jackson, "Report," Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1876), p. 370; William R. Birdsall, "The Cliff Dwellings of the Canons of the Mesa Verde," American Geographical Society Bulletin (Dec. 31, 1891), pp. 610­611.

13. New York Tribune, Nov. 3, 1874; William Holmes, "Pottery of the Ancient Pueblos," Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1886), p. 284.

14. William Holmes, "Report," in Frederick V. Hayden's Tenth Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), p. 408; Rocky Mountain News (weekly), Sept. 8, 1875, p. 1.

15. Clarence S. Jackson, Picture Maker of the Old West, William H. Jackson (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947), p. 234; Rocky Mountain News, March 5, 1876, p. 1, and March 28, 1876, p. 2; William H. Jackson, Time Exposure (New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1940), p. 243.

16. Detroit paper cited in Durango Morning Herald, Oct. 11, 1887. For Jackson's and Holmes's contributions, see E. Steve Cassells, The Archaeology of Colorado (Boulder, Colo.: Johnson, 1983), pp. 104­105; Chapin, "Cliff-Dwellings," p. 194; and Florence and Robert Lister, Earl Morris and Southwestern Archaeology (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1968), p. 1.

17. Alfred Morgan, "On the Cliff-Houses and Antiquities of South-Western Colorado and New Mexico," Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool Proceedings (66th Session), 1876­1877, pp. 342­356.

18. Wm. Fellowes Morgan, "Description of a Cliff-House on the Mancos River of Colorado, with a Ground Plan," American Association for the Advancement of Science Proceedings (1879), pp. 300, 306. Howe's article appeared in the Rocky Mountain News, Nov. 25, 1877. (Howe's name may be Rowe.) La Plata Miner (Silverton, Colorado), July 17, 1880. The Aztec ruins are now part of Aztec Ruins National Monument in New Mexico.

19. Frank Fossett, Colorado (Denver: Daily Tribune, 1876), p. 437. See also Chapin, "Cliff-Dwellings," p. 194.

20. John Routt, Message of Gov. Routt to the Second General Assembly of the State of Colorado (Denver: Daily Times, 1879), p. 16.

21. There is a legend that a heliograph station was established on Point Lookout by troops from Fort Lewis. Post records and Signal Corps reports do not confirm this, nor do studies on the military use of the heliograph in the 1880s. The fort was abandoned and became an Indian school in 1891.

22. Lister, Earl Morris, pp. 3­4, discusses relic collecting. Durango Record, April 23, Sept. 24, and Dec. 17, 1881; Southwest, Aug. 25, 1883; The Idea, May 16 and July 25, 1885, Feb. 20 and Sept. 25, 1886, and Aug. 13, 1888; and the Durango Morning Herald, Sept. 27, 1887, all have stories about visitors. Bernard J. Byrne, A Frontier Army Surgeon (New York: Exposition, 1962), p. 127, recounts his adventures in visiting a cliff dwelling.

23. Osborn registered at Durango's Grand Central Hotel on Nov. 25, 1882. See Southwest, same date. The discovery of Cliff Palace, of course, lit a fire under some old-timers, who suddenly remembered that they had been there in the 1880s. The Mesa Verde files contain some of these claims and records of the research attempting to prove or disprove them. The claims are irrelevant, because nobody did anything about promoting what he saw.

24. Mancos Times, Oct. 13, 1899; Gilbert and Virginia McClurg, "The Development of the Mesa Verde National Park," Travel (July 1916), p. 36. The Durango newspapers made no mention of her visits, and curiously, the Ute trouble she talked about seems to have occurred in 1881 or 1885.

25. Weekly Tribune-Republican, Dec. 16, 1886, p. 4. See also George Crofutt, Crofutt's Grip-Sack Guide of Colorado (Omaha: Overland Publishing, 1885).

26. Durango Record, Oct. 29, 1881; The Idea, Jan. 2, 1886; Durango Morning Herald, Sept. 27 and Nov. 12, 1887, Nov. 2 and Dec. 14, 1888. For the family history, see Frank McNitt, Richard Wetherill Anasazi (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1966), pp. 9­11.

27. McNitt, Anasazi, p. 22. For the Wetherills of these years, see Mason, "Story," pp. 1­2; F. H. Newell, "Mesa Verde," National Geographic (Oct. 1898), p. 434; Jesse L. Nusbaum, The 1926 Re-Excavation of Step House Cave (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde Museum Assoc., 1981), p. 2.

28. The 1887­1888 claim has caused some controversy, but Mason and the remaining Wetherills signed a statement to support Al; see Mason, "Story," p. 3, and John Wetherill to Mercy Dunbar, undated letter, Arizona State Museum Archives. The controversy of Al versus Richard was stirred up by two headstrong women who interpreted the facts in different ways; see Maurine S. Fletcher (ed.), The Wetherills of the Mesa Verde: Autobiography of Benjamin Alfred Wetherill (Rutherford, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1977), pp. 108, 110, and appendix, and Jean Pinkley to Earl Jackson, Oct. 3, 1963, Letters Miscellaneous, Mesa Verde National Park.

29. Chapin, "Cliff-Dwellings," p. 196; Biographical Sketches and Letters of T. Mitchell Prudden, M.D. (New Haven: Yale University, 1927), p. 140; Palmer Henderson, "The Cliff Dwellers," Literary Northwest (May 1893), p. 79; Nusbaum, 1926 Re-Excavation, p. 9. The Chain account is found in Mason, "Story," p. 2; Chain's husband ran his store from 1873 to 1899 and, among other things, sold photographs of southwest Colorado.

1. John Wetherill to Mercy Dunbar, undated letter, Arizona State Museum Archives; Charles S. Mason, "The Story of the Discovery and Early Exploration of the Cliff Houses at the Mesa Verde," Colorado Historical Society, dated May 5, 1918, p. 3.

2.. B. K. Wetherill to William H. Holmes, Feb. 11, 1890; see also Holmes to Wetherill, Jan. 31, 1890, and Wetherill to Holmes, March 3, 1890, Wetherill Collection, Smithsonian Institution. David Harrell, " 'We Contacted Smithsonian': The Wetherills at Mesa Verde," New Mexico Historical Review (July 1987), p. 232.

3. Durango Herald, March 3, 7, 8, 27­29, and April 18, 1889; Mason, "Story," p. 3. The Herald carried a complete list of the relics in the March 27­29 issues.

4. LeRoy Hafen, "History of the State Historical Society of Colorado: The First Twenty-Five Years," Colorado Magazine (July 1953), p. 176. "Letter," El Palacio (Oct. 1946), p. 268. The Weekly Republican, May 30, 1889, p. 4, said the owners were willing to sell for $2,800.

5. The Archeologist, Feb. 1894, quoted in Patricia C. Johnston, "Gustaf Nordenskiold and the Treasure of Mesa Verde," American West (July/Aug. 1979), p. 37; Mason, "Story," p. 4.

6. R. Wetherill to F. W. Putnam, April 7, 1890, quoted in Frank McNitt, Richard Wetherill Anasazi (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1966), p. 330.

7. T. Mitchell Prudden, "A Summer among Cliff Dwellings," Harper's New Monthly Magazine (Sept. 1896), p. 551.

8. Frederick H. Chapin, The Land of the Cliff-Dwellers (Boston: W. B. Clarke, 1892), pp. 101, 140, 144­145, 175­176, 178. Richard Wetherill recounted his troubles with the Utes in the Mancos Times, Aug. 16, 1895. Frederick H. Chapin, "The Cliff Dwellings of the Mancos Canons," The American Antiquarian (July 1890), pp. 201­203. See also pp. 204­206, 210.

9. Nordenskiold to parents, June 27, 1891, quoted in Olof W. Arrhenius, Stones Speak and Waters Sing (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde Museum Assoc., 1986), p. 6; Nordenskiold to father, July 11, 1891, translated copy, Gustaf Nordenskiold "File," Mesa Verde National Park.

10. Gustaf Nordenskiold, The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde (Glorieta, N.M.: Rio Grande Press, 1979 reprint), p. 24. For a list of sites visited and dug, see Arrhenius, Stones, pp. 19­35.

11. Nordenskiold, Cliff Dwellers, p. 13. Roe Ethridge interview is found in the Durango News, March 31, 1950, p. 1.

12. Nordenskiold's story is found in the following: Rocky Mountain News, Sept. 19, 1891, p. 1, and Sept. 20, 1891, p. 12; Weekly Republican, Sept. 24, 1891, p. 4, Oct. 1, 1891, p. 4, and Oct. 8, 1891, p. 4; Denver Republican, Oct. 6, 1891, p. 1; Pagosa Springs News, Sept. 24, 1891; and Ridgway Herald, Oct. 15, 1891. The Silverton papers remaining for these months have no comments on Nordenskiold. Durango papers are nonexistent.

13. Arrhenius, Stones, pp. 31­33; Gustaf Nordenskiold "File," Mesa Verde National Park; Nordenskiold, Cliff Dwellers, p. 23. The District Court in Durango has no records of this case or of Nordenskiold.

14. Robert H. and Florence C. Lister, "The Legacy of Gustaf Nordenskiold," in Arrhenius, Stones, p. 73. For further information on Nordenskiold's contributions, see also David A. Breternitz and Jack E. Smith, "Mesa Verde," National Parkways: Rocky Mountain and Mesa Verde (Casper, Wyo.: World-Wide Research, 1972), p. 76. Ron Switzer's, Charlie Steen's, and Robert Lister's comments in Nordenskiold, Cliff Dwellers, pp. 13, 18­19, 31­36; Jesse W. Fewkes, Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park Spruce-Tree House (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 3.

15. Richard Wetherill to Nordenskiold, Dec. 31, 1893, Wetherill Letters, Mesa Verde National Park.

16. Breternitz and Smith, "Mesa Verde," p. 76; Chapin, "Cliff-Dwellings," p. 197; McNitt, Anasazi, p. 33; Biographical Sketches and Letters of T. Mitchell Prudden, M.D. (New Haven: Yale University, 1927), pp. 140­141. Al's quote, Maurine S. Fletcher (ed.), The Wetherills of the Mesa Verde: Autobiograpby of Benjamin Alfred Wetherill (Rutherford, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1977), p. 119; see also pp. 130­131. William R. Birdsall, "The Cliff Dwellings of the Canons of the Mesa Verde," American Geographical Society Bulletin (Dec. 31, 1891), p. 587.

17. For the preceding see Fletcher, Wetherills, p. 193 n. 3; material on the Alamo Ranch found in Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park; Mancos Times, April 28, May 5, June 2 and 16, 1893, Jan. 5, 1894, July 17 and 24, Aug. 7, 1896, and Feb. 4, 1898; Mason/Wetherill agreement, July 4, 1895, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park; McNitt, Anasazi, pp. 54­55; Prudden, "Summer," p. 550.

18. Walter Jakway to author, Jan. 1986. This, or something similar, may be the basis for the myth that the Wetherills used dynamite in excavating the ruins.

19. For the preceding comments by visitors, see Alice Palmer Henderson in "The Cliff-Dwellers," Independent, June 22, 1893, Virginia McClurg Collection, Pioneers' Museum, Colorado Springs; and Mancos Times, Aug. 16, 1895. The Mancos Times, 1894­1898, has many references to tourists. Fletcher, Wetherills, p. 184.

20. Catalogue of Cliff Dwellers' Exhibit (Jackson Park, Ill.: H. Jay Smith Exploring Co., 1893), pp. 7­15; Mason, "Story," pp. 7­8; Mancos Times, May 26, Sept. 15, and Nov. 10, 1893.

21. Art Catalogue '92 (Minneapolis: Industrial Exposition, 1892), p. 7; Palmer Henderson, "The Cliff Dwellers," Literary Northwest (May 1893), p. 85.

22. Material for the Durango section is found in Great Southwest, April 13­14, 1893; Durango Herald, March 24, 1889; Chapin, Cliff-Dwellers, pp. 97­100; Richard McCloud, Durango as It Is (Durango: Durango Board of Trade, 1892), pp. 30­32. Interestingly, the revitalized Durango Board of Trade initially did not become excited about Mesa Verde; see 1892­1893 minutes, Durango Public Library.

23. For Mancos, see Mancos Times, April 28, May 12, Aug. 18, Nov. 17 and 24, 1893, and June 14, 1899. Louise Switzgable to Don Watson, Jan. 1953 (?), Mesa Verde National Park, Letters Miscellaneous.

24. Montezuma Journal, Aug. 4, 1899; see also issues June 2 and 9, and Aug. 18 and 25, 1899.

25. "Tourist Guide" (Denver: Carson-Harper, 1897), copy at Mesa Verde; Mancos Times, May 19, 1893, and Aug. 13, 1897, plus advertisements in Denver, Durango, and Mancos newspapers, 1890s. For the Wetherills and the D&RG, see Mesa Verde National Park, Miscellaneous File.

1. Wetherill to Holmes, March 3, 1890, Wetherill Collection, Smithsonian Institution. T. Mitchell Prudden, "A Summer among Cliff Dwellings," Harper's New Monthly Magazine (Sept. 1896), p. 552; F. H. Newell, "Mesa Verde," National Geographic (Oct. 1898), p. 434; Deric Nusbaum, Deric in Mesa Verde (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926), p. 76; Florence and Robert Lister, Earl Morris and Southwestern Archaeology (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1968), p. 5; and Don Watson, Cliff Dwellings of the Mesa Verde (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde Museum Association, 1954), p. 12.

2. Prudden, "Summer," p. 552; B. W. Ritter to Nordenskiold, March 10, 1894, quoted in Olof W. Arrhenius, Stones Speak and Waters Sing (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde Museum Assoc., 1986), p. 86; LeRoy Hafen, "History of the State Historical Society of Colorado: The First Twenty-Five Years," Colorado Magazine (July 1953), p. 176; Biographical Sketches and Letters of T. Mitchell Prudden, M.D. (New Haven: Yale University, 1927), pp. 140­141; Frederick H. Chapin, "The Cliff-Dwellings of the Mancos Canons," American Antiquarian (July 1890), p. 552. Frank Hall, History of the State of Colorado (Chicago: Blakely, 1895), vol. 4, p. 231; Great Southwest, April 4, 1893; Newell, "Mesa Verde," p. 434; and John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), pp. 144­145, 147. Mancos Times, Oct. 13, 1896.

3. McClurg to Teller, April 4, 1898, McClurg to Wolcott, April 4, 1898, McClurg to McKinley, Feb. 17, 1899, and McClurg to Mrs. William McKinley, no date, Virginia McClurg Collection, Pioneers' Museum; Weekly Republican, Oct. 13, 1898, p. 1; Colorado Springs Gazette, April 15, 1900, p. 9; Virginia McClurg Collection, Pioneers' Museum.

4. Mancos Times, Oct. 13, 1899. Denver Republican, Oct. 13, 1898; Rocky Mountain News, Oct. 29, 1899, p. 11; and Mancos Times, Oct. 20, 1899.

5. Rocky Mountain News, Oct. 29, 1899, p. 11; and Mancos Times, Oct. 20, 1899.

6. Mancos Times, July 6, 1900; and John Hays Hammond, The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond (New York: Arno Press, 1974 reprint), p. 480. For the other women, see "Colorado Cliff Dwellings Association History," Mesa Verde National Park; Mrs. A. M. Camp, "Helen Allen-Webster-Stolber-Rood-Ellis," Pioneers of the San Juan Country (Durango: Durango Printing, 1952), vol. 3, p. 145; Helen S. Daniels, "Lo, the Poor Indians!" Pioneers of the San Juan Country, vol. 3, pp. 130­132.

7. Nancy Woloch, Women and the American Experience (New York: Knopf, 1984), p. 292; see also pp. 287­290, 293. See also Karen J. Blair, The Clubwoman as Feminist (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 57­58, 63, 118­119.

8. Edmund Rogers, "Notes on the Establishment of Mesa Verde National Park," Colorado Magazine (Jan. 1952), pp. 14­15. Camp's story is found in Helen S. Daniels, The Ute Indians of Southwestern Colorado (Durango, Colo.: n.p., 1941), p. 40, and in an unidentified newspaper clipping, Mesa Verde National Park, Miscellaneous File. 1903 Report of Virginia McClurg, undated clipping, Mesa Verde Collection, Center of Southwest Studies, Fort Lewis College.

9. Jack E. Smith, "The Nusbaum Years," Mesa Verde Occasional Papers (vol. 1, no. 1, Oct. 1981), p. 10, and Nusbaum to Ronnie, April 12, 1950, Supt. File, Mesa Verde National Park.

10. Minutes Cliff Dwellings Association, Feb. 4, April 11, Aug. 7, 1901, and Oct. 15, 1902, "Colorado Cliff Dwellings Association History," Mesa Verde National Park; list of Mesa Verde bills and resolutions introduced in Congress. Archaeology Historic Records, Mesa Verde National Park; Patricia Hoben, "The Establishment of Mesa Verde as a National Park," M.A. thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1966, pp. 5156.

11. Mancos Times, July 6, 1900, June 21 and 28, 1901; the Colorado Telegraph, Aug. 18, 1901, clipping and other material in the Colorado Cliff Dwellings Association material, Virginia McClurg Collection, Pioneers' Museum. McClurg to Madame, May 30, 1901, "Colorado Cliff Dwellings Association History," Mesa Verde National Park.

12. Semi-Weekly Herald, Sept. 9, 1901; Mancos Times, Sept. 6, 1901; Durango Evening Herald, Sept. 4, 1901; Denver Republican, Sept. 10, 1901, p. 1; New York Herald, Sept. 29, 1901, p. 7.

13. Frank McNitt, Richard Wetherill Anasazi (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1966), pp. 179­180.

14. Mancos Times, June 22, July 6 and 20, Aug. 10, 17, and 24, 1900, for example.

15. Ralph W. Andrews, Photographers of the Frontier West: Their Lives and Work (Seattle: Superior Publishing, 1965), pp. 21, 24. Thomas M. McKee, "History of Mesa Verde Ruins," manuscript, Mesa Verde National Park.

16. Minnie Hickman Interview, June 18, 1982. Mesa Verde Oral History Project.

17. "Packing into Mesa Verde1903 Style," Four Corners Magazine (Summer 1972), pp. 61­62, 80.

18. Rocky Mountain News, July 14, 1903. Durango Evening Herald, Aug. 19, 1904, p. 1. Hoben, "Establishment," pp. 55­56.

19. Denver Times, June 12, 1904, p. 5. Circular Relating to Historic and Prehistoric Ruins of the Southwest and Their Preservation (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), pp. 3­4, 7. Other names suggested included Cliff Dwelling Park and Mesa Verde.

1. For the preceding, see Shafroth to McClurg, May 4, 1900, Virginia McClurg Collection, Pioneers' Museum; Margaret Keating, "Knowledge of Ages Is Buried in Mesa Verde," Modern World (Oct. 1907), p. 155; and Patricia Hoben, "The Establishment of Mesa Verde as a National Park," M.A. thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1966, p. 57.

2. For the homestead entries, see Historic Sites File, Mesa Verde National Park.

3. Rocky Mountain News, Jan. 22, 1905, p. 10.

4. "Mesa Verde National Park," Senate Report No. 1428, 59th Cong., 1st sess., 1905­1906, I, pp. 1­3. "Mesa Verde National Park," Report No. 4944 House of Representatives, 59th Cong., 1st sess., 1905­1906, III, pp. 1­8.

5. Robert Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks (New York: Knopf, 1951), p. 50; Robert C. Euler, "A Dedication to the Memory of Edgar Lee Hewett 1865­1946," Arizona and the West (Fall 1963), pp. 287­288. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1979), pp. 71­73, 98. John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1961), pp. 149­153.

6. Pueblo Chieftain, Nov. 9, 1905, clipping at Mesa Verde.

7. Rocky Mountain News, Feb. 13, 1906, p. 3, and March 11, 1906, p. 10; Denver Times, Feb. 25, 1906, sec. 3, p. 5.

8. Denver Times, Feb. 25, 1906, sec. 3, p. 5; Pueblo Chieftain, Feb. 13, 1906, no page, Virginia McClurg Collection, Pioneers' Museum; Denver Post, Feb. 23, 1906, clipping at Mesa Verde National Park. Rocky Mountain News, March 11, 1906, pp. 9­11; see also issue of Feb. 13, 1906, p. 3.

9. Hewett to William Holmes, chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, June 12, 1906, Archaeology Historic Records, Mesa Verde National Park. Mancos Times-Tribune, April 13, 1906. Peabody praised Hewett for his "invaluable service."

10. Congressional Record, 59th Cong., 1st Sess., 1906, XL, Part 9, p. 8818.

11. Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 136, 142.

12. Mancos Times-Tribune, May 18 and 25, and June 15 and 19, 1906. Unidentified clipping, Mesa Verde National Park.

13. Denver Times, Aug. 11, 1907, and unidentified clipping, Mesa Verde National Park. Keating, "Knowledge," p. 149; see also p. 155. James Peabody, during his 1903­1905 administration, was ardently anti-union and dragged Colorado through a sordid two years of strike breaking.

14. Helen S. Daniels, "Lo, the Poor Indians!" Pioneers of the San Juan Country (Durango, Colo.: Durango Printing, 1952), vol. 3, pp. 130­131; Denver Times, undated, quoted in Gilbert and Virginia McClurg, "The Development of the Mesa Verde National Park," Travel (July 1916), p. 36; and Edmund Rogers, "Notes on the Establishment of Mesa Verde National Park," Colorado Magazine (Jan. 1952), pp. 12­13.

15. For the impact of Mesa Verde, see Robert and Florence Lister, Those Who Came Before (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1983), pp. 81, 86, 109, 140. Mrs. W. S. Peabody, "The Mesa Verde National Park," Modern World (Oct. 1907), p. 159. Raymond Thompson, "Cliff Dwellings and the Park Service," summary of paper presented, World Conference on Cultural Parks, Sept. 16­24, 1984, Mesa Verde Archives. Lida Frowe, "The Mesa Verde National Park," Modern World (Nov. 1906), pp. 7, 8, 10.

16. Lister and Lister, Those Who Came Before, pp. 8, 131.

17. Eugene Parsons, "The Mesa Verde National Park," American Antiquarian (1906), p. 266.

1. Wm. Leonard to Sec. of the Interior, Oct. 13, 1906, Mesa Verde Correspondence, National Archives; Superintendent's File, Mesa Verde National Park. The Mancos Times-Tribune, Aug. 23, 1907, stated that J. S. Spear was temporarily supervising the park; Spear was at the Fort Lewis Indian School, but the park has no record of his appointment. Some of the early records of Mesa Verde were lost in a fire in the 1930s, leaving gaps in the administrative history.

2. Denver Times, Aug. 11, 1907(?), clipping Mesa Verde National Park. Lucy Peabody, Folder, Mesa Verde National Park. For a positive slant on the park's creation, see unidentified newspaper clipping, Aug. 24, 1906, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park.

3. Rocky Mountain News, Oct. 25 and 27, and Nov. 16, 1906. Manitou Cliff Dwellings File, Mesa Verde National Park. Mancos Times-Tribune, Aug. 23, 1907. Undentified clipping (Manitou Springs), Oct. 27, 1906, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. The Durango Historical and Archaeological Society brought the issue to a head in late October; see the Rocky Mountain News, Nov. 16, 1906.

4. Virginia McClurg Collection, Pioneers' Museum; Gilbert and Virginia McClurg, "The Development of the Mesa Verde National Park," Travel (July 1916), pp. 36­37; and Nusbaum memo, Feb. 5, 1946, Lucy Peabody, Folder, Mesa Verde National Park. The Balcony House project was finished in 1911.

5. Archaeology Historic Records, Mesa Verde National Park.

6. Mancos Times-Tribune, July 26, Aug. 2, and Sept. 6 and 13, 1907, and Denver Times, Aug. 1, 1907.

7. Randolph to Thomas Ryan, Oct. 7, 1907, and Ryan to Randolph, Oct. 25, 1907, Letters Miscellaneous, Mesa Verde National Park. Hans Randolph, Report of the Superintendent of the Mesa Verde National Park 1908 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), p. 6.

8. Florence and Robert Lister, Earl Morris and Southwestern Archaeology (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1968), pp. 11­12. Edgar Hewett, "Report on the Ruins of Mesa Verde, Colorado," undated, but prior to 1908, copy Archaeology Historic Records, Mesa Verde National Park. Margaret Keating, "Knowledge of Ages Is Buried at Mesa Verde," Modern World (Oct. 1907), p. 151. 1st Assist. Sec. of the Interior to Fewkes, March 19, 1908, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Jesse W. Fewkes, Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1911), pp. 9, 78. J. Walter Fewkes, Report Excavation and Repair of Ruins (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 16.

9. See, for example, Lister and Lister, Earl Morris, pp. 11­12; Robert and Florence Lister, Those Who Came Before (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1983), p. 134; and David A. Breternitz and Jack E. Smith, "Mesa Verde," National Parkways: Rocky Mountain and Mesa Verde (Casper, Wyo.: World-Wide Research, 1972), p. 76. For the contemporary view of Fewkes, see Mancos Times-Tribune, May 8 and 15, and June 5, 1908, and Aug. 8, 1919.

10. Mancos Times-Tribune, May 8 and Aug. 7, 1908; Fewkes, Report, pp. 10­11. Jean Bader Interview, July 29, 1986; Randolph to Interior Secretary James R. Garfield, Sept. 9 and 19, 1907, Letters Miscellaneous, Mesa Verde National Park. Kelly material, Superintendent's File, Mesa Verde National Park.

11. Hans Randolph, Report of the Superintendent of Mesa Verde National Park 1909 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 6. See also Smithsonian Annual Report 1909, pp. 46­47.

12. For water, see Robert H. Rose, Water Supply History of Mesa Verde National Park (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde National Park, 1952), pp. 17, 18, 22­23. Randolph, Report . . . 1910, pp. 6­7. Mancos Times-Tribune, 1907­1909.

13. Eva Mills Anderson, "A Tenderfoot at the Cliff Dwellings of the Mesa Verde," Chautauquan (July 1908), pp. 194, 201, 202­204, 206.

14. Nusbaum's comments are found in a July 26, 1946, memo, Archaeology Historic Records, Mesa Verde National Park. Mancos Times-Tribune, June­Dec. 1910, contains only one unexplained comment referring to Randolph: The Nov. 11 issue stated that Mrs. H. M. Randolph had left for Denver, prior to leaving for California to "make her future home." She was back the next spring.

15. For the Randolph situation, see Mancos Times-Tribune, April 21 and May 19, 1911, and Semi-Weekly Herald (Durango), April 27 and May 11, 1911. R. A. Ballinger to Andrew Kennedy, Nov. 28, 1910, and Kennedy to the Secretary, Dec. 21, 1910, Mesa Verde National Archives, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79.

16. Department of Interior to Wright, June 16, 1911, Correspondence 1911, Mesa Verde National Park. Kelly actually had been given a salary increase, based on the premise that he would devote full time to his ranger duties.

1. The inventory is found in Richard Wright, Acting Supt., to Sec. of Interior, Sept. 28, 1911. Activities of 1911, Dept. of Interior to Wright, May 23, June 26, and Aug. 11, 1911, Dept. of Interior to Shoemaker, Oct. 5, 1911. The beavers, Supt., Yellowstone, to Supt., Mesa Verde, Dec. 11, 1911, Correspondence 1911, Mesa Verde National Park.

2. Proceedings of the National Park Conference . . . September 11 and 12, 1911 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912), pp. 115­116. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1979), pp. 95­96, elaborates on Marshall's views.

3. Wright's comment is found in Proceedings, p. 174. Mancos Times-Tribune, May 19, 1911. John Spear, Supt. Ute Mountain Reservation, Navaho Springs, to Dept. of Interior, Sept. 7, 1912, Correspondence 1912, Mesa Verde National Park. See also Rickner reports of the Superintendent of Mesa Verde, 1911­1915. Ricardo Torres-Reyes, Mesa Verde National Park (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Interior, 1970), pp. 9­13, carefully traces the boundary adjustments.

4. Tawa (John Clark) Testimony in Utes, "Minutes May 5, 1911, Council," Mesa Verde National Park.

5. Chief Jack House Interview, Sept. 11, 1967.

6. Rickner to Taylor, no date, 1914, Ansel Hall, Records, William Winkler, Cortez, Colorado.

7. Horace M. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1983), p. 64.

8. Samuel Shoemaker, for example, recommended moving the headquarters: "Report of the Superintendent," Reports of the Department of the Interior . . . 1912 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), pp. 712, 714­717; Dept. of Interior to Supt., Dec. 11, 1913, Correspondence 1913, Mesa Verde National Park; Mesa Verde National Park, Season of 1915 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1915), pp. 25­28. Mesa Verde . . . 1918, pp. 47­48.

9. Durango Weekly Democrat, June 19, 1914; Taylor to Secretary of the Interior, April 30, 1914, and Secretary of the Interior to Taylor, May 5, 1914, Mesa Verde Correspondence, National Archives; Densil H. Cummins, "Social and Economic History of Southwestern Colorado, 1860­1914," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, 1951, pp. 497­505; Marion C. Wiley, The High Road (Denver: State Department of Highways, 1976), pp. 9, 15; Ehrhart was quoted in Mae Lacy Baggs, Colorado: The Queen Jewel of the Rockies (Boston: Page, 1926 edition), pp. 324­325.

10. Superintendent's Monthly Report, Oct. 1919, Mesa Verde National Park.

11. Durango Herald, July 12, 1913; Durango Weekly Herald, July 24, 1913; Mancos Times-Tribune, Aug. 24, 1917, Aug. 9 and 16, 1918.

12. Mesa Verde . . . 1915, pp. 5­6. Rickner to Sec. of the Interior, Feb. 13, 1914, Correspondence 1914, Mesa Verde National Park.

13. Durango Weekly Democrat, June 19, 1914; Thomas Rickner, "Report of the Superintendent," Reports of the Department of the Interior . . . 1914 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1915), pp. 803­804.

14. Mancos Times-Tribune, Sept. 7, 1917. Sweeney to Rickner, Jan. 11, 1915, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Rickner, "Report of the Superintendent," Reports of the Department of the Interior, 1917 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), pp. 817, 858; "Report of the Superintendent," 1918, p. 167.

15. Rickner, "Report of the Superintendent," 1915, p. 981; National Park Service, Annual Report of the National Park Service for 1919 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920), pp. 15­16.

16. Stephen Mather to Rickner, Oct. 20, 1915, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park; Rickner, "Report of the Superintendent," 1918, p. 169; National Park Service, Report of the Director of the National Park Service 1918 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), p. 73; Jeep file, Ansel Hall, Records, Winkler; Mesa Verde 1915, p. 5; Rickner to Director, May 27, June 15, 28, and 30, 1918, Correspondence 1918, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum memo, undated, Superintendents' File, Mesa Verde National Park.

17. Albright, Birth, p. 32; and John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), pp. 185­192.

18. Mancos Times-Tribune, Sept. 14, 1917; Hill to Albright, Sept. 1917, Correspondence 1917, Mesa Verde National Park; Albright to Jeep, May 24, 1918, Correspondence 1918, Mesa Verde National Park; copy of report, Ansel Hall, Records, Winkler.

19. Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 32­34, 80­83, 209­210. Richard A. Bartlett, Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1985), pp. 122­123, 128, 154­155, 202.

20. Ise, Our National Park Policy, p. 170; Rickner, "Report," 1914, pp. 788, 796; Department of Interior to Wright, July 27, 1911, and Wright to Sec. of the Interior, Aug. 27, 1911, Correspondence 1911, Mesa Verde National Park; Shoemaker, "Report," 1912, pp. 709, 716­717; Shoemaker to Secretary, June 14, 1912, Correspondence 1912, Mesa Verde National Park; Grazing Hearing Records, Mesa Verde National Park; Albright, Birth, pp. 73­74; Rickner to Director, Jan. 31, 1919, Correspondence 1919, Mesa Verde National Park.

21. Todd to Shoemaker, Jan. 9 and March 6, 1912, Correspondence 1912, Mesa Verde National Park; Mancos Times-Tribune, Oct. 7, 1907; Wright to Sec. of the Interior, June 29, 1911, Hogg to Shoemaker, Dec. 28, 1911, Dept. of Interior to Shoemaker, Oct. 25, 1911, Todd to Shoemaker, Nov. 4, 1911, Correspondence 1911, Mesa Verde National Park; Shoemaker to Secretary, June 14 and July 8, 1913, Correspondence 1913, Mesa Verde National Park; Shoemaker, "Report," 1912­1913; Rickner, "Reports," 1914­1916; Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 165­166; Meredith Guillet Interview, Oct. 8, 1986; Torres-Reyes, Mesa Verde, pp. 14­16. The Jordan Mine was the other lease, but in the 1913 boundary adjustment it was found to be out of the park.

22. Marfa New Era, July 7, 1916; D&RG to Wright, May 30, 1911, Correspondence 1911, Mesa Verde National Park; National Park Service, Annual Report of the National Park Service 1917 and 1918. Denver Post, Oct. 28, 1917, and Denver Times, Sept. 14, 1917, clippings, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Runte, National Parks, chapter 5, discusses the "See America First" campaign.

23. D&RG to Rickner, Oct. 29, 1915, Correspondence 1915, Mesa Verde National Park; Dept. of Interior to Wright, June 28 and 30, 1911, Correspondence 1911, Mesa Verde National Park; Hill's comment is found in Proceedings of the National Park Conference . . . September 11 and 12, 1911.

24. Willa Sibert Cather, "Mesa Verde Wonderland," Denver Times, Jan. 31, 1916, p. 7. See also Edith Lewis, Willa Cather Living (New York: Knopf, 1953), pp. 94­99.

25. Curtis W. Buchholtz, Rocky Mountain National Park: A History (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1983), pp. 126­136. Enos A. Mills, The Rocky Mountain National Park (New York: Doubleday, 1924), pp. 85­91. Mills estimated that about fifty thousand people visited the region.

26. Mills to Rickner, Sept. 20, 1915, Correspondence 1915, Mesa Verde National Park.

27. Rocky Mountain News, Jan. 1, 1918, clipping, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Rickner's 1918 report, p. 157, has the breakdown on traffic.

28. Dept. of Interior to Rickner, Dec. 10, 1915, Correspondence 1915, Mesa Verde National Park.

29. Mancos Times-Tribune, Aug. 24 and 31, and Sept. 7, 1917; Denver Times, Sept. 10, 1917, p. 3; McClurg and McClurg, "Development," p. 34.

1. For Nusbaum, see Jack E. Smith, "The Nusbaum Years," Mesa Verde Occasional Papers (vol. 1, no. 1. Oct. 1981), p. 11; E. Steve Cassells, The Archaeology of Colorado (Boulder, Colo.: Johnson, 1983), p. 109; A. V. Kidder, "Reminiscences in Southwest Archaeology," Kiva (April 1960), pp. 22, 24, 26; Mancos Times-Tribune, Aug. 7, 1908.

2. Nusbaum, "Speech to Westerners," C. Marshall Finnan File, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum to Mather, June 9, 1921, Correspondence 1921, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum to Acting Director, April 25, 1922, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum memo, Superintendent's File, Mesa Verde National Park. Ricardo Torres-Reyes, Mesa Verde National Park (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 1970), pp. 119-121, describes visitors' complaints. Rosemary Nusbaum, Tierra Dulce: Reminiscences from the Jesse Nusbaum Papers (Santa Fe, N.M.: Sun Stone, 1980), pp. 74­76.

3. Nusbaum to Arno Cammerer, June 5, 1922, Correspondence 1922, Mesa Verde National Park.

4. Nusbaum, Tierra Dulce, pp. 72­73.

5. Ibid., p. 76; Jesse L. Nusbaum,"Report of the Superintendent," Report of the Director 1921 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1921).

6. Nusbaum, "Report," 1921, p. 234, and Nusbaum, "Monthly Report," Aug. 4, 1921, Jan. 5, Feb. 3, and April 6, 1922, Mesa Verde National Park; Dept. of Interior to Nusbaum, Aug. 23, 1921, and Nusbaum to F. W. Hodge, Dec. 10, 1921, Correspondence 1921, Mesa Verde National Park.

7. Stephen Mather to Nusbaum, Jan. 31, 1925, Correspondence 1925, Mesa Verde National Park.

8. Grazing Hearing Records, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum, "Monthly Report," April 5, 1922, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum to Cammerer, June 5, 1922, Nusbaum to George Stephan, Dec. 1, 1922, and Nusbaum to Director, April 11 and 20, 1927, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park. Nusbaum, Tierra Dulce, pp. 77­78.

9. Nusbaum, "Report," 1921, p. 234; Nusbaum to Director, Aug. 1, 1942, Grazing Hearing Records, Mesa Verde National Park; and John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), pp. 303, 435­437, 474­476.

10. Robert H. Rose, Water Supply History of Mesa Verde National Park (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde National Park, 1952), pp. 19, 27, 29; Secretary of the Interior, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1928), p. 179.

11. Mesa Verde National Park (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), pp. 6, 13­14, 51­53, 55; Nusbaum, Tierra Dulce, pp. 74­75.

12. Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West (New York: Knopf, 1957), pp. 199, 200, 204. Curtis W. Buchholtz, Rocky Mountain National Park: A History (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1983), pp. 167, 177. Yellowstone had over 260,000 visitors in 1929: Richard A. Bartlett, Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1985), p. 99.

13. Book of Impressions, Mesa Verde Archives.

14. Director to Nusbaum, Jan. 31, 1927, Nusbaum to Director, May 15, 1926, Feb. 7, 1927, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum, "Report," Jan. 5, 1922, and Jan. 20, 1927; U.S. Dept. of Agriculture to Nusbaum, Nov. 28, 1921, Nusbaum to Director, May 24, 1924, and March 18, 1925, Nusbaum to 4th Assistant Postmaster General, Jan. 27 and April 27, 1925, and June 18, 1926, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum, "Report," 1921, p. 233; National Park Service, Report of the Director of the National Park Service 1921 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), p. 71, and 1929, p. 100.

15. Nusbaum to Warren E. Boyer, Aug. 11, 1922, Nusbaum to Director, Feb. 7, 1927, Nusbaum to Lee, March 15, 1950, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park; "Superintendent Reports, 1925, 1929­1930," Mesa Verde National Park. Horace M. Albright and Frank J. Taylor commented on the Navajo culture in "Oh, Ranger!" A Book about the National Parks (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, 1929), pp. 85­86.

16. Nusbaum to Hugh Comming, Surgeon General, March 12, 1925, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park; Denver Post, Feb. 11, 1926, p. 11; and National Park Service, Report of the Director of the National Park Service 1926, p. 45.

17. Alden C. Hayes, "The Wetherill Mesa Project," Naturalist (vol. 20, no. 2, 1969), p. 21; Switzer, "Foreword," Gustaf Nordenskiold, The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde (Glorieta, N.M.: Rio Grande Press, 1979 reprint), pp. 13­14. Nusbaum did work with A. E. Douglas to use tree rings to date some of the ruins.

18. For Nusbaum's activities as a fund-raiser and his eventual relationship with the Rockefellers, see Nusbaum to Albright, March 24, 1925, Superintendents' File, Mesa Verde National Park.

19. Nusbaum memo, undated, Superintendents' File, Mesa Verde National Park. Smith, "Nusbaum Years," pp. 9­11, 23. Helen Wells Frahm Interview, Feb. 9, 1981. Albright, Birth, pp. 158­159, has a somewhat different version of the Rockefeller visit. He said the Rockefellers traveled under the name Davison to Yellowstone, Glacier, and Mesa Verde national parks.

20. Nusbaum to Duke de Kiddo, April 25, 1926, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park; and Mancos Times-Tribune, July 23, 1926. Amy Thompson, "Mesa Verde Experiences," letter to author, Dec. 6, 1985.

21. Concessions program, 1920s, Ansel Hall, Records, Winkler material; National Park Service, Report of the Director of the National Park Service 1923 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923), p. 71; Mesa Verde 1927, pp. 60­61.

22. The Jeep/Nusbaum controversy may be followed in the Mancos Times-Tribune, March 12, 1920; Nusbaum, "Monthly Report," Sept. 15, 1926, Mesa Verde National Park; Nusbaum to Oddie Jeep, July 22, 1927; Oddie Jeep to Chas. Hall, Feb. 19, 1924; Chas. Hall to Jesse Nusbaum, Feb. 20, 1924, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park. In 1924, Oddie had indicated that she might be willing to sell the concessions, but her price seemed too high and a potential purchaser shied away.

23. National Park Service, Report of the Director 1923, p. 73; Mesa Verde 1927, pp. 6­7; Nusbaum, "Monthly Report," Feb. 1926, Mesa Verde National Park; Morris to Clarkson, Aug. 13, Clarkson to Nusbaum, Aug. 23, Nusbaum to Clarkson, Aug. 23, 1927, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park. Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, pp. 40, 58, 59. Robert Beers, Interview, March 26, 1987. Nusbaum to Judge J. J. Downey, Jan. 29, 1928, Roads Outside the Park File, Mesa Verde National Park.

24. Marion C. Wiley, The High Road (Denver: State Dept. of Highways, 1976), pp. 19 and 24; Year Book of the State of Colorado 1924 (Denver: Brook-Heffner, 1924), p. 39; National Park Service, Report of the Director of the National Park Service 1923, p. 72. Nusbaum, Tierra Dulce, pp. 78­79.

25. Mancos Times-Tribune, July 9, 1926; Nusbaum to Duke de Kiddo, April 25, 1926, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park; Eugene Parsons, "Jesse Nusbaum and His Work," The Trail (Feb. 1924), pp. 12, 15; Laura Gilpin, "The Dream Pictures of My People," Art and Archaeology (Aug. 1926), pp. 12­13.

26. Nusbaum to Director, Feb. 7, 1927, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park.

27. Deric Nusbaum, Deric in Mesa Verde (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926), p. 76. See also Nusbaum to Duke de Kiddo, April 25, 1926, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park.

28. Manitou pamphlet, Manitou Cliff Dwelling File, Mesa Verde National Park. Nusbaum to Director, March 21, 1924, and Chief Inspector to Director, April 26, 1924, Nusbaum, Correspondence, Mesa Verde National Park.

29. Nusbaum, Tierra Dulce, pp. 76­77, 84. The Klan was strong in southwestern Colorado in the 1925­1927 era, as it was in the entire state.

30. Robert Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks (New York: Knopf, 1951), p. 250; Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 301­302; Bartlett, Yellowstone, pp. 98­99; Colorado Yearbook, 1928­1929, p. 7; Ansel Hall, Guide to Mesa Verde (San Francisco: Mesa Verde Co., n.d.), p. 23. National Park Service Annual Report 1922 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1922), pp. 49­50.

31. Edward Taylor, "Speech," Congressional Journal, 1924, copy in Durango Public Library.

1. Mesa Verde Notes, Sept. 1935.

2. Horace M. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1983), p. 159; Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987.

3. C. Coyne Thompson Interview, Feb. 10, 1986; C. Marshall Finnan, Annual Report for Mesa Verde National Park (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde National Park, 1932), pp. 1, 6.

4. Alvene and Fury Dalla Interview, July 9, 1986. Jackson Clark Interview, Feb. 16, 1987; Phyllis Jones Interview, Dec. 8, 1985.

5. Albright to Nusbaum, Oct. 24, 1930, Grazing Hearing Records, Mesa Verde National Park. See also Finnan, Annual Report. For visitor information, see Mesa Verde Notes, Dec. 1934 and Dec. 1939. The disparity in annual appropriations was not so great; Rocky Mountain doubled Mesa Verde by the late 1930s.

6. For the preceding, see Robert H. Rose, Water Supply History of Mesa Verde National Park (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde National Park, 1952), pp. 30­32; Memo, Feb. 26, 1936, and Chas. Gould Report 1936, Management File, Mesa Verde National Park; C. Marshall Finnan to Horace Albright, Aug. 31, 1931, and H. C. Bryant to Director, March 4, 1933, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park; Year Book of the State of Colorado 1935­1936 (Denver: n.p., 1935­1936), p. 388; National Park Service, Report of the Director of the National Park Service 1932 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1932), p. 51; Mesa Verde Notes, Sept. 1935, Sept. 1938, and Dec. 1939.

7. Mesa Verde National Park (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1941).

8. Florence Lister and Robert Lister, Earl Morris and Southwestern Archaeology (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1968), pp. 101­102; Switzer, "Foreword," Gustaf Nordenskiold, The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde (Glorieta, N.M.: Rio Grande Press, 1979 reprint), pp. 13­14. Morris to Director, Dec. 28, 1934, and Leavitt to Director, Nov. 13, 1934, Letters Miscellaneous, Mesa Verde National Park.

9. Vandalism File, Mesa Verde National Park; Franke to Hoover, Aug. 31, 1938, Policing File, Mesa Verde National Park.

10. Finnan to Director, Aug. 28, 1933, Letters Miscellaneous, Mesa Verde National Park; "Superintendent's Monthly Report," Dec. 7, 1935, May 3, 1938, and Sept. 5, 1939, Mesa Verde National Park; and Charles Richney to Leavitt, April 9, 1934, and Frank to Fred Trotter, Oct. 4, 1937, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Mesa Verde Notes, May 20, 1936.

11. Staff Conference Minutes, June­Aug. 24, 1936.

12. Charles Quaintance to George Wright, March 4, 1935, Wildlife Surveys and Reports, Mesa Verde National Park.

13. Taylor to Nusbaum, March 6, 1939. See also Camp to Taylor, Feb. 27, 1939, Nusbaum to Director, March 7, 1939, Cortez Sentinel, Feb. 23, 1939, and Denver Post, March 8, 1939, clipping, Archaeology Historic Records, Mesa Verde National Park.

14. Kenny Ross Interview, July 29, 1986.

15. Robert Coates, "The C.C.C.," Mesa Verde Notes, Sept. 1933; Judy Crook, "A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps at Mesa Verde National Park," 1984 paper, Center of Southwest Studies, Fort Lewis College; Park Development Outline, Oct. 11, 1932, Civilian Conservation Corps Records, Mesa Verde National Park. See also Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1980), chapters 5 and 6. Civilian Conservation Corps Records, Mesa Verde National Park. The peak total of C.C.C. camps was in June 1935, with 2,916.

16. Secretary of the Interior, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1935 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1935), pp. 199, 227, 229; Meredith Guillet Interview, Oct. 8, 1986.

17. John McNamara and C. Coyne Thompson Interview, Feb. 10, 1986.

18. Civilian Conservation Corps Records, Mesa Verde National Park; Mesa Verde Notes, Sept. 1933. Robert Beers Interview, March 26, 1987.

19. Keith Paisley analysis, April 15, 1942, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Jackson Clark Interview, Feb. 16, 1987.

20. John McNamara and C. Coyne Thompson Interview, Feb. 10, 1986. Richard A. Bartlett, Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1985), pp. 296­302.

21. Curtis W. Buchholtz, Rocky Mountain National Park: A History (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1983), pp. 183­187. John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), pp. 355­357, 360­363.

22. 1937 correspondence Gallup and Cortez Chambers of Commerce, and minutes, Nov. 12­13, 1935, meeting, Roads Outside the Park File, Mesa Verde National Park.

23. R. E. Hauser to Leavitt, July 29, 1934, H. W. Balsley to Leavitt, Aug. 9, 1935, A. E. Palen to Finnan, Jan. 13, 1932, Roads Outside the Park File, Mesa Verde National Park.

24. National Park Service, Report of the Director of the National Park Service 1930 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1930), p. 121; Concessions Agreement, 1930­1949, copy Mesa Verde National Park; Gilbert Wenger, The Story of Mesa Verde National Park (Denver: Mesa Verde Museum Association, 1980), p. 76. Abbie Jane Wagner Interview, Jan. 21, 1983. Bartlett, Yellowstone, pp. 99­100. Ansel Hall, Records, Winkler material.

25. June Hall Interview, Sept. 16, 1985, Dale Anderson interviewer.

26. Ansel Hall, Records, Winkler material; Robert Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks (New York: Knopf, 1951), pp. 259­262.

27. Mesa Verde Notes, Sept. 1938.

28. "Monthly Report," June 10 and Aug. 10, 1942, Mesa Verde National Park; Angelo D. Brewer Interview, July 7, 1981, Mesa Verde Oral History Project.

29. Superintendent's "Monthly Report," 1942­1945, Mesa Verde National Park, especially see Oct. 12, 1945; Prairie Dog Survey report, Aug. 9, 1943, Mesa Verde National Park.

30. Kenny Ross Interview, July 29, 1986; Robin Hall Turner Interview, Dec. 9, 1985.

31. See Grazing Hearing Records, Mesa Verde National Park.

1. A. Levine to H. Tolson, Jan. 16, 1945, Nusbaum Memo, Feb. 5, 1946, Lucy Peabody, Folder, Mesa Verde National Park. For the television request, see the Superintendents' Monthly Reports, Sept. 13, 1945, Mesa Verde National Park. McClurg died in 1931, Peabody in 1934.

2. Superintendents' Monthly Reports, Sept. 13, 1945, Mesa Verde National Park.

3. See minutes of June 24­July 22, 1946, Staff Meetings Reports, Mesa Verde National Park. Robert H. Rose, Water Supply History of Mesa Verde National Park (Mesa Verde National Park: Mesa Verde National Park, 1952), pp. 33­37, 47­48, and 51­52.

4. Mountain Lion File, in the Wildlife Surveys and Reports, and various superintendents' reports, 1946­1959, Mesa Verde National Park. John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), chapter 27.

5 . Staff Meetings Reports, July 15 and Aug. 19, 1946, Nov. 29, 1948, and Dec. 8, 1959, Mesa Verde National Park; Year Book of the State of Colorado 1956­1958 (Denver: n.p., 1956­1958), p. 798.

6. Letters, newspaper clippings, memos, Roads Outside the Park File, Mesa Verde National Park.

7. Marion C. Wiley, The High Road (Denver: State Dept. of Highways, 1976), pp. 29, 31. Art Gomez, "The Fabulous Four Corners," Ph.D. dissertation, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico, 1987, pp. 98, 103­111, 117, 122.

8. Yeager Report, 1946, Archaeology Historic Records, Mesa Verde National Park; Staff Meetings Reports, Oct. 8, 1947, and Aug. 30, 1948, Mesa Verde National Park; Year Book of the State of Colorado 1956­1958, p. 589; Denver Post, Sept. 16, 1957, clipping Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park.

9. Ise, Our National Park Policy, pp. 534­537, 540, 546. State of the Parks1980 Report to the Congress (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1980), p. 1. Reader's Digest quoted in Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1980), pp. 237, 258.

10. Denver Post, Aug. 20 and Sept. 16, 1957; clippings and Mission 66 1957 report, Management File, Mesa Verde National Park. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986. Staff Meetings Reports, Dec. 15, 1959, Mesa Verde National Park.

11. O'Bryan, see David A. Breternitz and Jack E. Smith, "Mesa Verde," in National Parkways: Rocky Mountain and Mesa Verde (Casper, Wyo.: World-Wide Research, 1972), p. 76. Robert Lister to author, March 17, 1987.

12. Alden C. Hayes, "The Wetherill Mesa Project," Naturalist (vol. 20, no. 2, 1969), p. 21; Alden C. Hayes, The Archeological Survey of Wetherill Mesa (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1964), pp. 1­2.

13. Robert H. Lister, "Archeology for Layman and Scientist at Mesa Verde," Science (May 3, 1968), pp. 492­493. Douglas Osborne, "Solving the Riddles of Wetherill Mesa," National Geographic Magazine (Feb. 1964), p. 155. Hayes, "Wetherill," pp. 21­22. Hayes, Archeological Survey, pp. 2­3. Carroll A. Burroughs, "Searching for Cliff Dwellers' Secrets," National Geographic Magazine (Nov. 1959), pp. 619, 625.

14. Mesa Verde Company Records, 1940s, 1950s, William Winkler; Jan. 16, 1959, report, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986. June Hall Interview, Sept. 16, 1985, Dale Anderson, interviewer. Travel Summary Annual Reports 1945, 1948, and 1952 list where visitors came from, Mesa Verde National Park.

15. See, for example, Staff Meetings Reports, July 17, 1951, Mesa Verde National Park.

16. Pinkley letter, Aug. 3, 1958, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Jack Rudy to author, Sept. 29, 1986.

17. 1951 Vandalism, Vandalism File, Mesa Verde National Park; Staff Conference Minutes, July 26, 1949, and Nov. 28, 1951, Mesa Verde National Park.

18. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interviews, Dec. 16, 1986, and Sept. 23, 1987. Jeannie Lee Jim Interview, April 16, 1981, Mesa Verde Oral History Project.

19. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986; Kenny Ross Interview, July 29, 1986.

1. Al Lancaster Interview, Feb. 22, 1986. Robert Lister to author, March 17, 1987.

2. Robert H. Lister, "Archeology for Layman and Scientist at Mesa Verde," Science (May 3, 1968), pp. 492­494; Alden C. Hayes, "The Wetherill Mesa Project," Naturalist (vol. 20, no. 2, 1969), pp. 21­23; Douglas Osborne, "Solving the Riddles of Wetherill Mesa," National Geographic Magazine (Feb. 1964), p. 155; Gilbert Wenger to author, Aug. 4, 1986.

3. Hayes, "Wetherill," p. 23. The project produced over three dozen articles and monographs as well.

4. For the University of Colorado, see Robert H. Lister, Emergency Archaeology in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1948­1966 (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1968), p. 1. "Big Boom at Mesa Verde," Empire Magazine (Denver Post), Nov. 17, 1963, p. 13. Robert Lister to author, March 17, 1987. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1965, Mesa Verde National Park.

5. Superintendent's Monthly Report, Aug. 1965, Mesa Verde National Park.

6. John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), pp. 609­609.

7. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986.

8. Curtis W. Buchholtz, Rocky Mountain National Park: A History (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1983), pp. 202­205. There were even stronger objections to some of the Mission 66 programs in that park. Gilbert Wenger to author, Aug. 4, 1986.

9. Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1965, Mesa Verde National Park; Pinkley to Ansel Hall, Jan. 9, 1962, and Pinkley to Arrhenius, Sept. 27, 1964, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. Pinkley retired in 1966.

10. Pinkley to Rocky Mountain AAA, Sept. 30, 1964, Miscellaneous File, Mesa Verde National Park. She could also have gotten upset with the Year Book of the State of Colorado 1962­1964, (Denver: n.p., 1962­1964), p. 92­94, which apparently copied the same source as the AAA.

11. Yearbook of the State of Colorado 1962­1964, pp. 818­819, 822­823; Art Gomez, "The Fabulous Four Corners," Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico, 1987, pp. 131­133; "Master Plan for Mesa Verde National Park, Aug. 1964," pp. 5­7; Camp, quoted in Staff Meetings Reports, Dec. 8, 1959, Mesa Verde National Park.

12. Chester A. Thomas, "Grass Roots Public Relations," Superintendents' File, Mesa Verde National Park.

13. Staff Meetings Reports, April 5, 1965, and Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1965, both Mesa Verde National Park.

14. Staff Meetings Reports, Sept. 17, 1963, Mesa Verde National Park; Superintendent's Monthly Report, March 1967, Mesa Verde National Park; Staff Meetings Reports, July 2, 1968, Mesa Verde National Park; Gilbert Wenger to author, Aug. 4, 1986. Acting Supt. to Director, Dec. 23, 1966, Floods and Storms File, Mesa Verde National Park.

15. Superintendent's Monthly Reports, Aug. 1965 and Aug. 1967, Mesa Verde National Park.

16. 1961 file, Vandalism File, Mesa Verde National Park.

17. Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1965 and April 1966, Mesa Verde National Park; Wildlife Surveys and Reports, 1966, Mesa Verde National Park; Atchison to Lechleitner, June 13, 1968, and Lechleitner to Loe, June 27, 1969, Wildlife Surveys and Reports, Mesa Verde National Park.

18. Meredith Guillet Interview, Oct. 8, 1986. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986. One of the problems, according to Gil Wenger, was the confiscation of House's rifle for shooting deer in the park, Wenger to author, Oct. 10, 1986.

19. Staff Meetings Reports, March 15, 1960, and Superintendent's Monthly Report, Dec. 1965, both Mesa Verde National Park. Montezuma Valley Journal, Jan. 6, 1968.

1. George Hartzog, Jr., "Management Considerations," Second World Conference on National Parks (Morges, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature, 1974), pp. 160­161. See also, Curtis W. Buchholtz, Rocky Mountain National Park: A History (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1983), pp. 206­207.

2. 1973 Press Release, Press Release File, Mesa Verde National Park; Gilbert Wenger to author, Aug. 4, 1986; Mesa Verde: General Management Plan May 1979 (N.p.: Department of the Interior, 1979), p. 3; Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 55; Superintendent's Report 1979, p. 2, Mesa Verde National Park; Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987.

3. Ronald R. Switzer to author, Aug. 22, 1987.

4. Superintendent's Report 1979, p. 2, Mesa Verde National Park.

5. Mesa Verde National Park, pp. 4­8; see also Hartzog, "Management Considerations," p. 161, and Mesa Verde National Park, p. 2.

6. Los Angeles Times, Sept. 1973, clipping, Center of Southwest Studies, Fort Lewis College. Ronald R. Switzer to author, Aug. 22, 1987. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986. Beverly Cunningham Interview, Feb. 25, 1987. Heyder thought it unfair that Switzer was blamed for the 1979 road problems.

7. Press Releases 1974­1975, Press Release File, Mesa Verde National Park.

8. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interviews, Dec. 16, 1986, and Sept. 8, 1987; Gilbert Wenger to author, Oct. 31, 1986. Long-time ranger Gil Wenger hated to see the Mesa Verde Company leave; he said the park staff had "absolutely great relationships" with Bill.

9. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986; and Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1976 and 1977, Mesa Verde National Park.

10. 1977­1979 Complaint File, Mesa Verde National Park.

11. Jackson Clark Interview, Feb. 16, 1987; Hartzog, "Management Considerations," p. 161.

12. Historic Sites File, Mesa Verde National Park; Staff Meetings Reports, July 31, 1973, Mesa Verde National Park; Jackson Clark Interview, Feb. 16, 1987. Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1976 and 1979, Mesa Verde National Park.

13. Watson, quoted in Mesa Verde: General Management Plan, p. 3.

14. Superintendent's Annual Report 1976, Mesa Verde National Park; Gilbert Wenger to author, Oct. 31 and Nov. 15, 1986.

15. Staff Meeting Reports, June 28, 1973, Mesa Verde National Park.

16. Superintendent's Report 1979, Mesa Verde National Park; Durango Herald, April 30, 1979, p. 1, and the Montezuma Valley Journal, May 2­June 1, 1979, tell the story of the slide.

17. "Mesa Verde National Park Master Plan, Sept. 1975 Draft," pp. 50­51, photocopy, Mesa Verde National Park. "Fire Danger," 1974 Press Release, Press Release File, and "Fires," Management File, both Mesa Verde National Park.

18. See Staff Meeting Reports, Feb. 24, 1970, and Superintendent's Report 1979, both Mesa Verde National Park.

1. For the visitor survey, see Superintendent's Report 1980, Mesa Verde National Park; Press Release, Press Release File, Sept. 17, 1980, Mesa Verde National Park; and Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987. Richard A. Bartlett, in his Yellowstone: A Wilderness Besieged (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1985), also wrestled with where history ends and current events begin, pp. 365, 383.

2. Air Pollution Effects on Parks and Wilderness Areas (Mesa Verde National Park: n.p., 1984), pp. 51, 57.

3. Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1983­1986, Mesa Verde National Park; Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987; Jackson Clark Interview, Feb. 16, 1987; Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986; Beverly Cunningham Interview, Feb. 18, 1987; Bartlett, Yellowstone, p. 372.

4. Durango Herald, Nov. 7, 1986. See also Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1983­1986, Mesa Verde National Park, and July 19, 1984, Press Release, Press Release File, Mesa Verde National Park; Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986. Jack Smith Interview, March 3, 1987.

5. Jack Smith Interview, March 3, 1987.

6. Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987, and Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1982, 1983, Mesa Verde National Park. "Mesa Verde National Park," Report No. 4944 House of Representatives (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906), p. 5. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1985, Mesa Verde National Park.

7. Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1982 and 1985, Mesa Verde National Park; Oct. 5, 1981, Press Release, Press Release File, Mesa Verde National Park; "Are Our National Parks in Danger?" U.S. News and World Report, July 7, 1986, p. 68; Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987.

8. New York Times, Aug. 10, 1987, p. A12.

9. Information for the preceding paragraphs was found in Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1980­1986, Mesa Verde National Park; Staff Meeting Reports, Feb. 3, April 23, and June 19, 1984, Mesa Verde National Park; June 13, 1984, and May 28, 1985, Press Releases, Press Release File, Mesa Verde National Park; Mesa Verde National Park (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1984).

10. Gilbert Wenger to author, Nov. 15, 1986; "Program for Ceremonies Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of Mesa Verde National Park"; Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1982, 1983, Mesa Verde National Park; Staff Meeting Reports, Aug.­Sept. 1984, Mesa Verde National Park. Interestingly, neither the Denver Post nor the New York Times carried any reports from the conference. The Durango Herald, Sept. 18­23, 1984, reported on conference sessions. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1979), pp. 181­184, discusses the World Conference on National Parks.

11. Mesa Verde Indian Art Festival, Management File, Superintendent's Annual Report 1983, Staff Meetings Reports July 10, 1984, July 18, 1985, Press Release, Press Release File, all Mesa Verde National Park.

12. Jackson Clark Interview, Feb. 16, 1987.

13. Bill and Merrie Winkler Interview, Dec. 16, 1986; Ken Brengle Interview, March 25, 1987; Mike Dexter Interview, March 25, 1987. Southwest Colorado Vacation Guide (Cortez: Montezuma Valley Journal, 1986).

14. Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987.

15. Denver Post, 1979­1985 index. Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987.

16. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1983, Mesa Verde National Park; see also Superintendent's Annual Report, 1980, Mesa Verde National Park; Robert Heyder Interview, Feb. 18, 1987, and State of the Parks1980 (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1980), pp. viii, 52, 55.

17. E. Steve Cassells, The Archaeology of Colorado (Boulder, Colo.: Johnson, 1983), p. 110; and Robert H. Lister, "Archeology for Layman and Scientist at Mesa Verde," Science (May 3, 1968), pp. 495­496. Jack Smith Interview, March 3, 1987.

18. Jean Pinkley, Interpretive Prospectus, Archaeologists File, Mesa Verde National Park.