An Ecological Survey of the Coastal Region of Georgia (Appendix 1)

CUMBERLAND ISLAND

An Ecological Survey of the Coastal Region of Georgia
NPS Scientific Monograph No. 3

APPENDIX I:
Annotated List of Fishes of the Georgia Coast

Michael D. Dahlberg
Marine Institute, University of Georgia¹

INTRODUCTION

The following list includes those species of fish that are known from or likely to occur in estuarine and marine waters along the Georgia coast seaward to a depth of 10 fathoms. This encompasses waters of the estuary, beach, and "coastal habitat." In the text the term coastal habitat refers to that region from the ocean beaches to a depth of 10 fathoms as in Struhsaker (1969). Species listed are based primarily on my own records from Georgia inshore waters, from South Carolina by Bearden (1961a, 1965), and from the coastal habitat by Struhsaker (1969). For the benefit of sport fishermen, the common offshore sport fishes are also included. This list is extracted from my manuscript, A Field Guide to Georgia Coastal Fishes. This manuscript and the paper by Struhsaker (1969) report a large number of additional species that are restricted to deeper waters of the Continental Shelf; most of these species occur primarily on reefs.

Seasonal records in the text are based on inshore collections, i.e., beach and estuarine waters.

The classification of the American Fisheries Society (Bailey 1970) is followed.

¹Present address: C. W. Rice Div., NUS Corp., Pittsburgh.

Class AGNATHA—Jawless Fishes
Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES

PETROMYZONTIDAE— Lampreys
Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus— sea lamprey

Anadromous. Rare in Georgia.

Class CHONDRICHTHYES—Cartilaginous Fishes
Order SQUALIFORMES—Sharks

The common sharks that occur inshore on the Georgia coast are not restricted to well-defined habitats. They may be collected in shallow beach waters as well as deeper waters of the sounds and offshore. Most of the sharks considered below prefer warmer waters and leave inshore waters of Georgia in the winter. One exception is the spiny dogfish, a northern species that migrates southward to Georgia in the winter.

ODONTASPIDIDAE—Sand Tigers
Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque)—sand shark

Known from South Carolina but not Georgia.

LAMNIDAE—Mackerel Sharks
Carcharodon carcharius (Linnaeus)—white shark

Reported from South Carolina but not Georgia. Mainly pelagic but sometimes found inshore.

Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus)—basking shark

Rarely found inshore.

ALOPIIDAE (LAMNIDAE)—Thresher Sharks
Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre)—thresher shark

Reported from South Carolina but not Georgia. Pelagic but sometimes found inshore.

ORECTOLOBIDAE—Carpet Sharks
Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre)—nurse shark

Specimens have been caught on the Georgia coast in the warmer months.

CARCHARHINIDAE—Requiem Sharks
Aprionodon isodon (Valenciennes)—finetooth shark

Common in warmer months.

Carcharhinus acronotus (Poey)—blacknose shark

Inshore in warmer months.

Carcharhinus leucus (Valenciennes)—bull shark

Reported from South Carolina but not from Georgia.

Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes)—small blacktip shark

Common in warmer months.

Carcharhinus milberti (Valenciennes)—sandbar shark

Common in warmer months.

Galeocerdo cuvieri (Peron and Lesueur)—tiger shark

Caught in warmer months.

Mustelis canis (Mitchill)—smooth dogfish

Rare in South Carolina and not known from Georgia.

Negaprion brevirostris (Poey)—lemon shark

Common in warmer months.

Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson)—Atlantic sharpnose shark

Not known from Georgia but quite common in South Carolina in warmer months.

SPHYRNIDAE—Hammerhead Sharks
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith and Smith)—scalloped hammerhead shark

Common in warmer months.

Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus)—bonnet shark

Occurs inshore March through November.

Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus)—smooth hammerhead shark

Young are often collected on the South Carolina coast in spring and summer and they probably occur on the Georgia coast.

SQUALIDAE—Dogfish Sharks
Squalus acanthias Linnaeus—spiny dogfish

Occurs on Georgia coast in colder months.

Order RAJIFORMES—Skates and Rays

PRISTIDAE—Sawfishes
Pristis pectinata Lathan—smalltooth sawfish

Rare off South Carolina and not known from Georgia.

RHINOBATIDAE—Guitarfish
Rhinobatos lentiginosus (Garman)—Atlantic guitarfish

Uncommon; occurs May through September.

RAJIDAE—Skates
Raja eglanteria Bosc—clearnose skate

Common September through May.

DASYATIDAE—Stingrays

Stingrays are collected by hook, seine, and trawls in shallow beach waters and deeper estuarine waters.

Dasyatis americana Hildebrand and Schroeder—southern stingray

Common in warmer months.

Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill)—roughtail stingray

Rarely occurs inshore off South Carolina and not known from Georgia.

Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur)—stingaree

Abundant in warmer months and present throughout the year.

Dasyatis sayi (Lesueur)—bluntnose stingray

Common in coastal waters, April through November.

Gymnura micrura (Bloch and Schneider)—smooth butterfly ray

Common in trawl catches in warmer months and present throughout the year.

MYLIOBATIDAE—Eagle Rays
Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen)—spotted eagle ray

Reported from South Carolina but not known from the Georgia coast.

Myliobatis freminvillei Lesueur—eagle ray

Uncommon.

Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill)—cownose ray

Uncommon.

MOBULIDAE—Mantas

The range of the devil ray, Mobula hypostoma, includes the Georgia coast, but it has not been reported from Georgia or South Carolina.

Manta birostris (Walbaum)—Atlantic manta

Large specimens are occasionally seen jumping in Georgia coastal waters and one reported to weigh 2500 pounds was caught in a shrimp trawl.

Class OSTEICHTHYES—Bony Fishes
Order ACIPENSERIFORMES

ACIPENSERIDAE—Sturgeons
Acipenser brevirostrum Lesueur—shortnose sturgeon

Primarily found in tidal waters but enters ocean. Commonly caught in gill nets in the Altamaha River.

Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill—Atlantic sturgeon

Anadromous. Commonly caught in gill nets in the Altamaha River by shad fishermen.

Order SEMIONOTIFORMES

LEPISOSTEIDAE—Gars
Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus) longnose gar

Primarily a freshwater species but often encountered in salt water on the Georgia coast.

Lepisosteus platyrhincus DeKay—Florida gar

A freshwater species not likely to be found in salt water.

Order ELOPIFORMES

ELOPIDAE—Tarpons
Elops saurus Linnaeus—Ladyfish, tenpounder

Small individuals are often collected in tidal pools and canals and occasionally along the beach, high marsh, and upper reaches, from May to November.

Megalops atlantica Valenciennes— tarpon

Large tarpon are commonly caught in warmer months on Georgia beaches and in the lower Altamaha River. Juveniles occur in tidal pools and creeks in low- to high-salinities from July to November.

ALBULIDAE—Bonefishes
Albula vulpes (Linnaeus)—bonefish

Rare.

Order ANGUILLIFORMES

ANGUILLIDAE—Freshwater Eels
Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur)—American eel

Catadromous. Common spring through fall in oligohaline and freshwater creeks, tidal creeks, low- and high-salinity tidal pools, and rare in high marsh.

CONGRIDAE—Conger Eels
Ariosoma impressa (Poey)—bandtooth conger

Largely offshore.

Conger oceanicus (Mitchill)—conger eel

Largely offshore.

OPHICHTHIDAE—Snake Eels and Worm Eels

In addition to the species listed, three other ophichthids occur offshore on the Georgia coast; these are Letharchus velifer, Verma kendalli and Mystriophis intertinctus.

Myrophis punctatus Lutken—speckled worm eel

Beach, high marsh, and ologohaline creek. Rarely seen on Georgia coast.

Ophichthus gomesi (Castelnau)—Shrimp eel

Occasionally caught in moderate to deep estuarine waters.

Ophichthus ocellatus (Lesueur)—spotted snake eel

Occasionally taken in coastal habitat.

Order CLUPEIFORMES

CLUPEIDAE—Herrings, Shads

In addition to the species listed, the Atlantic round herring (Etrumeus teres) occurs off Georgia, but it is not known from inshore waters.

Alose aestivalis (Mitchill)—blueback herring

Anadromous.

Alosa mediocris (Mitchill)—hickory shad

Anadromous.

Alosa sapidissima (Wilson)—American shad

Anadromous. An important commercial and sport fish in Georgia rivers during the January-March spawning migration.

Brevoortia smithi Hildebrand—yellowfin menhaden

Common along beaches; also found in the high marsh, tidal canals, and tidal pools, from May to November.

Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe)—Atlantic menhaden

Schools are abundant in lower and middle reaches and near beaches of Georgia estuaries in warmer months. Some occur in the sounds throughout the winter. Also found in the high marsh, tidal canals, and high-salinity tidal pools. Rare in the oligohaline creeks and low-salinity tidal pools. Most migrate south or offshore in winter.

Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur)—gizzard shad

Common in the lower reaches, high marsh, and probably in oligohaline creeks. Rare along the beach.

Dorosoma petenense (Gunther)—threadfin shad

Collected at beaches at Savannah, Sapelo Island, and Brunswick. Also collected in the high marsh and tidal canals.

Harengula pensacolae Goode and Bean—scaled sardine

Occasionally collected at beaches and in the lower reaches and rare in the high marsh, June to October. More abundant south and offshore.

Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur)—Atlantic thread herring

Known from the beaches, lower reaches, and high marsh, July to December. More abundant to the south.

Sardinella anchovia Valenciennes—Spanish sardine

Reported from a Georgia beach by Miller and Jorgenson (1969).

ENGRAULIDAE—Anchovies
Anchoa cubana (Poey)—Cuban anchovy

Collected at St. Simons Beach by Miller and Jorgenson (1969).

Anchoa hepsetus (Linnaeus)—striped anchovy

Common at Georgia beaches, lower and middle reaches, and high marsh, May to November.

Anchoa lyolepis (Evermann and Marsh)—dusky anchovy

Collected at St. Simons Beach by Miller and Jorgenson (1969).

Anchoa mitchilli (Valenciennes)—bay anchovy

Found at beaches, lower, middle, and upper reaches, in the high marsh, and in high-salinity tidal pools, common throughout the year.

Order MYCTOPHIFORMES

SYNODONTIDAE—Lizardfishes
Synodus foetens (Linnaeus)—inshore lizardfish

A bottom species occasionally collected at the beach, lower reaches, and middle reaches, April to November. More common in coastal and offshore habitats.

Order SILURIFORMES

ICTALURIDAE—Freshwater Catfishes
Ictalurus catus (Linnaeus)—white catfish

Freshwater creeks and rivers; occasionally enters brackish estuarine waters.

ARIIDAE—Sea Catfishes
Bagre marinus (Mitchill)—gafftop sail catfish

Common along beaches and in sounds, June through October.

Arius fells (Linnaeus)—sea catfish

Adults are common on beaches and deeper estuarine waters and juveniles are common in the deeper waters. Present in estuaries from March to November. Migrates to ocean in autumn and winter.

Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES

BATRACHOIDIDAE—Toadfishes

The leopard toadfish (Opsanus pardus) and Atlantic midshipman (Ponichthys porosissimus) are found only offshore, often in association with reefs.

Opsanus tau (Linnaeus)—Oyster toadfish

Common in lower and middle reaches usually around debris. Sometimes found in oyster reefs and along the beach.

Order GOBIESOCIFORMES

GOBIESOCIDAE—Clingfishes
Gobiesox strumosus Cope—skilletfish

Lower and middle reaches of estuary, in association with oyster reefs in shallows and shell in deeper waters.

Order LOPHIIFORMES

ANTENNARIIDAE—Frogfishes

The ocellated frogfish (Antennarius ocellatus) was reported offshore by Struhsaker (1969), and the two species listed below, reported from St. Simons Beach (Miller and Jorgenson 1969), are stragglers from offshore.

Antennarius radiosus Garman—singlespot frogfish

Offshore, occasionally inshore.

Histrio histrio (Linnaeus)—sargassumfish

Pelagic, in clumps of sargassum.

OGCOCEPHALIDAE—Batfishes

Ogcocephalus radiatus and Halieutichthys aculeatus occur offshore on the Georgia coast. One species reported from inshore is listed below.

Ogcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus)—longnose batfish

Abundant offshore, sometimes collected in the coastal and lower reaches habitats (Anderson 1968).

Order GADIFORMES

GADIDAE—Codfishes and Hakes

The Carolina hake (Urophycis earlli) and silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) probably occur offshore (Struhsaker 1969).

Urophycis floridanus (Bean and Dresel)—southern hake

Common in estuaries January through May. Abundant offshore.

Urophycis regius (Walbaum)—spotted hake

Common in estuaries January through May. Abundant offshore.

OPHIDIIDAE—Cusk Eels

Species reported from offshore by Struhsaker (1969) include the bank cusk-eel (Ophidion holbrooki), polka-dot cusk-eel (Otophidium omostigmum), blotched cusk-eel (Ophidion grayii, and Lepophidium spp.

Rissola marginata (DeKay)—striped cusk-eel

Deeper waters of lower and middle reaches, coastal habitat, and rare in beach habitat.

Order ATHERINIFORMES

BELONIDAE—Needlefishes

In addition to the species listed, Platybelone argalus occurs in the Gulf Stream off Georgia.

Ablennes hians (Valenciennes)—flat needlefish

Primarily offshore but may occur inshore.

Strongylura marina (Walbaum)—northern needlefish

Found around docks in the lower and middle reaches, also known from the high marsh and the beach.

Tylosurusacus (Lacepede)—agujon

Primarily offshore but may wander inshore.

Tylosurus crocodilus (Peron and Lesueur)—houndfish

Primarily offshore but may wander inshore.

EXOCOETIDAE—Halfbeaks and Flyingfishes

Three species of halfbeaks apparently occur on the Georgia coast but they have not been collected inshore. They may be restricted to offshore. Flyingfishes do not normally occur in Georgia estuaries or along the beaches although they are common offshore. Listed here is a straggler from offshore and another species likely to occur near shore. Two other flyingfishes probably occur offshore on the Georgia coast. These are Parexocoetus brachypterus and Cypselurus cyanopterus.

Hemiramphus balao Lesueur—balao

Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus)—ballyhoo

Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani)—halfbeak

Cypselurus heterurus (Rafinesque)—Atlantic flyingfish

Has not been collected near Georgia shore.

Hirundichthys affinis (Gunther)—fourwing flyingfish

One adult reportedly collected from Valona Creek apparently is a straggler from offshore.

CYPRINODONTIDAE—Killifishes
Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede—sheepshead killifish

In the high marshes, tidal canals, high- and low-salinity tidal pools. Euryhaline.

Fundulus chrysotus (Gunther)—golden topminnow

A freshwater species reported to go into brackish water.

Fundulus confluentus Goode and Bean—marsh killifish

Common in freshwater and low-salinity creeks and pools.

Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus)—mummichog

Beach, high marsh, lower to upper reaches, oligohaline creek, tidal canal and tidal pools. Abundant in shallow waters and not found in deep waters.

Fundulus luciae (Baird)—spotfin killifish

The only definite Georgia records were collected at a marsh near the Meridian dock (Miller and Jorgenson 1969). The spotfins apparently have disappeared since the collecting site became occupied with Spartina and Juncus.

Fundulus majalis (Walbaum)—striped killifish

Present at beaches throughout the year and occasionally taken in the high marsh, tidal canals, and high-salinity tidal pools.

Lucania parva (Baird)—rainwater killifish

Known from South Carolina and Florida but not from Georgia.

POECILIIDAE—Livebearers
Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard)—mosquitofish

Most abundant in fresh water but common in the high marsh, oligohaline creeks, tidal pools, tidal canals, and sometimes found at the beach.

Heterandria formosa Agassiz—least killifish

Common in fresh water and known to go into brackish water.

Poecilia latipinna Lesueur—sailfin molly

Common in high marsh, fresh water, tidal canals, tidal pools, and rare at the beach and in oligohaline creeks.

ATHERINIDAE—Siiversides
Membras martinica (Valenciennes)—rough silverside

Lower reaches, beach, and high marsh habitats. Present throughout the year.

Menidia beryllina (Cope)—tidewater silverside

Most abundant in oligohaline creek and fresh water near the coast, and also found in the upper reaches and at the beach. Present throughout the year.

Menidia menidia (Linnaeus)—Atlantic silverside

Beach, high marsh, lower and middle reaches, and high-salinity tidal pools. Present throughout the year.

Order BERYCIFORMES

HOLOCENTRIDAE—Squirrelfishes

Four species known from the Georgia coast are collected only in offshore waters.

Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES

AULOSTOMIDAE—Trumpetfishes

One species of trumpetfish (Aulostomus maculatus) is known from Georgia offshore waters.

FISTULARIIDAE Cornetfishes
Histularia tabacaria Linnaeus—bluespotted cornetfish

Primarily offshore but reported from the coastal habitat by Anderson (1968).

SYNGNATHIDAE—Pipefishes and Seahorses

Three pipefishes are known from the Georgia coast—Syngnathus fuscus, S. louisianae, and Corythoichthys albirostris (one record). Additional forms which may occur inshore along the Georgia coast are S. scovelli, S. floridae hubbsi, and S. f. mckayi (Dr. E. Herald, pers. comm.). S. pelagicus and S. springeri may occur offshore.

Hippocampus erectus Perry—lined seahorse

Rare in estuaries but probably common offshore.

Syngnathus floridae mckayi (Swain and Meek)—key dusky pipefish

Inshore.

Syngnathus floridae hubbsi Herald—Chesapeake dusky pipefish

Inshore.

Syngnathus fuscus Storer—northern pipefish

Often found at the beach, upper and lower reaches, and rare in oligohaline creek.

Syngnathus louisianae Gunther—chain pipefish

Common in Georgia estuaries. Known from beach, high marsh, lower to upper reaches, high-salinity tidal pool, and rare in oligohaline creek.

Syngnathus pelagicus Linnaeus—sargassum pipefish

A pelagic species associated with rafts of sargassum.

Syngnathus scovelli (Evermann and Kendall)—Gulf pipefish

Inshore.

Syngnathus springeri Herald—bull pipefish

Ranges from North Carolina to Pensacola, Fla., but not known from Georgia.

Corythoichthys albirostris Heckel—whitenose pipefish

Inshore.

Order PERCIFORMES

CENTROPOMIDAE—Snooks
Centropomus undecimalls (Bloch)—snook

Young occur in tidal pools and tidal ditches from June to November in Georgia.

SERRANIDAE—Sea Basses

Numerous sea bass species occur on live-bottom areas off the Georgia coast. The gag, Mycteroperca microlepis, is a straggler to Georgia estuaries. Only two species (Centropristis) are common in the estuary, Centropristis ocyurus occurs offshore. Two species of Diplectrum occur in the coastal habitat and Diplectrum bivittatum occurs offshore (Struhsaker 1969). Two more serranids, Serraniculus pumilio and Serranus subligarius, occur offshore and may be found in reefs in the coastal habitat.

Centropristis philadelphica (Linnaeus)—rock sea bass

Occasionally caught in estuaries. Common offshore.

Centropristis striata (Linnaeus)—black sea bass

Young are commonly in estuarine sounds and rivers throughout the year. Large black sea bass are abundant offshore around reefs.

Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus)—sand perch

Coastal habitat and offshore.

Diplectrum radiale (Quoy and Gairnard)—aguavina

Coastal habitat and offshore.

PERCICHTHYIDAE

The white perch Morone americana occurs in South Carolina (Bearden 1961b) but not Georgia.

Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)—striped bass

Anadromous. Common in Georgia rivers.

PRIACANTHIDAE—Bigeyes

Two species (Priacanthus arenatus and Pristigenys alta) are found offshore.

APOGONIDAE—Cardinalfishes

Two species (Apogon maculatus and A. pseudomaculatus) occur offshore.

CENTRARCHIDAE—Sunfishes

Many species of sunfishes enter brackish waters occasionally. I collected four species in the oligohaline Riceboro Creek when the water was fresh. These were the flier (Centrarchus macropterus), warmouth (Lepomis gulosus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

POMATOMIDAE—Bluefish
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus)—bluefish

The smaller "snapper blues" are commonly caught with fishing poles on beaches, in sounds and estuarine rivers. Large bluefish are caught offshore.

ECHENEIDAE—Remoras
Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus—sharksucker

RACHYCENTRIDAE—Cobia
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus)—cobia

Commonly caught around buoys offshore. Found around mouths of sounds and rivers of South Carolina (Bearden 1961a).

CARANGIDAE—Jacks, Scads, Pompanos

Most offshore records of carangids are from Struhsaker (1969). A few additional species may be found in the Gulf Stream.

Alectis crinitus (Mitchill)—African pompano

Coastal habitat.

Caranx bartholomaei Cuvier—yellow jack

Primarily offshore near the Gulf Stream. Juveniles occasionally migrate or drift inshore (Berry 1959).

Caranx crysos (Mitchill)—blue runner

Collected in Georgia estuarine and coastal waters (Anderson 1968) but most abundant offshore.

Caranx hippos (Linnaeus)—crevalle jack

Adult crevalle jack are rarely caught with fishing poles on the Georgia coast. Young are sometimes collected along the beach and in the marsh (Miller and Jorgenson 1969).

Caranx latus (Agassiz)—horse-eye jack

Collected at St. Simons Beach by Miller and Jorgenson (1969).

Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus)—Atlantic bumper

Common June-December in waters of beach, lower reaches, and coastal habitat and rare in middle reaches and high-salinity tidal pools.

Decapterus punctatus (Agassiz)—rough scad

Coastal habitat and offshore.

Oligoplites saurus (Bloch and Schneider)—leatheracket

Common June-November along the beach and also occurring in the high marsh, middle reaches, and high-salinity tidal pools.

Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch)—bigeye scad

Coastal and offshore. Uncommon.

Selene vomer (Linnaeus)—lookdown

Sometimes collected in waters of the beach, lower reaches, and coastal habitat, May-September.

Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus)—Florida pompano

Young pompano are abundant along the beaches in the warmer months. All three species of Trachinotus apparently occur offshore.

Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus)—round pompano

Young occur along the beach and sometimes in the high marsh, May-November.

Trachinotus goodei Jordan and Evermann—palometa

Young occur along beaches in warmer months. Rare.

Vomer setapinnis (Mitchill)—Atlantic moonfish

Coastal habitat and sometimes collected at the beach.

CORYPHAENIDAE—Dolphins

The common dolphin (Conyphaena hippurus) is often caught offshore by sport fishermen and the pompano dolphin (C. equisetis) also occurs offshore.

LOBOTIDAE—Tripletail
Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch)—tripletail, sunfish

Sometimes caught in coastal and offshore waters especially around buoys and wrecks.

LUTJANIDAE—Snappers

The snappers are tropical fishes that are represented by at least seven species offshore. The red snapper (Lutfanus campechanus) supports a small commercial fisheries off Georgia. Included in the synonymy of the red snapper is L. aya and L. blackfordi (Anderson 1967, Rivas 1966). One snapper ranges inshore.

Lutfanus griseus (Linnaeus)—gray or mangrove snapper

On the Georgia coast the mangrove snapper occurs primarily offshore. A few juveniles were collected in shallows of the lower reaches, beach, high marsh, low- and high-salinity tidal pools.

GERREIDAE—Mojarras
Diapterus olisthostomus (Goode and Bean)—Irish pompano

Beach, high marsh, low- and high-salinity tidal pools, and rare in oligohaline creeks and tidal canals. Euryhaline. Collected July through November.

Eucinostomus argenteus Baird and Girard—spotfin mojarra

Occasionally collected in waters of beach, lower reaches to oligohaline creeks, high marsh, tidal canals, and low- and high-salinity tidal pools, July-November. Mostly in shallows but some were collected while trawling in the lower reaches.

Eucinostomus gula (Quoy and Gaimard)—silver jenny

Recorded for the beach and high marsh by Miller and Jorgenson (1969). Also reported for the coastal habitat (Bullis and Thompson 1965).

Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker)—flagfin mojarra

Two specimens collected in the oligohaline Riceboro Creek.

POMADASYIDAE—Grunts

The grunts are primarily tropical fishes. The pigfish is the only species common in temperate Atlantic waters and often found in the estuaries. The tomtate occasionally occurs in the coastal habitat and is more common around reefs and offshore. The white grunt (Haemulon plumieri) occurs offshore on reefs.

Haemulon aurolineatum (Cuvier)—tomtate

Most abundant offshore in reef and shelf-edge habitats and sometimes collected in coastal habitat.

Orthopristis chrysoptera (Linnaeus)—pigfish

Collected in the lower and middle reaches of the estuary. Also in coastal habitat and open shelf habitat. Collected June through December inshore.

SCIAENIDAE—Drums

Sciaenids are predominantly temperate-water fishes that need estuarine waters for nursery grounds. The diverse and abundant sciaenids of Georgia are the most important group to coastal sport fishermen. They are the most abundant fishes in terms of number available for trawling (Anderson 1968) and probably biomass.

Bairdiella chrysura (Lacepede)—silver perch

Abundant in trawl catches in the coastal habitat and lower and middle reaches. Mostly young are found in waters of the beach, high marsh, oligohaline creeks, tidal canals, and high- and low-salinity tidal pools.

Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier)—spotted seatrout, winter trout

A very popular sport fish along beaches and in lower and middle reaches, caught mostly in fall and winter. Also in coastal habitat, high marsh, and high-salinity tidal pools.

Cynoscion nothus (Holbrook)—Silver seatrout

Lower reaches from May to August and coastal habitat.

Cynoscion regalis (Bloch and Schneider)—weakfish, summer trout

Most common in lower reaches. Also in waters of coastal habitat, beach, middle reaches, high marsh, tidal canals, and high-salinity tidal pools. Present throughout the years.

Larimus fasciatus Holbrook—banded drum

Lower reaches and rare along the beach. Present throughout the year.

Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede—spot

Beach, lower reaches up the estuary to oligohaline creeks, high marsh, tidal canal, and high- and low-salinity tidal pools. Present throughout the year.

Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus)—southern kingfish

Both young and adults are common to abundant in the lower reaches throughout the year and beach habitat spring through fall. Also known from the coastal habitat, high marsh, and middle teaches.

Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook)—Gulf kingfish

Young are common along the beach in warmer months and occur there throughout the year. Also known from the lower reaches and high marsh.

Menticirrhus saxatilis (Bloch and Schneider)—northern kingfish

Young are common along the beach. Young and adults are sometimes caught in the lower reaches. Rare in high marsh. Occurs April through August.

Micropogon undulatus (Linnaeus)—Atlantic croaker

Adults are abundant in the lower reaches. Other habitats are the beach, high marsh, middle teaches, and high-salinity tidal pools. Rare in oligohaline creeks and tidal canals. Present throughout the year.

Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus)—black drum

Large black drum are occasionally collected in the lower reaches. Young occur in beach waters, high marsh, tidal canals, high- and low-salinity tidal pools. Also recorded for the coastal habitat.

Sciaenops ocellata (Linnaeus)—red drum

Large red drum are caught along the beaches and in the lower reaches. Young are occasionally collected in high-salinity tidal pools and rarely in the high marsh, tidal canals, and low-salinity tidal pools.

Stellifer lanceolatus (Holbrook)—star drum

This is the most abundant species in trawl catches in the lower reaches. Most abundant in warmer months. Sometimes occurs in the middle reaches and beach habitats.

MULLIDAE—Goatfishes

Two species were collected at 10-11 fathoms off South Carolina (Bullis and Thompson 1965) and are listed here. The dwarf goatfish (Upeneus parvus) occurs offshore.

Mullus auratus Jordan and Gilbert—red goatfish

Offshore, uncommon in coastal habitat.

Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch)—spotted goatfish

Offshore, uncommon in coastal habitat.

SPARIDAE—Porgies

Nine species were listed by Struhsaker (1969) for offshore waters. Four species that occur inshore are listed here.

Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum)—sheepshead

Sheepshead support a sport fishery in the lower reaches. Young sometimes occur along the beach and in the high marsh. Also offshore on reef habitat.

Calamus leucosteus Jordan and Gilbert—whitebone porgy

Offshore, occasionally in coastal habitat.

Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus)—pinfish

Uncommon but widespread. They occupy beach waters, lower reaches, high marsh, tidal canals, and high- and low-salinity tidal pools.

Stenotomus chrysops (Linnaeus)—northern porgy

Coastal and offshore habitats.

KYPHOSIDAE—Sea Chubs

Moore (1962) reported juvenile yellow chubs from the Georgia shore and juvenile Bermuda chub from the South Carolina and Florida shores. Adults occur offshore.

Kyphosis incisor (Cuvier)—yellow chub

Primarily offshore but young occasionally occur inshore as stragglers.

Kyphosis sectatrix (Linnaeus)—Bermuda chub, rudderfish

Primarily offshore but young occasionally occur inshore as stragglers.

EPHIPPIDAE—Spadefishes
Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet)—Atlantic spadefish

Ranges from reefs and coastal habitat to beaches, lower and middle reaches, and high marsh.

CHAETODONTIDAE—Butterflyfishes

This family includes at least four butterflyfishes of the genus Chaetodon and angelfishes of the genus Holacanthus off the Georgia coast. Only one is known from within the coastal habitat.

Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch—spotfin butterflyfish

Offshore, occasionally in coastal habitat.

POMACENTRIDAE—Damselfishes

Four species are known from the Georgia coast, mostly from reefs. Only one has been reported inshore.

Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus)—sergeant major

Primarily reefs. Reported by Miller and Jorgenson (1969) from St. Simons Beach.

MUGILIDAE—Mullets
Mugil cephalus Linnaeus—striped mullet

Ubiquitous in shallow waters of the beach, from the lower reaches to the oligohaline creeks, and high-salinity tidal pools. Also found in the high marsh, tidal canals, and low-salinity tidal pools.

Mugil curema Valenciennes—white mullet

Beach, high marsh, lower to upper reaches, tidal canals, and high- and low-salinity tidal pools.

SPHYRAENIDAE—Barracudas

Miller and Jorgenson (1969) reported the southern sennet from St. Simons Beach. Struhsaker (1969) considered the other three species to be coastal, and Bearden (1961b) listed them from South Carolina. I collected one small guaguanche at Sapelo Beach. Barracudas are rarely found inshore along Georgia, and are represented inshore by juveniles.

Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier—guaguanche

Generally in turbid waters along silty shores (Randall 1968).

Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum)—great barracuda

Sphyraena picudilla Poey—southern sennet

Offshore.

Sphyraena borealis DeKay—northern sennet

Offshore.

POLYNEMIDAE—Threadfins
Polydactylus octonemus (Girard)—Atlantic threadfin

Anderson (1968) reported one specimen from an estuary near Brunswick.

LABRIDAE—Wrasses

Seven species apparently occur within depths of the open-shelf and others occur farther offshore. The tautog (Tautoga onitis) occurs inshore on the South Carolina coast (Bearden 196la) but does not range south to Georgia. Two species collected on a reef at a depth of 70 ft off the Georgia coast are listed here.

Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch)—slippery dick

Primarily reefs in open-shelf habitat and in or near coastal habitat.

Hemipteronotus novacula (Linnaeus)—pearly razorfish

Primarily reefs and in or near the coastal habitat.

SCARIDAE—Parrotfishes

Two species that have been collected offshore are the bucktooth parrotfish (Sparisoma radians) and emerald parrotfish (Nicholsina usta) (Struhsaker 1969).

URANOSCOPIDAE—Stargazers

Two stargazer species occur off the Georgia coast. The lancer stargazer (Kathetostoma albigutta) occurs offshore.

Astroscopus y-graecum (Cuvier)—southern stargazer

Open-shelf, coastal habitat, lower reaches and occasionally beach, high marsh, and middle reaches. Usually on sandy bottoms.

DACTYLOSCOPIDAE—Sand Stargazers
Dactyloscopus tridigitalus Gill—sand stargazers

Several specimens have been collected in the coastal habitat but not within the estuarine or beach waters.

BLENNIIDAE—Combtooth Blennies
Chasmodes bosquianus (Lacepede)—striped blenny

Oyster reefs and probably other cover in the lower reaches and along the beach.

Hypleurochilus geminatus (Wood)—crested blenny

Known from a reef near the coastal habitat and from the lower reaches and beach.

Hypsoblennius hentzi (Lesueur)—feather blenny

Oyster reefs in the lower and middle reaches and rarely off the beach.

Hypsoblennius ionthas (Jordan and Gilbert)—freckled blenny

Range includes Georgia.

ELEOTRIDAE—Sleepers
Dormitator maculatus (Bloch)—fat sleeper

A euryhaline species that I collected only in the low-salinity tidal pools.

GOBIIDAE—Gobies
Evorthodus lyricus (Girard)—lyre goby

Collected only in the high-salinity tidal pools.

Gobioides broussonneti Lacepede—violet goby

Collected in the lower reaches by University of Georgia Marine Institute personnel.

Gobionellus boleosoma (Jordan and Gilbert)—darter goby

High-salinity tidal pools and occasionally waters of beach and high marsh.

Gobionellus hastatus Girard—sharp tail goby

Collected in lower reaches and high-salinity tidal pools, and reported from coastal habitat by Anderson (1968).

Gobionellus shufeldti (Jordan and Eigenmann)—freshwater goby

Collected in low-salinity tidal pools. Also reported from St. Simons Beach and Altamaha River (Miller and Jorgenson 1969).

Gobionellus smaragdus (Valenciennes)—emerald goby

Collected only in the high-salinity tidal pools.

Gobionellus stigmaticus (Poey)—marked goby

Recorded from South Carolina (Bearden 1961b) but not Georgia.

Gobiosoma bosci (Lacepede)—naked goby

Common in oyster reefs in the lower reaches. Also collected in the upper reaches, oligohaline creeks, beach waters, high marsh, and high-salinity tidal pools.

Gobiosoma ginsburgi Hildebrand and Schroeder—seaboard goby

Oyster reefs and occasionally in beach waters and deeper waters of lower reaches.

Microgobius thalassinus (Jordan and Gilbert)—green goby

Occurs over a broad salinity range and available data suggest preference for sandy substrates (Dawson 1969). I collected this species only in a muddy high-salinity tidal pool.

ACANTHURIDAE—Surgeonfishes

Two species occur on offshore live-bottom habitats. These are the blue tang (Acanthurus coeruleus) and doctorfish (A. chirurgus).

TRICHIURIDAE—Cutlassfishes
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus—Atlantic cutlassfish

Lower reaches and coastal habitat. Rarely lower shelf.

STROMATEIDAE—Butterfishes
Peprilus alepidotus (Linnaeus)—southern harvestfish

Coastal habitat, lower and middle reaches, and sometimes collected in beach waters. Inshore throughout the year but uncommon.

Peprilus triacanthus (Peck)—butterfish

Lower shelf, coastal, lower reaches, and sometimes in middle reaches and beach waters. Inshore throughout the year but uncommon.

SCOMBRIDAE—Mackerels and Tunas

The pelagic mackerels and tunas are primarily restricted to offshore waters. Three species of mackerel occasionally occur in the coastal habitat or estuaries. Scombrids occur on the Georgia coast primarily from spring to fall.

Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque)—little tunny

Offshore.

Sarda sarda (Bloch)—Atlantic bonito

Offshore.

Scomber japonicus Houttuyn—chub mackerel

Pelagic but frequently taken in bottom trawls in the coastal and open-shelf habitats (Struhsaker 1969).

Scomberomerus cavalla (Cuvier)—king mackerel

Primarily offshore. Large king mackerel are sometimes caught by fishermen within 5 miles of the Georgia coast. Occasionally found inshore around piers in South Carolina (Bearden 1961a).

Scomberomerus maculatus (Mitchill)—Spanish mackerel

Primarily offshore but adults are often caught in the coastal habitat and sometimes in Georgia estuaries. Miller and Jorgenson (1969) reported young at St. Simons Beach from June to October.

Scomberomerus regalis (Bloch)—cero

Offshore.

Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson)—blackfin tuna

Occasionally found offshore.

ISTIOPHORIDAE—Billfishes
Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder)—Atlantic sailfish

Tetrapterus albidus (Poey)—white marlin

Makaira nigricans Lacepede—blue marlin

XIPHIIDAE—Swordfish
Xiphius gladius Linnaeus—swordfish

SCORPAENIDAE—Scorpionfishes and Rockfishes

In addition to the species listed, Scorpaena calcarata occurs in the open-shelf habitat (Struhsaker 1969).

Scorpaena brasiliensis Cuvier—barbfish

Coastal habitat and offshore.

TRIGLIDAE—Searobins

Six species of Prionotus and three species of Bellator are listed for coastal waters by Struhsaker (1969). Of these, he reported only four Prionotus from the open-shelf habitat to shore. I reported two additional species.

Prionotus carolinus (Linnaeus)—northern searobin

Offshore to coastal habitat and lower reaches; rarely found along the beach.

Prionotus scitulus Jordan and Gilbert—leopard searobin

Offshore to lower reaches; rare in middle reaches and beach habitats.

Prionotus evolans (Linnaeus)—striped searobin

Offshore to lower and middle reaches and beach; rare in high marsh.

Prionotus tribulus Cuvier—bighead searobin

Occurs from at least 15 fathoms to lower reaches and beach and rare in middle reaches.

Prionotus salmonicolor Fowler—blackwing searobin

Offshore, and one specimen collected in the lower reaches (identified by George C. Miller).

Order PLEURONECTIFORMES

BOTHIDAE—Lefteye Flounders

Listed in this family are 14 species that occur within or are likely to occur within the range of the estuaries and coastal habitat. Struhsaker (1969) lists five additional species which represent three additional genera for offshore waters. On the Georgia coast, the summer flounder and southern flounder are the only flatfishes that are important in the sport and commercial fisheries.

Ancylopsetta quadrocellata Gill—ocellated flounder

Offshore, coastal, lower and middle reaches. Inshore January through May.

Bothus ocellatus (Agassiz)—eyed flounder

Offshore but may enter coastal habitat.

Citharichthys macrops Dresel—spotted whiff

Usually in coastal habitat and offshore. Miller and Jorgenson (1969) report one from St. Simons Beach.

Citharichthys spilopterus Gunther—bay whiff

Offshore to lower and middle reaches and rarely collected in waters of the beach and oligohaline creeks. Inshore May through October.

Cyclopsetta fimbriata (Goode and Bean)—spotfin flounder

Offshore.

Etropus crossotus Jordan and Gilbert—fringed flounder

Offshore to lower and middle reaches and sometimes collected along the beach. Inshore throughout the year.

Etropus microstomus (Gill)—smallmouth flounder

Coastal habitat and offshore.

Etropus rimosus Goode and Bean—gray flounder

Coastal habitat and offshore.

Paralichthys albigutta Jordan and Gilbert—Gulf flounder

Known from coastal and lower reaches of Georgia, and ranges offshore. Rare inshore on Georgia coast.

Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus)—summer flounder

Offshore, coastal, common in lower and middle reaches, and sometimes collected along the beach. Present inshore throughout the year.

Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan and Gilbert—southern flounder

Coastal and common from the lower reaches to oligohaline creeks and along the beach. Present inshore throughout the year.

Paralichthys squamilentus Jordan and Gilbert—broad flounder

Adults offshore; young have been collected along the beach.

Scophthalmus aquosus (Mitchill)—windowpane

Coastal habitat to middle reaches and sometimes along beach. Present inshore January through May.

Syacium papillosum (Linnaeus)—dusky flounder

Primarily offshore, sometimes coastal habitat.

SOLEIDAE—Soles
Gymnachirus melas Nichols—zebra sole

Offshore and coastal habitat but never occurs in estuaries.

Trinectes maculatus (Bloch and Schneider)—hogchoker

Common from coastal habitat to freshwater habitat and sometimes taken along beach. Young go far upstream in freshwater rivers. Present inshore throughout the year.

CYNOGLOSSIDAE—Tonguefishes

Two species are listed here and three additional species occur offshore (Struhsaker 1969).

Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus)—blackcheek tonguefish

Abundant in lower and middle reaches and also found in the coastal habitat, beach waters and high marsh. Only young were found in the oligohaline creeks and high-salinity tidal pools.

Symphurus urospilus Ginsburg—spottail tonguefish

One specimen was collected in the coastal habitat.

Order TETRAODONTIFORMES

BALISTIDAE—Triggerfishes and Filefishes

Eight species occur primarily offshore (Struhsaker 1969). Two are listed below.

Aluterus schoepfi (Walbaum)—orange filefish

Offshore and occasionally in coastal habitat.

Monacanthus hispidus (Linnaeus)—planehead filefish

Offshore to lower and middle reaches and sometimes found in high marsh and beach waters. Only young are found inshore.

OSTRACIIDAE—Trunkfishes

Four species may be found offshore and only one is definitely known from the coastal habitat.

Lactophrys quadricornis (Linnaeus)—scrawled cowfish

Coastal habitat and offshore.

TETRAODONTIDAE—Puffers
Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus)—smooth puffer

Primarily offshore, sometimes coastal.

Sphoeroides dorsalis Longley—marbled puffer

Offshore.

Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch and Schneider)—northern puffer

Offshore, coastal habitat.

Sphoeroides nephelus (Goode and Bean)—Florida puffer

Offshore and coastal habitats.

Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch)—band tail puffer

Offshore.

DIODONTIDAE—Porcupine fishes

Three species are likely to be found offshore and one often occurs inshore.

Chilomycterus scluoepfi (Walbaum)—striped burrfish

Lower and middle reaches and in beach waters, April through November, and offshore.

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