NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Wolf Ecology and Prey Relationships on Isle Royale
NPS Logo

REFERENCES

ADDISON, R. B., AND H. R. TIMMERMAN. 1974 (in press). Methods of aging and moose population analysis. Proc. 10th N. Am. Moose Workshop, Duluth, Minn.

ADORJAN, A. S., AND G. B. KOLENOSKY. 1969. A manual for the identification of hair of Ontario mammals. Ont. Dept. Lands and Forests Res. Rep. (Wildlife) No. 90.

ALDOUS, S. E., AND L. W. KREFTING. 1946. The present state of moose on Isle Royale. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 11:296-308

BELOVSKY, G. E., P. A. JORDAN, AND D. B. BOTKIN. 1973. Summer browsing by moose in relation to preference, availability and animal density: a new quantitative approach. Proc. 9th N. Am. Moose Workshop, Quebec City.

BERGERUD, A. T., AND F. MANUEL. 1968. Moose damage to balsam fir-white birch forests in central Newfoundland. J. Wildl. Manage. 32(4):729-746.

BISCHOFF, A. I. 1954. Limitations of the bone marrow technique in determining malnutrition in deer. Proc. Western Assoc. State Game and Fish Commissioners, Las Vegas, Nev. 34:205-210

BISHOP, R. H. AND R. A. RAUSCH, 1974. Moose population fluctuations in Alaska, 1950-72. Le Nataraliste Canadien 101(3, 4):559-593.

BORG, K. 1970. On mortality and reproduction of roe deer in Sweden during the period 1948-1969. Viltrevy 7(2):121-149.

BOTKIN, D. B., P. A. JORDAN, A. S. DOMINSKI, H. S. LOWENDORF, AND G. E. HUTCHINSON. 1973. Sodium dynamics in a northern ecosystem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70(10):2745-2748.

BUBENIK, A. B. 1972. North American moose management in light of European experiences. Pages 276-295 in Proc. 8th N. Am. Moose Conf. and Workshop, Thunder Bay, Ont. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

BURT, W. E. 1943. Territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals. J. Mammal. 24:346-352.

CARBYN, L. N. 1974a. Wolf Predation and Behavioral Interactions with Elk and Other Ungulates in an Area of High Prey Diversity. Canadian Wildlife Service.

______. 1974b. Wolf population fluctuations in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. Biological Conservation 6(2):94-101.

CAUGHLEY, G. 1966. Mortality patterns in mammals. Ecology 47:906-918.

CHEATUM, R. L. 1949. Bone marrow as an index of malnutrition in deer. N.Y. State Conserv. 3(5):19-22.

CLARK, F. W. 1972. Influence of jackrabbit density on coyote population change. J. Wildl. Manage. 36(2):343-356.

CLARK, K. R. E. 1971. Food habits and behavior of the tundra wolf on central Baffin Island. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Toronto.

COADY, J. W. 1974a. Influence of snow on behavior of moose. Le Naturaliste Canadien 101(1, 2):417-436.

______. 1974b. Late pregnancy of a moose in Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 38(3):571-572.

COLE, J. E. 1957. Isle Royale wildlife investigations, winter of 1956-57. U.S. National Park files.

COLLIER, B. D., G. W. Cox, A. W. JOHNSON, AND P. C. MILLER, 1973. Dynamic Ecology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

COWAN, I. McT. 1947. The timber wolf in the Rocky Mountain national parks of Canada. Can. J. Res. 25:139-174.

CRISLER, L. 1958. Arctic Wild. Harper and Row, New York.

CUMMING, H. G. 1972. The moose in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Nat. Resources.

DEEVEY, E. S. 1947. Life tables for natural populations of animals. Quart. Rev. Biol. 22:283-314.

EATON, R. I. 1974. The Cheetah: The Biology, Ecology, and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

EBERHARDT, H. L. 1969. Population analysis. Pages 457-496 in H. S. Mosby and R. H. Giles, Jr., eds. Wildlife Management Techniques. The Wildlife Society.

EIBL-EIBESFELDT, I. 1970. Ethology, the Biology of Behavior. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc.

ERRINGTON, P. L. 1946. Predation and Vertebrate populations. Quart, Rev. Biol. 21:144-177, 221-245.

EVANS, C. D., W. A. TROYER, AND C. J. LENSINK. 1966. Aerial census of moose by quadratic sampling units. J. Wildl. Manage. 30(4):767-776.

FENTRESS, J. 1967. Observations on the behavioral development of a hand-reared male timber wolf. Am. Zool. 7(2):339-351.

FLOOK, DONALD R. 1970. A study of sex differential in the survival of wapiti. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 11.

FOX, M. W. 1970. A comparative study of the development of facial expressions in canids: wolf, coyote, and foxes. Behavior 36:49-73.

______. 1971. Behavior of Wolves, Dogs and Related Canids. Harper and Row, New York.

FOX, M. W., AND R. V. ANDREWS. 1972. Physiological and biochemical correlates of individual differences in behavior of wolf cubs. Behavior 46:129-139.

GRIST, V. 1974. On the evolution of reproductive potential in moose. Le Naturaliste Canadien 101(3, 4):527-537.

GOLDMAN, E. A. 1944. The wolves of North America, Part II. Pages 389-636 in Classification of Wolves. Am. Wildl. Inst., Washington, D.C.

HABER, G. C. 1968. The social structure and behavior of an Alaskan wolf population. M.S. Thesis, N. Mich. Univ.

HAKALA, D. R. 1953. Wolf on Isle Royale! Nature Mag. 47:35-37.

HALL, A. M. 1971. Ecology of beaver and selection of prey by wolves in central Ontario. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Toronto.

HANSEN, H. L., L. W. KREFTING, AND V. KURMIS. 1973. The forest of Isle Royale in relation to fire history and wildlife. Tech. Bull. 294, Forestry Ser. 13, Univ. of Minn. Ag. Exp. Sta.

HEPTNER, W. G., AND A. A. NASIMOVICH. 1967. Der elch. A. Ziemsen, Verlag. Wittenberg-Lutherstadt. (cited in Peek 1971a).

HICKIE, P. F. 1936. Isle Royale moose studies. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 1:396-399.

HOUSTON, D. B. 1968. The Shiras moose in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Grand Teton Natural History Association Tech. Bull. 1.

_______. 1974. Aspects of the social organization of moose. Pages 690-696 in V. Geist and F. Walther, eds. Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management. Internat'l Union of Cons. of Nature and Nat. Res.

HUBER, N. K. 1973a. Glacial and postglacial geologic history of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan. Geological Survey Professional Paper 754-A, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

______. 1973b. The Portage Lake volcanics (middle Keweenawan) on Isle Royale, Michigan. Geological Survey Professional Paper 754-C, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

______. 1973c. Geologic map of Isle Royale National Park, Keweenaw County, Michigan. Misc. Geologic Investigations, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

______. 1975. The Geologic Story of Isle Royale National Park. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1309, Washington, D.C.

HUFFAKER, C. B. 1970. The phenomenon of predation and its roles in nature. Pages 327-343 in Dynamics of Populations, Proc. Adv. Study Inst. Dynamics Numbers Popul (Ostebeek). Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Wageningen.

JANKE, R. A. 1973. Ecology of the spruce-fir forest type of Isle Royale National Park. Year end report, Dept. of Biol. Sci., Mich. Tech. Univ., Isle Royale National Park files.

JOHNSON, R. P. 1973. Scent marking in mammals. Anim. Behav. 21(3):521-535.

JOHNSON, W. J. 1969. Food habits of the Isle Royale red fox and population aspects of three of its principal prey species. Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue Univ.

JOHNSON, W. J., AND J. A. COBLE. 1967. Notes on the food habits of pigeon hawks. Jack-Pine Warbler 45(3):97-98.

JOHNSSON, R. G., AND P. C. SHELTON. 1960. The vertebrates of Isle Royale National Park. Isle Royale Natural History Association.

JORDAN, P. A., P. C. SHELTON, AND D. L. ALLEN, 1967. Numbers, turnover, and social structure of the Isle Royale wolf population. Amer. Zool. 7(2):233-252.

JORDAN, P. A., D. B. BOTKIN, AND M. L. WOLFE. 1971. Biomass dynamics in a moose population. Ecology 52(1):147-152.

JOSLIN, P. W. B. 1966. Summer activities of two timber wolf (Canis lupus) packs in Algonquin Park. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Toronto. (cited in Mech 1970).

______. 1967. Movements and home sites of timber wolves in Algonquin Park. Am. Zool. 7:279-288.

KARNS, P. D. 1972. Minnesota's 1971 moose hunt: a preliminary report on the biological collections. Pages 115-123 in Proc. 8th N. Amer. Moose Conf. and Workshop, Thunder Bay. Ontario Ministry of Nat. Resources.

KELSALL, J. P. 1969. Structural adaptations of moose and deer for snow. J. Mammal 50(2):302-310

KELSALL, J. P., AND W. PRESCOTT. 1971. Moose and deer behavior in snow. Rep. Ser. Can. Wildl. Serv., No. 15.

KELSALL, J. P., AND E. S. TELFER. 1971. Studies of the physical adaption of big game for snow. Iowa State Univ. Snow and Ice Symp.

______. 1974. Biogeography of moose with particular reference to western North America. Le Naturaliste Canadien 101(1, 2):117-130.

KLEIMAN, D. 1966. Scent marking in the Canidae. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 18:167-177.

________. 1967. Some aspects of social behavior in Canidae. Am. Zool. 7(2):365-372.

KLEIN, G. J, D. C. PEARCE, AND L. W. GOLD. 1950. Method of measuring the significant characteristics of a snow cover. Tech. Mem. Natl. Res. Counc. Can., No. 18.

KNORRE, E. P. 1959. Ecology of the moose. Proc. Pechora-Ilych State Nature Preserve. Vol. 7 (English Translation).

KNORRE, E. P., AND E. K. KNORRE. 1956. Regularities of the growth and seasonal changes of the living weight in the elk. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Vol. XXXV, No. 8, English abstract.

KOLENOSKY, G. B. 1972. Wolf predation on wintering deer in east-central Ontario. J. Wildl. Manage. 36(2):357-369.

KOLENOSKY, G. B.. AND D. H. JOHNSTON. 1967. Radio-tracking timber wolves in Ontario. Am. Zool. 7:289-303.

KREFTING, L. W. 1951. What is the future of the Isle Royale moose herd? Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 1-:461-470.

______. 1969. The rise and fall of the coyote on Isle Royale, Michigan. Naturalist 20(4):24-31.

______. 1974. The ecology of the Isle Royale moose with special reference to the habitat. Tech. Bull. 297, Forestry Ser. 15, Univ. of Minn. Ag. Exp. Sta.

KREFTING, L. W., H. L. HANSEN, AND M. P. MEYER. 1970. Vegetation type map of Isle Royale National Park. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.

KRUUK, H. 1972. The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior. Univ. of Chicago Press.

K&Uml;HME, W. 1965. Communal food distribution and division of labour in African hunting dogs. Nature 205:443-444.

KUYT, E. 1972. Food habits and ecology of wolves on barren-ground caribou range in the Northwest Territories. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 21.

LERESCHE R. E. 1968. Spring-fall calf mortality in an Alaska moose population. J. Wildl. Manage. 32(4):953-956.

______. 1970. Moose report. Vol. XI, Annual project segment report Alaska Dept. Fish and Game.

LeRESCHE, R. E., AND J. L. DAVIS. 1971. Moose research report. Vol. XII, Alaska Dept. Fish and Game.

________. 1973. Importance of nonbrowse foods to moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 37(3):279-287.

LeRESCHE, R. E., AND R. A. RAUSCH. 1974. Accuracy and precision of aerial moose censusing. J. Wildl. Manage. 38(2):175-182.

LEWALL, E. F., AND I. McT. COWAN. 1963. Age determination in black-tailed deer by degree of ossification of the epiphyseal plate in the long bones. Can. J. Zool. 41:629-436.

LING, H. 1970. On the composition and productivity of the moose (Alces alces) population in the Estonian SSR. English abstract. Suomen Rusta (1970):14-23.

LINN, R. M. 1957. The spruce-fir, maple-birch transition in Isle Royale National Park, Lake Superior. Ph.D. Thesis, Duke Univ.

LYKKE, J. 1974. Moose management in Norway and Sweden. Le Naturaliste Canadien 101(3, 4):723-735.

MACARTHUR, R. 1955. Fluctuations of animal populations, and a measure of community stability. Ecology 36(3):533-536

McGILLIS, J. R. 1972. The kidney fat index as an indicator of condition in various age and sex classes of moose. Pages 105-114 in Proc. 8th N. Amer. Moose Conf. and Workshop, Thunder Bay. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

MANTLE, E. F. 1972. A special moose inventory, 1971—Auginadong moose study area, Sault Ste. Marie Forest District, Ontario. Pages 124-137 in Proc. 8th N. Amer. Moose Conf. and Workshop, Thunder Bay. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

MARKGREN, G. 1969. Reproduction of moose in Sweden. Viltrevy 6:129-299.

________. 1974. The question of polygamy at an unbalanced sex ratio in moose. Pages 756-758 in Geist, V. and F. Walther, eds. The Behavior of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management. IUCN Vol. 2, No. 24.

MECH, L. D. 1966. The Wolves of Isle Royale. U.S. National Park Service Fauna Series No. 7.

________. 1970. The Wolf. Natural History Press.

________. 1972. Spacing and possible mechanisms of population in wolves. Amer. Zool. 12:9 (abstract).

______. 1973. Wolf numbers in the Superior National Forest of Minnesota. North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, Minn. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Forest Serv. Res. Pap. NC-97.

________. 1975 (in press). Population trend and winter deer consumption in a Minnesota wolf pack. Paper presented at Predator Symposium, Missoula, Montana.

MECH, L. D., AND L. D. FRENZEL, Jr. (eds.). 1971. Ecological studies of the timber wolf in northeastern Minnesota. N. Cent. Forest Exp. Sta., St. Paul, Minn. U.S. Dept. Agric., Forest Service Res. Pap. NC-52.

MITCHELL, H. G. 1970. Rapid aerial sexing of antlerless moose in British Columbia. J. Wildl. Manage. 34(3):645-646.

MURIE, A. 1934. The moose of Isle Royale. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. of Mich. No. 25.

_______. 1944. The Wolves of Mount McKinley. U.S. National Park Service Fauna Ser. No. 5.

NASIMOVICH, A. A. 1955. The role of the regime of snow cover in the life of ungulates in the U.S S.R. Moskva, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. (English translation, Can. Wildl. Serv., Ottawa).

NEHER, G. M., AND W. J. TIETZ, Jr. 1959. Observations on the clinical signs and gross pathology of degenerative joint disease in aged bulls. Lab. Invest. 8(6):1218-1222.

NOBLE, S. K. 1939. The role of dominance in the life of birds. Auk 56:263-273.

PALSSON, G., AND J. B. VERGES. 1952. Effects of the plane of nutrition on growth and development of carcass quality in lambs. Part 1. The effects of high and low planes of nutrition at different ages. J. Agric. Sci. 42(1):1-92.

PASSMORE, R. C., AND R. L. PETERSON, AND A. T. CRINGAN. 1955. A study of mandibular tooth wear as an index to age of moose. Pages 223-228 in R. L. Peterson, ed. North American Moose.

PEEK, J. M. 1971a. Moose habitat selection and relationships to forest management in northeastern Minnesota. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Minn.

______. 1971b. Moose-snow relationships in northeastern Minnesota. Pages 39-49 in Proc. of Snow and Ice Symp., Iowa's State Univ.

PETERS, R. P. 1973. Wolf-sign: scents and space in a wide-ranging predator. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Michigan.

PETERS, R. P., AND L. D. MECH. 1975. Scent-marking in wolves. Am. Scientist 63(6):628-637.

PETERSON, R. L. 1955. North American Moose. Univ. of Toronto Press.

PETERSON, R. O. 1974. Wolf ecology and prey relationships on Isle Royale. Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue Univ.

PETERSON, R. O., AND D. L. ALLEN. 1974. Snow conditions as a parameter in moose-wolf relationships. Le Naturaliste Canadien 101(3, 4):481-492.

PIMLOTT, D. H. 1959. Reproduction and productivity of Newfoundland moose. J. Wildl. Manage. 23:381-401.

______. 1967. Wolf predation and ungulate populations. Am. Zool. 7:267-278.

PIMLOTT, D. H., J. A. SHANNON, AND G. B. KOLENOSKY. 1969. Ecology of the timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park. Ontario Dept. Lands and Forests Res. Rep. 87.

PRUITT, W. O. JR. 1958. Qali, a taiga snow formation of ecological importance. Ecology 39(1):169-172.

RABB, G. B., J. H. WOOLPY, AND B. E. GINSBERG. 1967. Social relationships in a group of captive wolves. Am. Zool. 7:305-311

RAUSCH, R. A. 1961. Present status and possible future management of wolf populations in interior and arctic Alaska. Proc. Alaska Sci. Conf. 12:28.

RAUSCH, R. A., AND A. E. BRATLIE. 1965. Assessments of moose calf production and mortality in south central Alaska. Proc. Western Assoc. State Game and Fish Commissioners. 45:140-146.

ROBINETTE, W. L., J. S. GASHWILER, J. B. Low, AND D. A. JONES. 1957. Differential mortality by sex and age among mule deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 21(1):1-16.

RUTTER, R. J., AND D. H. PIMLOTT. 1968. The World of the Wolf. J. B. Lippincott Co., Phila.

SCHALLER, G. B. 1972. The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. Univ. of Chicago Press.

SCHENKEL, R. 1947. Expression studies of wolves. Behavior 1:81-129.

______. 1967. Submission: its features and function in the wolf and dog. Am. Zool. 7(2):319-329.

SCHLADWEILER, P., AND D. R. STEVENS. 1973. Reproduction of Shiras moose in Montana. J. Wildl. Manage. 37(4):535-544.

SCOTT, J. P., AND J. L. FULLER. 1965. Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. Univ. of Chicago Press.

SEAL, U. S., L. D. MECH, AND V. VAN BALLENBERGHE. 1975. Wolf pup blood analyses and their ecological and metabolic interpretation. J. Mammal. 56(1):64-75.

SHELTON, P. C. 1966. Ecological studies of beavers, wolves, and moose in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan. Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue Univ.

SHUBIN, G. G., ANDY. P. YAZAN. 1959. Experiment in the organization and conduct of a moose trade farm. Proc. Pechora-Ilych State Nature Preserve. Vol. 7:288-324. (English translation).

SIEGEL, S. 1956. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

SIMKIN, D. W. 1965. Reproduction and productivity of moose in northwestern Ontario. J. Wildl. Manage. 29:740-750.

SKUNCKE, F. 1949. "Algen". Translated by D. E. Sergeant. Wildl. Div., Dept of Mines and Resources.

SMYTH, J. D. 1964. The biology of the hydatid organisms. Adv. Parasitol. 2:169-219.

SOKAL, R. R., AND R. J. ROHLF. 1969. Biometry. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.

SOKOLOFF, L. 1969. The Biology of Degenerative Joint Disease. Univ. of Chicago Press.

SPENCER, D. L., AND E. E. CHATELAIN. 1953. Progress in the management of moose in south-central Alaska. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 18:539-552.

SPINAGE, C. A. 1970. Population dynamics of the Uganda defassa waterbuck (Kobus defassa ugandae Neumann) in the Queen Elizabeth Park, Uganda. J. Anim. Ecol. 39:51-78.

______. 1972. African ungulate life tables. Ecology 53(4):645-652.

STECHER, R. M. 1963. Ostcoarthritis or ankylosing lesions of the spine: anatomic description of two bears and a bull. Clin. Orthoped. 28:152-162.

STENLUND, M. H. 1955. A field study of the timber wolf (Canis lupus) on the Superior National Forest, Minnesota. Tech. Bull. 4, Minn. Dept. of Conservation.

STEPHENSON, R. L. AND T. L. JOHNSON. 1972. Wolf report, Vol. X, Project progress report, Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Juneau.

______. 1973. Wolfreport, Vol. XI, Project progress report, Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Juneau.

SWENSON, L. K. 1973. A literature review on the natality concept in wild North American ruminant populations. Special Rep. 30, Colorado Div. of Wildl.

TENER, J. S. 1954. A preliminary study of the musk-oxen of Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, N. W. T. Canad. Wildl. Serv. Wildl. Manage. Bull., Ser. 1, No. 9.

TESTLAB, 1970. The Swiss Rammsonde. Special Technical Paper No. 1, Chicago.

THEBERGE, J. B., AND J. B. FALLS. 1967. Howling as a means of communication in timber wolves.Am. Zool. 7(2):331-338.

THOMPSON, D. Q. 1952. Travel, range, and food habits of timber wolves in Wisconsin. J.Mammal. 33(4):429-442.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE. 1958-74. Climatological Data. Environmental Sciences Services Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Vol. 64-78 (1-5, 11, 12).

______. 1968. Climatic Atlas of the United States. Environmental Sciences Services Administration, U.S. Government and Printing Office, Washington D.C.

VAN BALLENBERGHE, V. 1972. Ecology, movements and population characteristics of timber wolves in northeastern Minnesota. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Minn.

VAN BALLENBERGHE. V., AND L. D. MECH. 1975. Weights, growth and survival of timber wolf pups in Minnesota. J. Mammal 56(1):44-63.

VERME, L. J. 1968. An index of winter severity for northern deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 32(3):566-574.

WATT, K. E. F. 1970. Dynamics of population: a synthesis. Pages 568-580 in Dynamics of Populations, Proc. Adv. Study Inst. Dynamics Numbers Popul (Osterbeek). Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wagenigen.

WOLFE, M. L. 1969. Age determination in moose from cementum layers of molar teeth. J. Wildl. Manage. 33(2):428-431.

WOLFE, M. L. (in press). Mortality pasterns in the Isle Royale moose population. Am. Midl. Nat.

WOLFE, M. L., AND D. L. ALLEN. 1973. Continued studies of the status, socialization, and relationships of Isle Royale wolves, 1967-1970. J. Mammal. 54(3):611-635.

WOLFF, R. G., AND N. K. HUBER. 1973. The Copper Harbor Conglomerate (middle Keweenawan) on Isle Royale, Michigan, and its regional implications. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 754-B. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

WOOLPY, J. H. 1968. Socially controlled systems of mating among wolves and other gregarious mammals. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Chicago.

YAZAN, Y. P. 1959. Changes in weight and dimensions of testes in the Pechora moose bull. Proc. Pechora-Ilych State Nature Preserve, Vol 7:228-232. (English translation.)

YOUNG, S. P. 1944. The Wolves of North America, Part 1. Am. Wildl. Inst., Washington, D. C.



<<< Previous <<< Contents >>>


bibliography.htm
Last Updated: 06-Nov-2007