SAGUARO Historic Resource Study

1. Frank C. Lockwood, Pioneer Days in Arizona From The Spanish Occupation to Statehood (N.Y.: Macmillan Co., 1932), 14-17; Hubert H. Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1880 (San Francisco: The History Co., 1889), 31, 39, 345-346.

2. Edward H. Spicer, Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1962), 118-119. A rancheria is a fixed agricultural settlement in which the houses were scattered as much as a half mile apart.

3. Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, 352-359.

4. Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, 287, 295; Ray H. Mattison, "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona," New Mexico Historical Review, 21 (October 1946), 274.

5. Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 362, 369; Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, 236.

6. Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 381; Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, 238-239.

7. Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 375; Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, 132.

8. Sidney B. Brinckerhoff, "The Last Years of Spanish Arizona," Arizona and the West 9 (Spring 1967), 7. The current Saint Augustin Church in Tucson takes its name from that rancheria.

9. Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 378; Brinckerhoff, "The Last Years of Spanish Arizona," 10.

10. Brinckerhoff, "The Last Years of Spanish Arizona," 15-16; Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 400-401; Mattison, "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona," 286; Robert C. Stevens, "The Apache Menace in Sonora 1831-1849," Arizona and The West 6 (Autumn 1964), 213.

11. Brinckerhoff, "The Last Years of Spanish Arizona," 15.

12. Brinckerhoff, "The Last Years of Spanish Arizona," 17.

13. Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, 240; Brinckerhoff, "The Last Years of Spanish Arizona," 19.

14. Stevens, "The Apache Menace in Sonora, 1831-1849," 211, 216, 218-219; Brinckerhoff, "The Last Years of Spanish Arizona," 19; Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 404-405; Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, 240-241.

15. Lockwood, Pioneer Days in Arizona, 294-297; Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 477.

16. Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 483; Ralph P. Bieber, ed., Southern Trails to California (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1937), 211.

17. John Russell Bartlett, Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora, and Chihuahua, Connected with the United States and Mexican Boundary Commission, During the Years 1850, '51, '52, '53 (Chicago: The Rio Grande Press, Inc., 1965), I: 295-296; Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 479.

18. Lockwood, Pioneer Days in Arizona, 116; Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 482.

19. Lockwood, Pioneer Days in Arizona, 90, 92; James E. Serven, "The Military Posts on Sonoita Creek: A Review of the Brief But Important Roles of Fort Buchanan 1857-1861 and Camp Crittenden 1868-1873," The Smoke Signal (Fall 1965), 27.

20. James H. McClintock, Arizona: Prehistoric- Aboriginal- Pioneer- Modern (Chicago: S.J. Clarke Pub. Co., 1916), I: 270-271; Lockwood, Pioneer Days in Arizona, 298-299.

21. Register of Settlers Upon the Fort Lowell Military Reservation, ca. 1880, Box 14, Division K, Abandoned Military Reservation File, Arizona, Fort Lowell, Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (Hereafter cited as NA). Register of Settlers Living on or Claiming Land on the Fort Lowell Military Reservation, May 14, 1883, Box 14, Division K, Abandoned Military Reservation File, Arizona, Fort Lowell, Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, NA.

22. Ibid.

23. Order No. 18, Fort Lowell, February 22, 1881, Box 14, Division K, Abandoned Military Reservation File, Arizona, Fort Lowell, Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, NA; G. Norman Lieber, Act. Judge Advocate General to the Secretary of War, March 13, 1886, Box 14, Division K, Abandoned Military Reservation File, Arizona, Fort Lowell, Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, NA.

24. Special Orders No. 20, March 5, 1883, Headquarters, Department of Arizona, Box 14, Division K, Abandoned Military Reservation File, Arizona, Fort Lowell, Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, NA; O.N. Benjamin, Asst. Adj. General to Commanding General, Department of Arizona, December 8, 1883, Box 14, Division K, Abandoned Military Reservation File, Arizona, Fort Lowell, Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, NA.

25. Arizona Citizen (Tucson), September 5, 1885.

26. Acting Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of War, February 5, 1895, Box 14, Division K, Abandoned Military Reservation File, Arizona, Fort Lowell, Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, NA.

27. Cornelius C. Smith, Jr., Tanque Verde: The Story of a Frontier Ranch, Tucson, Arizona (Tucson: Printed by the Author, 1978), 131-132.

28. James H. Martineau, "Field Notes of the Survey of the Subdivision Lines of Township 15S. Range 17E. of the Principal Base and Meridian in the Territory of Arizona," Book 870, November 9-18, 1893, Bureau of Land Management, Phoenix; Homestead Certificate No. 813, To Librada Leon, November 5, 1897, Bureau of Land Management, Phoenix.

29. Arizona Citizen (Tucson) May 22, 24, 25, 1886; Juan I. Telles folder, Ephemera file, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson; Reminiscences of Octaviano O. Gastelum, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson; James H. Martineau, "Field Notes of the Survey of the Subdivision Lines of Township 15S. Range 16E of the Principal Base and Meridian in the Territory of Arizona, Book 869, November 1-9, 1893, Bureau of Land Management, Phoenix.

30. Telephone conversation with Theodore Knipe by Berle Clemensen, May 14, 1986.

31. "The Empire Ranch as told to Mrs. Geo. F. Kitt," Box 1, Item 7, Edward L. Vail papers, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson; Happy Valley Allotment file, Coronado National Forest Office, Tucson.

32. Spud Rock Cabin folder, Saguaro National Monument files; Telephone Conversation with Theodore Knipe by Berle Clemensen, May 14, 1986.

33. History of Arizona Territory Showing Its Resources and Advantages; with Illustrations, Descriptions of Its Scenery, Residences, Farms, Mines, Mills, Hotels, Business Houses, Schools, Churches, Etc. (San Francisco: Wallace W. Ellicott & Co., 1884), 305; First Lieutenant G.H.G. Gale, "Report of Reconnaissance for a Central Station, Connecting Lowell, Huachuca, Bowie and Grant Heliograph Divisions," March 28, 1890, found in Instructions for Guidance of Signal Officers in charge of Heliograph Systems, May 1890 (Los Angeles: Headquarters, Department of Arizona, April 29, 1890), 4; Transcript of a Taped Conversation of Frank Escalante and Charles Maguire by Bob Jones, Supt. of SAGU, Hal Coss, Park Naturalist, and Tom Carroll, Park Technician (December 11, 1969), 1, in Saguaro National Monument Files.

34. Arizona Star (Tucson), August 2, 1959; Arizona Citizen (Tucson), August 24, 1907; Data on Manning Camp in the Rincon Mountains as told by Mr. Howell Manning, son of L.H. Manning the Original Builder and Owner, Saguaro National Monument Files.

35. "Report of the Chief Signal Officer," October 1, 1890, found in Report of the Secretary of War, 1890 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1890), IV: 40; "Report of the Chief Signal Office," October 1, 1895, found in Report of the Secretary of War, 1895 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895), 584; Army and Navy Journal 33 (November 23, 1895), 201.

36. Gale, "Report of Reconnaissance for a Central Station, Connecting Lowell, Huachuca, Bowie and Grant Heliograph Divisions," 1-4; "Report of the Chief Signal Officer," October 1, 1890, p. 41.

37. "Inclosures to Report on Concerted Heliograph Practice, Department of Arizona, May 1st to 15th, 1890," Annual Reports of CSO 1862-63, 1867-68, Reports of Instruments and Methods of Signalling, 1887-1893, Record Group 111, Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, NA.

38. Army and Navy Journal 28 (November 15, 1890), 194.

39. Army and Navy Journal 29 (September 26, 1891), 74; 29 (November 7, 1891), 190; 33 (February 8, 1896), 409.

40. Ibid., 33 (August 15, 1896), 902.

41. "Report of the Chief Signal Officer," October 9, 1893, in Report of the Secretary of War, 1893 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1893), 652, 665.