SAGUARO Historic Resource Study

1. Bernard L. Fontana, "Pima and Papago: Introduction," in Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 10: Southwest edited by Alfonso Ortiz and William C. Sturtevant (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1983), 125.

2. Paul H. Ezell, "History of the Pima," in Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 10: Southwest edited by Alfonso Ortiz and William C. Sturtevant (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1983), 149. The Sobaipuris had become a buffer between the Spanish and the Apache, eventually resulting in abandonment of lands formerly in the control of the Piman groups. Fontana, "History of the Papago," 137.

3. Ezell, "History of the Pima," 149.

4. Fontana, "Pima and Papago: Introduction," 133.

5. Bernard L. Fontana, "The Papagos," Arizona Highways 59 (April 1983), 40.

6. Donald M. Bahr, "Pima and Papago Social Organization," in Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 10: Southwest edited by Alfonso Oritz and William C. Sturtevant (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1983), 178.

7. Stacy and Hayden, "Saguaro National Monument," 8.

8. Ibid., 37.

9. Albyn K. Mark, "Description of Variables Relating to Ecological Change in the History of the Papago Indian Population" (Tucson, Arizona: M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1961), 46, quoted in Robert A. Hackenberg, "Pima and Papago Ecological Adaptations" in Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 10: Southwest edited by Alfonso Ortiz and William C. Sturtevant (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1983), 163.

10. Ibid.

11. Frank S. Crosswhite, "The Annual Saguaro Harvest and Crop Cycle of the Papago, with Reference to Ecology and Symbolism." Desert Plants 2 (Spring 1980), 5.

12. Ibid., 40.

13. Fontana, "The Papagos," 40.

14. Bahr, "Pima and Papago," 188.

15. Crosswhite, "The Annual Saguaro Harvest," 20-21.

16. Henry F. Dobyns, The Papago People (Phoenix, Arizona: Indian Tribal Series, 1972), 1, 6.

17. Bahr, "Pima and Papago," 184.

18. Ruth M. Underhill, The Papago Indians of Arizona and Their Relatives The Pima (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1941), 49.

19. EzelI, "History of the Pima," 150.

20. Fontana, "The Papagos," 42.

21. Ibid.

22. Fontana, "History of the Papago," 138.

23. Ibid., 139.

24. Ibid.

25. Stacy and Hayden, "Saguaro National Monument," 4.

26. Fontana, "The Papagoes," 37.

27. Ibid., 143.

28. O.N. Benjamin, Assistant Adjutant General to Commanding General, Department of Arizona, December 8, 1883, Box 14, Division K, Abandoned Military Reservation File, Arizona, Fort Lowell, Record Group 49, Records of the Bureau of Land Management, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

29. In the 1920s other Tohono O'odham came from San Xavier Mission to participate in the Saguaro fruit harvests in the Rincon Unit of SAGU.

30. Stacy and Hayden, "Saguaro National Monument," 26.

31. Converse first came to the area in 1928 and lived on a ranch there until 1955. Simpson and Wells, "Archeological Survey in the Eastern Tucson Basin: Saguaro National Monument, Rincon Mountain Unit Cactus Forest Area," 1:60.

32. Fontana, "History of the Papago," 145.

33. Frank S. Crosswhite, "The Annual Saguaro Harvest and Crop Cycle of the Papago, with Reference to Ecology and Symbolism," Desert Plants (Spring 1980), 3.

34. Ibid., 4.

35. Ibid.