SANTA FE Special History Study

¹MANM, roll 28 # 736-38; roll 32 # 1607-28; roll 37 # 456-58.

²Westport Border Star, July 15, 1859, p. 3; August 12, 1859; Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United States, rolls 893-897; R. G. Dun & Company Collection, Baker Library, Harvard University, New Mexico, vol 1, 346.

³Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United States, rolls 893-897.

⁴MANM, roll 24 # 794; roll 28 # 772-773; roll 37 # 396; FCZIM, folder 39 (Antonio José Otero, 1/9/59); FCSRC, Business papers (Antonio José Otero, 7/8/62); FCZIM, folder 41 (Antonio José Otero, 12/3/62); FCZIM, folder 5 (Manuel Antonio Otero, 1/10/67); folders 6-11 numerous letters from Manuel Antonio writing from La Constancia.

⁵Gross, Kelly & Company, letter to Manuel Antonio Otero, 12/22/81, Center for Southwest Research, General Library, University of New Mexico.

⁶Miguel Antonio Otero, Otero: An Autobiographical Trilogy, 3 vols., My Life on the Frontier, 1864-1882 (New York: Arno Press, 1974), 1, 280-288.

⁷Otero, My Life on the Frontier, 8-164.

⁸Otero, My Lfe on the Frontier, 11-12.

⁹Otero, My Life on the Frontier, 87, 164. In return for ceding their lands Indian tribes received yearly payments, known as annuities, from the United States government. See O'Brien, "Independence, Missouri's Trade," 56-58.

¹⁰Howard Roberts Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846-1912; A Territorial History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), 197-201; the January 1992 issue of the New Mexico Historical Review is totally devoted to the career of Miguel Antonio Otero; Gerald D. Nash, "New Mexico in the Otero Era: Some Historical Perspectives," 1-12; Maria E. Montoya, "The Dual World of Governor Miguel A. Otero: Myth and Reality in Turn-of-the-Century New Mexico," 13-32; Cynthia Secor Welsh, "A 'Star Will Be Added': Miguel Antonio Otero and the Struggle for Statehood," 33-52; Jolane Culhane, "Miguel Antonio Otero; A Photographic Essay," 53-62. None of these publications address the business background of the Otero family.

¹¹Manuel Antonio Otero listed $10,000 in real estate and $154,550 in personal estate. José Leandro Perea was the richest with $225,000; he was followed by Mariano Yrizarri with $213,000, Cerain St. Vrain with $211,000, and W. H. Moore with $165,000, rolls 712-716; see Appendix III and IV.

¹²Otero, My Life on the Frontier, 65; for credit reports on Otero, see R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, Baker Library, Harvard University, New Mexico, vol. 1; for a discussion of Lewis Tappan's Mercantile Agency, the first credit reporting firm in the United States, see O'Brien, "Independence, Missouri's Trade," 130-132.

¹³Lamar, The Far Southwest, includes a lot of information on the political activities of native New Mexicans, like the Pereas, but never addresses their economic interests, 87, 90, 99, 134-135, 187-188, 192, 198-199; W. H. Allison, "Colonel Francisco Perea," Old Santa Fe I (1913), 209-222.

¹⁴Westport Border Star, August 12, 1859, p. 3.

¹⁵Simmons, "José Librado Gurulé's Recollections," 120-133.

¹⁶MANM, roll 28 # 769, roll 34 # 1232; roll 37 # 524; R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, Baker Library, Harvard University, New Mexico, vol. 1, p. 348.

¹⁷Eighth Census of the United States, roll 712; Ninth Census of the United States, roll 893. According to his granddaughter at the time of his death in 1882, José Leandro owned seven million dollars. This information comes from a newspaper clipping, possibly from an Albuquerque newspaper, n.d., Center for Southwest Research, General Library, University of New Mexico.

¹⁸Eighth Census of the United States, roll 712; Ninth Census of the United States, roll 893.

¹⁹E. Boyd Collection, State Records Center, Santa Fe, Box 11, Folder 180

²⁰R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, New Mexico, vol. 1, p. 364.

²¹R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, New Mexico, vol. 1, p. 364; Eighth Census of the United States, roll 712; Ninth Census of the United States, roll 893; Appendix III and IV.

²²Eighth Census of the United States, roll 712; Ninth Census of the United States, roll 893; see Appendix III.

²³The documents examined during the course of this study do not permit an assessment of Governor Manuel Armijo's wealth; Janet Lecompte is working on a definitive biography of Manuel Armijo and it is quite likely that her study will answer many questions regarding Armijo's business activities; for a study of two others members of the Armijo family (Rafael and Manuel) at the time of the Civil War and the impact of their support for the Confederacy, see Susan V. Richards, "From Traders to Traitors? The Armijo Brothers Through the Nineteenth Century," New Mexico Historical Review 69 (July 1994): 215-229.

²⁴Westport Border Star, July 15, 1839, p. 3.

²⁵Eighth Census of the United States, roll 712; Ninth Census of the United States, roll 893; R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, New Mexico, vol. 1, p. 341; see Appendix III.

²⁶Richards, "From Traders to Traitors?", 215-229; Eighth Census of the United States, roll 712; Rafael Armijo Business Papers, Account Book, SRC.

²⁷Rafael Armijo Business Papers, Account Book, SRC.

²⁸John J. Gay papers, items 12, 15, 16, 22, Center for Southwest Research, General Library, University of New Mexico.

²⁹John J. Gay papers, item 10, 1/5/1859; item 11, 1/13/1859, Center for Southwest Research, General Library, University of New Mexico.

³⁰Richards, "From Traders to Traitors?", 215-229; Parish, The Charles Ilfeld Company, 35-36, 38-45; "The German Jew," 18-23, 139-142.

³¹John O. Baxter has published the best study on Armijo, "Salvador Armijo: Citizen of Albuquerque, 1823-1879," New Mexico Historical Review 53 (July 1978): 218-237.

³²Baxter, "Salvador Armijo," 223-227; Eighth Census of the United States, roll 712; Ninth Census of the United States, roll 893.

³³Eighth Unites States Census, rolls 712-716; Ninth United States Census, rolls 893-897; Appendix III.

³⁴See Chapter 5 for a description of changes in wealth distribution and the geographic location of merchants; see Appendix III and IV.

³⁵Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United States, rolls 893-897; see Appendix III.

³⁶Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United States, rolls 893-897. Most of these individuals appeared to be reaching middle age, the accumulation of personal estate seems excessive for the conditions in a territory where the average farmer reported less than one hundred dollars in personal estate.

³⁷Nestor and Nicolás were the children of Juan Crist&ocute;bal Armijo. There is an extensive correspondence between Nicolás Armijo and Felipe Chávez which documents the commercial activities of the Armijo brothers in Mexico. See FCZIM. folder 5 (Nicolás Armijo, 2/2/69, 3/2/69, 3/9/69, 11/15/69).

³⁸Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United States, rolls 893-897; Baxter, "Salvador Armijo," 229.

³⁹The trend is even more pronounced among the five wealthiest, three had Hispano wives (Lucien Maxwell, William Moore, and Henry Bierbaum). One of the few studies that addresses cross-cultural marriages is Darlis A. Miller's "Cross-Cultural Marriages in the Southwest: The New Mexico Experience," New Mexico Historical Review 57 (September 1982): 335-359.

⁴⁰Both Valencia and Bernalillo counties ceded their eastern third to San Miguel while Doña Ana and Socorro counties relinquished a substantial portion of their territory to make possible the creation of Grant and Lincoln counties. Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United State, rolls 893-897; see Appendix III and IV; Beck, Warren A. and Hasse, Ynez D, Historical Atlas of New Mexico (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969) 34-38.

⁴¹For a discussion of some of the problems associated with the use of census information see, Susan C. Boyle, Social Mobility in the United States: Historiography and Methods (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1989), 115-116; Margaret Walsh, "The Census as an Accurate Source of Information: The Value of Mid-Nineteenth Century Manufacturing Returns," Historical Methods Newsletter, III (September 1970), 4-13; Joel Perlman, "Using Census Districts in Analysis: Record Linkage and Sampling," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, X (Autumn 1979), 279-289; Ian Winchester, "The Linkage of Historical Records by Man and Computer: Techniques and Problems," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, I (Autumn 1970), 107-125; Theodore Hershberg, Alan Burstein, and Robert Dockhorn, "Record Linkage," Historical Methods Newsletter, IX (March-June 1976), 137-163.

⁴²Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United States, rolls 893-897; Appendix III and IV.

⁴³Delgado Papers (Dingee Collection) 1837-1853, 1842-1846, 1843-1851; Felipe Delgado Business Papers, 1864-1881; FCSRC, Business papers (n. d., ca. Nov 1872); FCSRC, Business papers (P. Harmony, 1/10/57); FCZIM, folder 33 (Simón Delgado, 2/4/63; 2/10/63/ 3/25/65; Pablo Delgado, 5/9/69; 6/18/69; 7/30/70/ 5/12/71/ 7/20/71/ 2/25/72); FCSRC, Business Papers (Simón Delgado, 9/1/61; Pablo Delgado, 6/8/70; 10/13/70); Felipe Delgado worked for Felipe Chávez until the latter's death in 1906, FCZIM, folder 33 (Felipe Delgado, 6/16/1906).

⁴⁴Delgado Papers (Dingee Collection), 1854; Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United States, rolls 893-897; see Appendix III; for a discussion of the Felipe Chávez's asssets, see Chapter VI.

⁴⁵Eighth Census of the United States, rolls 712-716; Ninth Census of the United states, rolls 893-897; see Appendix III.

⁴⁶Delgado Papers (Jenkins Collection); Felipe Delgado Business Papers, 1864-1881.

⁴⁷Felipe Delgado Business Papers, 1864-1881.

⁴⁸Felipe Delgado Business Papers, 1864-1881.

⁴⁹Internal conflict between Porfirio Díaz and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada highlight the history of Mexico during the 1870s; Parkes, A History of Mexico, 270-273, 281-322; Cumberland, Mexico: The Struggle for Modernity, 194-196.