Chapter One

1. Helen Sloan Daniels, ed., The Ute Indians of Southwestern Colorado (Durango: Durango Public Library Museum Project, 1941), 41-42.

2. Marie Wormington, Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers (National Park Service: National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, 1960), 12.

3. Wilfred M. Husted, "Prehistoric Occupation of the Alpine Zone in the Rocky Mountains," in Arctic and Alpine Environments, ed. Jack D. Ives and Roger G. Barry (London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1974), 865.

4. Wilfred M. Husted, "A Proposed Archeological Chronology for Rocky Mountain National Park Based On Projectile Points and Pottery" (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, 1962), 89.

5. Abner Sprague, "The Estes and Rocky Mountain Park National Parks," in Estes Park Trail, 21 April 1922, in Historical Data file, Rocky Mountain National Park Historical Collection (hereinafter cited as RMNPHC).

6. Wilson Rockwell, The Utes: A Forgotten People (Denver: Sage Books, 1956), 15.

7. Ibid., 15-16.

8. George C. Frison, Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains (New York: Academic Press, 1978), 345.

9. Rockwell, The Utes, 17.

10. Virginia Cole Trenholm, The Arapahoes, Our People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), 3-32.

11. Ibid., 33.

12. Sprague, "The Estes and Rocky Mountain National Parks."

13. Estes Park Trail, 28 February 1930.

14. Alfred L. Kroeber, The Arapaho (New York: Bulletin of the Museum of Natural History, 1902), 22.

15. Oliver W. Toll, Arapaho Names and Trails (Privately printed: Oliver W. Toll, 1962), 41.

16. Robert C. Black III, Island in the Rockies (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Co., 1969), 116.

17. Colin B. Goodykoontz, "The Exploration and Settlement of Colorado," in Colorado: Short Studies of its Past and Present (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1927), 83.

18. Denver Daily Times, 12 September 1881.

19. E. J. Lamb, Memories of the Past and Thoughts of the Future (Press of the United Brethren Publishing House, 1906), 51.

20. Ibid., 49.

21. Louisa Ward Arps and Elinor Eppich Kingery, High Country Names Estes Park: Rocky Mountain Nature Association, 1977), 8.

22. Lonnie E. Underhill and Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr., eds., Hamlin Garland's Observations on the American Indian, 1895-1905 (Tucson University of Arizona Press, 1976), 63.

Chapter Two

1. Milton Estes, "The Memoirs of Estes Park," The Colorado Magazine, 16 (July 1939): 5.

2. Jerome C. Smiley, Semi-Centennial History of the State of Colorado (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1913), 194-95.

3. Ibid.

4. H. E. Rensch, Historical Background for Rocky Mountain National Park (Berkeley: National Park Service, 1935), 9.

5. Harlin M. Fuller and LeRoy R. Hafen, The Journal of Captain John R. Bell (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1973), 142.

6. Edwin James, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, Inc., 1966), 63-64.

7. Ibid., 361, 376.

8. Hiram Martin Chittenden, The American Fur Trade in the Far West Vol. 1 (New York: The Press of the Pioneers, Inc., 1935), 59-60.

9. George F. Ruxton, Life in the Far West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951), 11.

10. Francis Parkman, The Oregon Trail (New York: New American Library, 1950), 58.

11. Ibid., 226.

12. LeRoy R. Hafen and Anne W. Hafen, Rufus B. Sage, His Letters and Papers, 1836-1847 Vol. 2 (Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1956), 65.

13. Ibid., 276.

14. Ibid., 277.

15. Ibid., 278-79.

16. Ibid., 279.

17. Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence, eds., The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont Vol. 1 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 710-11.

18. William F. Drannan, Thirty-One Years on the Plains and In the Mountains or, The Last Voice from the Plains (Chicago: Rhodes & McClure Publishing Co., 1900), 72.

19. James F. Willard, "The Gold Rush and After," in Colorado: Short Studies, 103.

20. LeRoy Hafen, ed., Colorado Gold Rush, Contemporary Letters and Reports, 1858-1859 (Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1974), 220-21.

21. Ovando J. Hollister, The Mines of Colorado (Springfield: Samuel Bowles and Co., 1867), 12.

22. Milton Estes, "The Memoirs," 5.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., 6.

25. Letter, D. Wright to Estes Park Chamber of Commerce, Historical Data, RMNPHC, p. 56.

26. Milton Estes "The Memoirs," 6.

27. Ibid., 7.

28. Ibid., 9.

29. Ibid., 11.

30. William N. Byers, "Ascent of Longs Peak," in Historical Data, RMNPHC, p. 26.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., pp. 29-30.

33. Ibid., p. 27.

34. Ibid., p. 30.

35. Milton Estes, "The Memoirs," 13.

1. Earl of Dunraven, Past Times and Pastimes (London: Hodder and Stroughton, 1922), 142.

2. Isabella L. Bird, A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979), 73.

3. Hollister, The Mines of Colorado, 41.

4. Bayard Taylor, Colorado: A Summer Trip (New York: G. P. Putnam and Son, 1867), 165-66.

5. Nell Pauly, Ghosts of the Shootin' (Grand Lake: Kaufman Press, 1961), 118.

6. Bird, A Lady's Life, 73.

7. Dale White, John Wesley Powell, Geologist-Explorer (New York: Julian Messener, Inc., 1958), 80-81.

8. William N. Byers, "First Ascent of Longs Peak," in Historical Data, RMNPHC, pp. 130 and 133.

9. Ibid., pp. 133-34.

10. L. W. Keplinger, "The First Ascent of Longs Peak," in Historical Data, RMNPHC, p. 143.

11. Byers, "First Ascent," p. 134.

12. Keplinger, "The First Ascent," p. 144

13. Byers, "First Ascent," pp. 135-36.

14. Richard A. Bartlett, Great Surveys of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), xiv.

15. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918), 309-12.

16. Anna E. Dickinson, A Ragged Register (of People, Places and Opinions) New York: Harper and Brothers, 1879), as cited in Historical Data, RMNPHC, p. 147.

17. Bird, A Lady's Life, 93.

18. Rocky Mountain News, 24 August 1868.

19. Dave Hicks, Estes Park, From the Beginning (Denver: A-T-P Publishing Co., 1976), 9.

20. Robert G. Athearn, Westward the Briton (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953), 49.

21. Earl of Dunraven, Canadian Nights (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914), 128.

22. Earl of Dunraven, The Great Divide (London: Chatto and Windus, 1876), 2.

23. Dunraven, Canadian Nights, 36.

24. Earl of Dunraven, "Lord Dunraven's Address," Journal of the American Geographical Society, 11(1879): 336.

25. Dunraven, Past Times, 142.

26. E. J. Lamb, Miscellaneous Meditations (Denver: Publishers' Press Room and Bindery Co., 1913?), 128-29.

27. Bird, A Lady's Life, 79.

28. Ibid., 113.

29. Lamb, Miscellaneous, 130.

30. Dunraven, Past Times, 140.

31. George Henry Kingsley and Mary H. Kingsley, Notes on Sport and Travel (London: Macmillian and Co., Ltd., 1900), 178-79.

32. Dunraven, Past Times, 149.

33. Dunraven, "Lord Dunraven's Address," 338.

34. Dunraven, Canadian Nights, 38-39.

35. Bird, A Lady's Life, 11.

36. Ibid., 116.

37. Pat Barr, A Curious Life for a Lady (New York: Ballantine Books, 1972), 1.

38. Bird, A Lady's Life, 89.

39. Ibid., 79.

40. Ibid., 125.

41. Ibid., 91.

42. Ibid., 94.

43. Ibid., 101.

44. Louisa Ward Arps, "Letters from Isabella Bird," The Colorado Quarterly 4 (Summer 1955):37.

45. Bird, A Lady's Life, 248.

Chapter Four

1. F. V. Hayden, The Great West: Its Attractions and Resources (Bloomington: Charles R. Bordix, 1880), 97.

2. Abner E. Sprague, "My First Winter in Estes Park," Colorado Magazine, 16 (1940):156.

3. Estes Park Trail, 5 May 1922.

4. Estes Park Trail, 2 June 1922.

5. Estes Park Trail, 16 June 1922.

6. Carrie Adell Strahorn Fifteen Thousand Miles by Stage (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1911), 65.

7. Ibid., 68-69.

8. Ibid., 73.

9. J. S. Flory, Thrilling Echoes From the Wild Frontier Chicago: Rhodes and McClure Publishing Co., 1893), 38.

10. Ibid., 41.

11. Ibid., 41-42

12. Ibid., 46.

13. Ibid., 47-48.

14. Hayden, The Great West, 147.

15. Ibid., 164.

16. Joe Mills, A Mountain Boyhood (New York: J. H. Sears and Co., Inc., 1926), 223-24.

17. Estes Park Trail, 3 March 1922.

18. Georgetown Colorado Miner, 3 April 1880.

19. Goodykoontz, "The Exploration," 81.

20. Georgetown Colorado Miner, 31 July 1880.

21. Georgetown Colorado Miner, 18 September 1880.

22. Fort Collins Express, 21 July 1881.

23. Georgetown Colorado Miner, 17 December 1881.

24. Georgetown Colorado Miner, 12 February 1881.

25. Susan B. Baldwin, Historic Resource Study, Dutchtown and Lulu City, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado (Creative Land Use, 1980), 89.

26. Black, Island in the Rockies, 157.

27. Georgetown Colorado Miner, 14 July 1883.

28. Pauly, Ghosts, 175.

29. Georgetown Colorado Miner, 21 July 1883.

30. Pauly, Ghosts, 175.

31. Estes Park Trail, 24 November 1933.

32. Estes Park Trail, 1 December 1933.

Chapter Five

1. Enos A. Mills, Your National Parks (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), 333.

2. Hildegarde Hawthorne and Esther Burnell Mills, Enos Mills of the Rockies (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1935), 24.

3. Frederick H. Chapin, Mountaineering in Colorado (Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club, 1889), 70.

4. Ibid., 23.

5. Carl Bode, ed., The Portable Thoreau (New York: Penguin Books, 1979), 598.

6. Lewis Mumford, ed., Ralph Waldo Emerson: Essays and Journals (Garden City: Doubleday and Co., 1968), 223.

7. Harold K. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), 26-28.

8. G. Michael McCarthy, Hour of Trial (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977), 42.

9. Ibid., 62.

10. Hawthorne and Mills, Enos Mills, 77-78.

11. Lloyd K. Musselman, Rocky Mountain National Park, Administrative History, 1915-1965 (Department of the Interior: National Park Service, 1971), 14.

12. William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1946), 446.

13. June E. Carothers, Estes Park, Past and Present (Denver: University of Denver, 1951), 80.

14. Florence Johnson Shoemaker, "The Story of Estes-Rocky Mountain National Park Region" (M. A. thesis, Colorado State College, Greeley, 1940), 49.

15. Enos A. Mills, The Rocky Mountain Wonderland (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1915), 321.

16. Hawthorne and Mills, Enos Mills, 128.

17. Mills, Your National Parks, 322-23.

18. Estes Park Trail, 28 April 1944.

19. Letter, H. J. M. Mattis to His Excellency Theodore Roosevelt, 28 August 1902, U.S.F.S. Historical File No. 11, Box 4, Federal Records Center, Denver.

20. Michael Frome, Whose Woods These Are: The Story of the National Forests (New York: Doubleday and Co., 1962), 60.

21. Letter, H. N. Wheeler to District Forester, 2 January 1923, U.S.F.S. Historical File, Federal Records Center, Denver.

22. Enos A. Mills, The Story of Estes Park (Estes Park: Robert H. and Enda Riley, 1980), 97-98.

23. Letter, H. N. Wheeler to District Forester, p. 2.

24. Enos Mills, "National Forests vs. National Parks," in Enos Mills Collection, Western History Department, Denver Public Library, p. 2.

25. Ibid.

26. R. B. Marshall, "Report on an Examination of the Area of the Proposed Rocky Mountain (Estes) National Park, Colorado," 9 January 1913, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior, R. G. 79, National Archives, p. 11.

27. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 27

28. Denver Post, 4 September 1915.

29. Enos A. Mills, The Spell of the Rockies (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 116.

Chapter Six

1. Denver Post, 5 September 1915.

2. Denver Post, 6 August 1917.

3. William C. Everhart, The National Park Service (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972), 21.

4. Roderick Nash, ed., The American Environment (Menlo Park, California: Addison Wesley, 1976), 19.

5. Ibid., 20.

6. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), 29.

7. Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story Vol. 1 (Yellowstone: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, 1977), 218.

8. Mills, Your National Parks, 292.

9. Linnie Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir (New York: Knopf, 1945), 186.

10. Mills, Your National Parks, xi-xii.

11. Bode, The Portable Thoreau, 613-14.

12. Mills, Your National Parks, 293-94.

13. Denver Post, 7 August 1917.

14. John Willy, "Five Days on Horseback in Rocky Mountain National Park," Hotel Monthly, 24 (October 1916): 53.

15. Ibid., 52.

16. Denver Post, 14 January 1915.

17. Letter, E. L. Baldwin to Superintendent, 26 July 1915, Box 399, R. G. 79, National Archives.

18. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1917 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), 26.

19. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), 181.

20. Enos A. Mills, "Exploring Our National Parks," The New Republic, 24 (10 November 1920): 272.

21. Denver Post, 9 August 1917.

22. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1920 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920), 137.

23. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1921 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1921), 93.

24. Report of the Director, 1918, 180.

25. Report, Frederick M. Dille, File 1215, p. 1, Box 269, R. G. 79, National Archives.

26. Report of the Director, 1921, 93.

27. Report, "Department of National, State, and Provincial Parks," in RMNPHC, p. 46.

28. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1926 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), 136.

29. Horace Albright Parks and Recreation (November-December 1922), p. 86 in RMNPHC.

30. Estes Park Trail, 16 January 1925.

31. Roger W. Toll, Mountaineering in the Rocky Mountain National Park (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1921), 10.

32. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 195.

33. Ibid., 63.

34. Denver Post, 14 October 1928.

35. Denver Post, 13 August 1917.

36. Denver Post, 8 August 1917.

37. Letter, Way to Director, 18 August 1917, File 1215, Tray 473, R. G. 79, National Archives.

38. Letter, Albright to Way, 26 August 1917, File 1215, Tray 473, R. G. 79, National Archives.

39. Letter, Way to Director, 28 August 1917, File 1215, Tray 473, R. G. 79, National Archives.

40. Letter, Kennedy to Director, undated, File 1215, Tray 473, R. G. 79, National Archives.

41. Toll, Mountaineering, 42.

Chapter Seven

1. Rocky Mountain News, 20 June 1931.

2. Department of the Interior, Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1931 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931), 69.

3. Clipping, Denver Post, 9 December 1930, File 630, Box 408, R. G. 79, National Archives.

4. Clipping, Rocky Mountain News, 5 June 1932, File 630, Box 408, R. G. 79, National Archives.

5. Estes Park Trail, 15 July 1932.

6. Rocky Mountain News, 5 June 1932.

7. Report, Charles W. Eliot, 3 July 1930, Central Files, 1907-32, R. G. 79, National Archives.

8. Report of the Director, 1931, 48.

9. Estes Park Trail, 15 July 1932.

10. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 93.

11. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1941, RMNPHC, p. 15.

12. Letter, Director to Solinsky, 30 October 1931, File 600, Box 399, R. G. 79, National Archives.

13. Estes Park Trail, 16 September 1932.

14. Report of the Director, 1931, 6.

15. Estes Park Trail, 23 December 1932.

16. Dorr Yeager, Bob Flame, Rocky Mountain Ranger (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1936), 237.

17. Jack C. Moomaw, Recollections of a Rocky Mountain Ranger (Longmont: Times-Call Publishing Co., 1963), 133-36.

18. Estes Park Trail, 25 November 1932.

19. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 136.

20. Estes Park Trail, 25 November 1932.

21. Report, RMNP Superintendent's Monthly Report, 6 June 1933, p. 1.

22. Perry H. Merrill, Roosevelt's Forest Army, A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942 (Montpelier: Perry H. Merrill, 1981), 196-97.

23. Battell Loomis, "With the Green Guard," Liberty (April 29, 1934), 52-53.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., 53.

26. Battell Loomis, "The C.C.C. Digs In," Liberty (May 5, 1934), 47.

27. Estes Park Trail, 16 June 1944.

28. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 124.

29. Ibid., 116.

30. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1936, RMNPHC, p. 17.

31. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 124.

32. Ibid.

33. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1943, RMNPHC, p. 1.

34. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1946, RMNPHC, p. 1.

35. Ibid.

36. Rocky Mountain News, 5 February 1948.

37. Yeager, Bob Flame, 68.

38. Report of the Director, 1924, p. 1.

39. Denver Post, 11 September 1932.

40. Estes Park Trail, 26 June 1931.

41. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 175-76.

42. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1939, RMNPHC, p. 12.

43. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 181.

44. Yeager, Bob Flame, 278.

Chapter Eight

1. Denver Post, 17 August 1980.

2. Proceedings, Park Management Conference, 1965, File A-40, T-11796, R. G. 79, Federal Records Center, Denver, p. 65.

3. Report, Mission 66 for Rocky Mountain National Park, in RMNPHC, p. 2.

4. Everhart, The National Park Service, 35.

5. Report, Mission 66, p. 1.

6. Report, Urgently Needed Construction Projects, in RMNPHC, p. 9.

7. Report, Mission 66 Prospectus, in RMNPHC, p. 13.

8. Musselman, Rocky Mountain, 215.

9. Estes Park Trail, 18 October 1957:

10. Mission 66 Prospectus, p. 59.

11. Estes Park Trail, 4 September 1959.

12. Denver Post, 17 March 1974.

13. Rocky Mountain News, 25 March 1965.

14. Paul W. Nesbit, Longs Peak (Colorado Springs: Paul W. Nesbit, 1969), 29.

15. Denver Post, 4 August 1960.

16. F. Fraser Darling and Noel D. Eichhorn, Man and Nature in the National Parks (Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1967), 28.

17. David R. Brower, "Wilderness—Conflict and Conscience," Sierra Club Bulletin 42 (June 1957): 10.

18. Proceedings, Park Management Conference, p. 10.

19. Ibid., 20.

20. Estes Park Trail, 15 June 1956.

21. Stewart L. Udall, "The Ecology of Man and the Land Ethic," Natural History 74 (June-July 1965): 34.

22. Darling and Eichhorn, Man and Nature, 70.

23. Letter, Calvert to N.P.S. Regional Office, 20 January 1974, p. 1, in RMNPHC.

24. Letter, Millen to Park Superintendent, 18 January 1974, in RMNPHC.

25. Letter, Robertson (to Superintendent), 27 February 1974, pp. 1-2, in RMNPHC.

26. Letter, Sisler to Contor, 25 February 1974, p. 2, in RMNPHC.

27. Letter, More to Contor, 3 January 1973, p. 1, in RMNPHC.

28. Letter, Nock to Hearing Officer, 12 February 1974, in RMNPHC.

29. Letter, Price to Superintendent, 28 February 1974, in RMNPHC.

30. Letter, Murphy (to Superintendent), 30 January 1974, p. 2, in RMNPHC.

31. Letter, Mowery to Contor (1974), p. 1, in RMNPHC.

32. Letter, Rupel to Editor, 15 December 1973, p. 1, in RMNPHC.

33. Press Release, 16 July 1973, p. 2, in RMNPHC.

34. Loveland Daily-Reporter Herald, 21 August 1975.

35. Denver Post, 17 August 1980.

36. Transcript, National Park Service Wilderness Proposal Hearing, p. 66, in RMNPHC.

37. Proceedings, Park Management Conference, p. 20.

38. Report, Richard G. Trahan, Day-Use Limitations in National Parks: Visitor and Park Personnel Attitudes Toward Day-Use Limitation Systems for Rocky Mountain National Park, 1977, pp. 13-9-13.

39. Proceedings, Park Management Conference, p. 35.

40. Ibid.

41. Letter, Pettie to Fazio, 1 December 1973, pp. 1-2, in RMNPHC.

42. Interview, Mr. James Wilson, 12 December 1982.

43. Letter, Neuswanger to Contor, n.d. (1974), p. 1, in RMNPHC.

44. Interview, Mr. Chester Brooks and Mr. Edgar Menning, 16 December 1982.

45. Ibid.

46. Estes Park Trail-Gazette, 20 October 1978.

47. Transcript, Board of Review, The Ouzel Fire, 8 November 1978, p. 102, in RMNPHC.

48. Ibid., p. 93.

Epilog

1. Transcript, Board of Review, The Ouzel Fire, 9 November 1978, p. 118, in RMNPHC.