OZARK Historic Resource Study

Secondary Sources

Allmon, Velma. "Winona." In History of Shannon County Missouri 1986. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company in association with Friends of the Shannon County Libraries, 1986.

Atherton, Lewis E. "Missouri's Society and Economy in 1821." Missouri Historical Review LXV (July 1971): 450-477

Banks, Alan. Indians of Upper Current River. Eminence, Missouri: Alan Banks, 1978. A study by one of Missouri's best known amateur archeologists.

Bearss, Edwin C. The Battle of Wilson's Creek: Greene and Christian Counties, Missouri. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Wilson's Creek Battlefield National Park. July, 1960.

A detailed look at the Battle of Wilson's Creek.

Bradbury, John F. Jr., "'This War is Managed Mighty Strange:' The Army of Southeastern Missouri, 1862-1863." Unpublished paper with accompanying notes. Western History Manuscript Collection-Rolla. Rolla, Missouri, 1988.

This is an informative narrative, not just of the troop movements in the area, but also of the conditions of the countryside through which they traveled. The accompanying notes are an important source of information on the Current River communities in the 1860s.

Breckenridge, William G. "Early Gun Powder Making in Missouri." Missouri Historical Review 20 (1925): 85-95.

This includes a reference to Ashley's Cave on the upper Current basin.

Brown, Leonard E. History Data Base: Ozark National Scenic Riverways. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969.

A brief history of the Current River region with some National Register forms for some of the Parks historic properties. This study was produced to facilitate the development of a Master Plan for the park. The National Register nominations, however, provide only cursory information on the properties.

________. and Merrill Mattes. "An Evaluation of the Historic Resources of Ozark National Scenic Riverways and Recommendations for their Preservation." Draft Project No. 41, U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. July, 1971.

This compilation provides more information on the park's historic resources than the National Register forms in the above Brown study.

Brownlee, Richard S. Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy: Guerrilla Warfare in the West, 1861-1863. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958.

He focuses on the major guerrilla leaders and incidents of violence in Missouri and Kansas.

Callison, Charles. "How Good Were The Good Old Days—And What Became of Them?" The Missouri Conservationist, August 1946.

A good summary of the depletion of the wildlife along the Current during the early twentieth century. It includes a useful analysis of the records of the Carter County Fishing and Shooting Club.

Campbell, R. A., ed. Gazetteer of Missouri. St. Louis: R. A. Campbell, Publisher, 1874.

Chapman, Carl Haley. The Archaeology of Missouri. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1975.

Probably the best overview on Missouri prehistory.

Chilton, Edith. "The Current Wave." In History of Shannon County Missouri 1986. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company in association with Friends of Shannon County Libraries, 1986.

Christianson, James B. "Early Osage—'The Ishmaelites of the Savages.'" Kansas History 11 (Spring 1988): 2-21.

A study that emphasizes the hostile relationship between the Osage and the other Indian nations in and around Missouri. He describes the evolving contacts between the Osage and the U.S. government during the first half of the nineteenth century and the subsequent fate of this once fierce tribe.

Clendenen, Harbert L. "Settlement Morphology of the Southern Courtois Hills, Missouri, 1820-1860." Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 1973.

This is an excellent account of the basic early settlement patterns along the Current and Black Rivers.

Conover, Richard A. "Legislative History of Ozark National Scenic Riverways," unpublished paper, n.d. In Ozark National Scenic Riverways Archives. Headquarters. Van Buren, Missouri.

An analysis of the basic interest groups in conflict over the founding of the park and the major compromises that insured passage of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways.

Corless, James P. "Walter Klepzig Mill and Farm." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Midwest Region, 1989.

Examines a small Ozark grist mill/farm operation that functioned in the during the early twentieth century

Dablemont, Larry. "The History of Float Fishing Part II." Fishing and Hunting Journal, May, 1986.

This series focuses on the different uses of johnboats on the Current River in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

______. "The History of Float Fishing Part III." Fishing and Hunting Journal. June, 1986.

Douthit, Mary Lee, Robert Flanders, Barbara Fischer, and Lynn Morrow. Overview of the Cultural Resources in the Mark Twain National Forest, Missouri. 4 vols. Report to the Forest Supervisor Mark Twain National Forest. Rolla, Missouri. Prepared by the Center for Archaeological Research. Southwest Missouri State University. Springfield, Missouri, 1979.

The prehistory section is rather general. The regional history section by Dr. Flanders offers a well conceived interpretation of major themes in the history of southeast Missouri into the early twentieth century. It is especially good on Shannon County. The report includes an excellent annotated bibliography.

Dye, David H. "Death March of Hernando De Soto." Archaeology 42 (May-June 1989): 26-31.

A short readable description emphasizing the brutal nature of the Spanish expedition.

Evans, Pricilla Ann. "Merchant Gristmills and Communities, 1820-1880: An Economic Relationship." Missouri Historical Review LXVIII (April 1974): 317-326.

A good article on the role of gristmills in local backwoods economies and in the transition of some to a wider market orientation.

Faragher, John Mack. Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

One of the better monographs on the settlement of the western frontier. His discussion of open rural communities is especially interesting.

Featherstonhaugh, G. W. Excursion through the Slave States. Reprint. New York: Negro University Press and Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1968.

Despite the condescending attitude of Featherstonhaugh, this travel log provides interesting insight into life in the southeastern Missouri Ozarks during the 1830s. It includes some specific references to the Widow Harris homestead in Ripley County.

Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

A very interesting account that addresses the psychology of the guerrillas and their victims. It provides trial testimony that relates incidents along the Current and Jacks Fork rivers.

Flanders, Robert. "Caledonia." Gateway Heritage 6 (Spring 1986): 35-52.

Here, Flanders examines the settlement of the Bellevue Valley by "high" Scotch-Irish migrants. The prosperity of this community provides an interesting contrast to the persistent frontier conditions of the uplanders along the Current.

________. "Ozark Dwellings as seen from the Road." Ozark Watch 2 (Summer 1988): 8-11. A good quick reference on Ozark vernacular house types.

________. "The Education of a Village Editor." Ozark Watch 1 (Winter 1988): 9-10.

This focuses on William A. French of Shannon County and contains excerpts from his papers.

Flanders, Robert and Lynn Morrow. Alley, An Ozarks Mill Hamlet, 1890-1925: Society, Economy, Landscape, Prepared for the U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Ozark National Scenic Riverways. By The Center for Ozarks Studies. Southwest Missouri State University. Springfield, Missouri, 1985.

A richly detailed look at the changing landscape and function of an isolated Ozark mill hamlet.

Gates, Paul W. "The Railroads of Missouri, 1850-1870." Missouri Historical Review. XXVI (January 1932): 126-141.

An account of the early railroad development in Missouri with a very useful series of maps depicting the progress of railroad construction across the state during this period.

Gerlach, Russel L. Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study of Ethnic Geography. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1976.

The emphasis here is on the influence of European immigrants to the Ozarks. He spends much time looking at German settlement characteristics. His boundaries for the Ozarks include some portions of Missouri north of the Missouri River.

________. "The Ozark Scotch-Irish: The Subconscious Persistence of Ethnic Culture." P.A.S.T., Pioneer America Society Transactions 7 (1984): 47-57.

In this article, Gerlach identifies continuing Scotch-Irish cultural characteristics despite the little recognition of this as an ethnic heritage by the Scotch-Irish descendants of the area.

________. Settlement Patterns in Missouri: A Study of Population Origins With a Wall Map. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986.

An overview that divides the settlement patterns of the state into regions and into different time periods. Includes an excellent map that identifies the dominant ethnic groups in different sections of the state.

Goodrich, James W. and Donald B. Oster, ed. "'Few Men But Many Widows...': The Daniel Fogle Letters August 8-September 4, 1867." Missouri Historical Review LXXX (April 1986): 273-301.

One of the best available contemporary descriptions of the southeast Missouri Ozarks in the post-Civil War years.

Gutman, Herbert G. "Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America, 1815-1919." In Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.

This is a seminal work comparing pre-industrial and industrial work culture of skilled and unskilled workers during the period of America's industrial transformation.

Hammar, Conrad H. "Institutional Aspects of Ozark Decline." Journal of Forestry 33 (October 1935): 843-850.

The article argues that frontier attitudes resulted in the exploitation of the Ozark environment, contributed to the economic decline of the region, and prevented the adoption of government recovery programs.

Hall, Leonard, Stars Upstream: Life Along an Ozark River, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958.

A thoughtful description of the people and natural environment of the Current and Jacks Fork Rivers. This book helped increase the popularity of modern recreation on the rivers. Its author was an influential conservationist in the establishment of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways.

Hartzog, George B. Jr. Battling For The National Parks. Mt. Kisco, New York: Moyer Bell Limited, 1988.

A behind the scenes look at the political battles of George Hartzog during his Park Service career. It contains a chapter on the establishment of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways that discusses the campaign to promote the idea of a national park in the Current and Jacks Fork Rivers among the local population.

Hildebrand, Samuel. Autobiography of Samuel Hildebrand. Jefferson City: Times Book and Printing House, 1870.

A melodramatic telling of the life of a Civil War bushwhacker that provides insight into the mentality of an outlaw-guerilla fighter in the war-torn Ozarks.

Hill, Leslie G. "History of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, 1880-1909." Ph.D. diss., University of Missouri, 1949.

A detailed history of the development of this major lumber corporation in Carter County.

The study made heavy use of the papers of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company.

Hilliard, Sam B. "Pork in the Ante-Bellum South: The Geography of Self-Sufficiency." Annals of the American Association of American Geographers 59 (September 1969): 461-480.

A look at the significance of pork in the self-sufficiency economy of the "Old" South. The article notes the mixed level of pork production across the South and argues that the upland South was frequently an exporter of surplus pork.

History of Shannon County Missouri. 1986. Friends of Shannon County. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1986.

A reminiscent history of the county.

Hogan, Rt. Rev. John Joseph. On the Mission in Missouri, 1857-1868. Reprint. Glorieta, New Mexico: The Rio Grande Press, Inc., 1976.

Includes some discussion of the settlement of the Irish Wilderness. It mostly relates the trips in search for land suitable for the settlement.

Hoskins, John D. "Smilin' Willie the River Man." Missouri Conservationist June, 1987.

A brief individual account of the rise and decline of river guiding on the Current.

Hudson, Charles M. and Joyce Rockwood Hudson. "Tracking the Elusive De Soto." Archaeology 42 (May-June 1989): 32-36.

"Ink, As Remembered by Artie Swiney," In History of Shannon County Missouri. 1986. Friends of Shannon County. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1986.

Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Arguably the best history of suburbanization available. Used here for its discussion of the rise of the automobile.

Knight, Stephen M. "Architecture Context Study: The Nichols Farm Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri." A special history study prepared for the U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Regional Office, 1986.

A thorough look at the architectural and cultural significance of a turn of the twentieth century self-sufficient Ozark farmstead. The study demonstrates the persistence of a frontier Ozark culture despite the many changes of the late nineteenth century corporate lumber era.

Lacy, Christabel and Bob White. Rural Schools and Communities in Cape Girardeau County. Published by The Center for Regional History and Cultural Heritage. Southeast Missouri State University. Cape Girardeau, Missouri, 1985.

Compares the rise of rural schools in this southeast Missouri area to the southern school tradition and notes the prevalence of subscription type schools before the Civil War.

Lee, Robert. "Memories of Bill French." The Ozarker (March-April 1980): 2-3.

A eulogy of a popular Ozark publisher.

Lewis, David. "Shannon County Grist Mills." The Ozarker (March-April 1981): 15-16.

A list of many early gristmills in Shannon county with some undocumented discussion of several early millers.

Little, Kimberly Scott. "Missouri Ozarks Rural Schools." National Register of Historic Places. Multiple Properties Documentation. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Region, 1990.

This study underscores the dual education and community function of the Ozarks rural schools while placing their development within a context of state and national education policy development.

________. "Lower Parker School." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Midwest Region, 1990.

The report demonstrates the close link between the Ozarks one-room schoolhouse and the kinship-oriented Ozark communities.

________. "Buttin Rock School." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Midwest Region, 1990.

The nomination examines the function of an isolated Ozark one-room schoolhouse that had a small student enrollment throughout its history.

_______. "Reed Log House." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Midwest Region, 1990.

Examines a frontier Ozark home in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways and its adaptive use over a seventy-five year period.

Lynott, Mark J. Archeological Survey of Development Areas, Ozark National Scenic Riverways. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Archeological Center, 1981.

Good introduction to archeology on the Current and Jacks Fork rivers.

________. "Mississippian Archaeology of the Upper Current River, Southeast Missouri." Southeastern Missouri Archaeology 1 (1982): 8-21.

Interesting analysis of an emergent Mississippian culture on the Current.

________. An Archeological Evaluation of the Gooseneck and Owls Bend Sites: Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Southeast Missouri. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Archeological Center, 1989.

Examination of two major sites that identify the emerging Mississippian culture. Provides a good summary of the characteristics defining the early Mississippian era in southeast Missouri and northeast Arkansas.

Lynott, Mark J. Susan M. Monk, and James E. Price. "The Owls Bend Site, 23SH10: An Emergent Mississippian Occupation in the Eastern Ozarks, Southeast Missouri." Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly 1 (Jan.-March, 1984): 12-20.

Interprets the Owls Bend site as a significant example of an emerging Mississippian culture.

Lynott, Mark J. and James E. Price. Shawnee Creek, An Eleventh Century, Emergent Mississippian Occupation in the Upper Current River Valley, Southeast Missouri. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Archeological Center, 1989.

A rather detailed examination of a Mississippian village in the Current River valley that furthers understanding of the emergence of Mississippian culture.

McReynolds, Edwin C. Missouri: A History of the Crossroads State. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.

A state history that mainly focuses on the state and national events.

McWhiney, Grady. Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1988, 1988.

The study offers a provocative argument that a strong Celtic influence prevailed in the predominate culture of the south. McWhiney argues that a leisure ethic was part of this Celtic influence and contrasted from the work ethic of the predominately Anglo-Saxon north.

Masters, Cathy. "Akers Ferry Archeological District." National Register Nomination Form. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Archeological Center, 1990.

Describes a multi-component site used by Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian peoples. Portions of this site were frequently used for processing foodstuffs.

________. "Phillips Bay Mill, 23CT235." National Register Nomination Form. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Archeological Center, 1987.

James E. and Cythnia R. Price surveyed and researched this site which provides rare documentation of a early nineteenth-century sawmill.

Merk, Frederick. History of the Westward Movement. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1978.

A good general reference of the westward expansion of the United States.

"Missouri History not Found in Textbooks." Missouri Historical Review XXII (April 1928): 409-410.

Missouri State Gazetteer and Business Directory. 1860. St. Louis: Sutherland & McEvoy, 1860.

Despite the town booster spirit in which many of the entries were written, the series of state gazetteers provides valuable information on the development of the small Ozark communities over time. The useful information includes population estimates and listings of leading exports, occupations, and services of towns and villages.

Missouri State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1876-1877. St. Louis: R. L. Polk & Company, 1877.

Missouri State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1883-1884. St. Louis: R. L. Polk & Company, 1884.

Missouri State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1889-1890. St. Louis: R. L. Polk & Company, 1890.

Missouri State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1898-1899. St. Louis: R. L. Polk & Company, 1899.

Morrow, Lynn. "Modernity and the Current Wave in Shannon County, 1884-1896." Missouri Historical Society Bulletin XXXV (January 1979): 92-98.

The article focuses on the Ozark boosterism of a local newspaper during a period of rapid change.

________. "New Madrid and Its Hinterland: 1783-1826." Missouri Historical Society Bulletin XXXVI (July 1980): 241-250.

___________. "Trader William Gillis and Delaware Migration in Southern Missouri." Missouri Historical Review LXXV (January 1981): 147-167.

This mentions the temporary Delaware residence on the Jacks Fork and upper Current. It offers a interesting examination of the relationship between the white traders and Delaware in Missouri.

________. "Estate Builders in the Missouri Ozarks: Establishing a St. Louis Tradition," Gateway Heritage 2 (Winter 1981-1982): 42-48.

He describes an example of early recreation interests in the Ozarks as a retreat for the genteel classes.

_________. "Rose Cliff Hotel: A Missouri Forum For Environmental Policy," Gateway Heritage 3 (Fall 1982): 38-48.

While focusing on the Rose Cliff Hotel, this work provides insight into the rise of a conservation ethic in Missouri along with the interest in preserving the Current River.

Moser, Arthur Paul., ed. "A Directory of Towns, Villages and Hamlets Past and Present of Carter County." Unpublished paper, 1975. Place Name File in Current River Regional Library, Van Buren, Missouri.

A useful reference for place names.

________. "A Directory of Towns, Villages, and Hamlets Past and Present of Shannon County, Missouri." Unpublished paper, 1975. Place Name File in Current River Regional Library, Van Buren, Missouri.

Murphy, James Lee. "A History of the Southeastern Ozark Region of Missouri." Ph.D. diss., St. Louis University, 1982.

A general history of the area from its earliest settlement to 1970. The study focuses on a five-county area that includes Shannon, Carter and Ripley Counties. It provides a good narrative on the various stages of the lumber era after the Civil War.

Nash, Roderick. Wilderness and the American Mind. 3rd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.

Something of a classic in environmental history. It demonstrates the rising interest in the development of parks out of wilderness areas.

Oakley, Gene. The Deserted Village: History of Grandin, Missouri Home of the World's Largest Lumber Producer in 1900. Privately printed, 1968.

This contains some excellent historic photographs.

________. The History of Carter County. Van Buren, Missouri: J. G. Publications, 1970.

Otto, John Solomon. "Migration of the Southern Plain Folk: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis." Journal of Southern History LI (May 1985): 183-200.

Illustrates the significance of the upland southerners in settling the lower northwest and southwest that included Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. He describes the woodland agriculture that they adapted to these areas.

Otto, John Solomon and Ben Wayne Banks. "The Banks Family of Yell County, Arkansas: A "Plain Folk" Family of the Highland South." Arkansas Historical Quarterly XLI (Spring 1982): 146-167.

Good narrative and reminiscence of one uplander families lifestyle in the Ozarks.

Ozark Border Electric Cooperative. News Letter. "Owned By Those It Serves" May, 1987.

This briefly mentions the founding of the cooperative.

Paige, John C. The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service. 1933-1942: An Administrative History. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1985.

Parrish, William E. A History of Missouri: Volume III 1860-1875. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973.

A state history of Missouri having more detail and dimensions than McReynolds' single volume.

Pennington, Eunice. History of Carter County. Privately printed, 1959. An undocumented local history.

________. History of the Ozarks. Point Lookout: School of the Ozarks Press, 1971.

Perry, Milton F. "Big Spring Historic District." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Region, 1976.

The documentation in this nomination is somewhat thin. The dates of construction and the distinction between properties built with federal aid and properties built by the state are unclear.

Pitcaithley, Dwight T. Let The River Be: A History of the Ozark's Buffalo River, U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1987.

Another isolated Ozark river community with a history similar yet different from the Current River. The post Civil War development along the Buffalo did not include as large a scale of timber removal as occurred around the Missouri river and the soil and vegetation did not deteriorate as severely as on the Current. Based on Pitcaithley's interpretation the families along the Buffalo did not suffer the plight of many along the Current during the depression of the 1930s.

Price, Cynthia R. "Reported Historic Period Sites in Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1981/1982," Submitted to the U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, 1983.

The report lists the known historic sites by year and by topic (farms, stores, mills, schools, etc.). It gives the site name, reported date, reported location, reference note, and indicates if it has been field checked.

________. "An Investigation of Settlement Patterns and Subsistence on the Ozark Escarpment in Southeast Missouri During the First Half of the Nineteenth Century," Report submitted to the National Endowment for the Humanities. University of Missouri-Columbia, 1977.

The focus of this preliminary report is the settlement pattern along the Nachitoches trace or old military road that crossed the Current River near Doniphan.

________. "Archaeological Investigations at Old Eminence: An Isolated Political Center in Shannon County, Missouri." Missouri Archeological Society Quarterly 1 (April-June 1984): 8-11, 16-18.

A study that links the isolated political center at Eminence with a broader open community concept.

Price, James E., Cynthia R. Price, Roger Saucier, Paul Delcourt, Hazel Delcourt, and Newman Smith. Archaeological Investigations in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1982-1983. Conducted for the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Midwest Archeological Center, By the Center for Archaeological Research, Southwest Missouri State University, 1984.

This report, along with the companion study published in 1987, provides an analysis of several site excavations and a summary analysis of testing at about a dozen other sites. The two reports examine both prehistoric and historic sites. Both volumes contain an interesting geomorphological study of the riverways land forms.

Price, James E. Cynthia R. Price, Roger Saucier, and Timothy K. Pertula. Archeological Investigations in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1981-1982, Conducted for the National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, By the Center of Archaeological Research, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, 1983.

This study provides the most complete survey of historic sites in and around the Ozark National Scenic Riverways.

Price, James E., Cynthia R. Price, and Roger Saucier. Archaeological Investigation in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1984-1986. Conducted for the U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Midwest Archeological Center. By the Center for Archaeological Research, Southwest Missouri State University, 1987.

Rafferty, Milton D. The Ozarks Land and Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.

A basic introduction to the settlement and geography of the Ozark region.

Robbins, Roy M. Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776-1936. Reprint. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962.

One of the best histories of federal land policies.

Sauer, Carl Ortwin. The Geography of the Ozark Highland of Missouri. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1920.

A seminal study in the cultural geography of the Ozarks and a good starting point for any inquiry into the history or geography of the Ozark highland.

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri. 1819. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1972.

An early description of the region by a talented observer. Schoolcraft's narrative focuses on the mining district northeast of the Current basin but he did travel down to the Current and specifically comments on the saltpeter mine of William Ashley.

Shortridge, James R. "Expansion of the Settlement Frontier in Missouri." Missouri Historical Review LXXV (October 1980): 64-90.

He uses the establishment of post offices to track the growth of Missouri's frontier line during the nineteenth century.

Snyder, David. "Community of Cedar Grove." National Park Service. Ozark National Scenic Riverways. Van Buren, Missouri, n.d. Typescript.

Southern, William Jr. "The Beauty of Current River." In "Missouri History not Found in Textbooks." Missouri Historical Review 31 (April 1937): 361-362.

The reproduction of a newspaper article that applauded the failure of private power companies to dam the Current, but noted that the rational for terminating the plans should have been to preserve the natural beauty of the river.

Steiner, Jesse Frederick. Americans at Play: Recent Trends in Recreation and Leisure Time Activities. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1933.

A sociologist's description of rising modern leisure pursuits.

Still, Bayrd. Urban America: A History With Documents. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974.

A good basic reference on different aspects of urban growth in the United States.

Usner, Jr., Daniel H. "An American Indian Gateway: Some Thoughts on the Migration and Settlement of Eastern Indians around Early St. Louis." Gateway Heritage. 11 (Winter 1990-91): 42-51.

An excellent introduction to the early migration of Eastern Indian nations such as the Shawnee, Delaware, and Cherokee into eastern Missouri. It emphasizes that the Indian groups were more than just pawns of Spanish and American territorial expansion and that they, especially the Shawnee and Delaware, also followed their own goals and aspirations in moving to the new territory.

Vickery, Margaret Ray. Ozark Stories of the Upper Current River. Salem, Mo.: The Salem News, nd.

A series of brief stories about popular persons, events and sites along the Current. Good photographs included.

Vineyard, J. D. and G. L. Feder. Springs of Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources. Water Resources Report 29, 1974.

Wood, Martha May. "Early Roads in Missouri." Master's thesis, University of Missouri, 1936.

A history of the location and use of the major Indian trails and roads of Missouri before 1840. Contains several useful maps.

Newspapers and Magazines

The Current Local, July, September, October 1888; August, September, October 1907; July 1915; July 1926.

The Columbia Missourian, July 1926; November 1927.

The Daily Tribune (Jefferson City), August 1893; January 1894.

Jefferson City Tribune, May 1888; January 1894.

Missouri, March 1931; June 1932; May 1935.

Missouri Argus (St. Louis), May 1840.

Arcadian Magazine, February, June 1931.

Public Documents

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical View of the United States being a Compendium of the Seventh Census. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1854.

________. Bureau of the Census. Agriculture of the United States in 1860: The Eighth Census. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1864.

________. Bureau of the Census. Population of the United States in 1860. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1864.

________. Bureau of the Census. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, Population. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872.

________. Bureau of the Census. Compendium of the Tenth Census, 1880. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883.

_________. Bureau of the Census. Report of the Statistics of Agriculture in the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895.

________. Bureau of the Census. Agriculture Part I. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902.

________. Bureau of the Census. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Population. Part I. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901.

________. Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, Population Vol. III, Part I, Alabama-Missouri. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1932.

________. Bureau of the Census. Sixteenth Census of the United States, Population Vol. II, Part 4. Minnesota-New Mexico. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943.

________. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Historical Architecture Division. "List of Classified Structures." Washington, D.C., June 1988.

An evaluated inventory of all historic and prehistoric structures having archeological, historical, and/or architectural/engineering significance in which the National Park Service has or plans to acquire any legal interest.

________. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. National Register of Historic Places. "Big Spring Historic District." by Milton F. Perry. Midwest Region, 1976.

A rather slim documentation of the structures at the Big Spring section of the park.

Iowa. State Historic Preservation Office. National Register of Historic Places. Multiple Property Documentation Form. "Civilian Conservation Corps Properties in Iowa State Parks: 1933-1942." Draft. Des Moines, Iowa, 1989.

This provides a concise general background of CCC activities in state parks.

Missouri. Conservation Commission. Organizational, Policies and Transactions of the Commission 1937-1939. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1939.

Explains the purpose and responsibilities of the newly formed Conservation Commission.

________. Game and Fish Commission. Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1925. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1925.

This series of annual reports of the Game and Fish Commission provide some basic information on the development activities of the different state parks.

________. Game and Fish Commission. Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1926. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1926.

________. Game and Fish Commission. Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1927. Jefferson City, Missouri. 1927.

________. Game and Fish Commission. Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1928. Jefferson City, Missouri. 1928.

________. Game and Fish Commission. Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1929, Jefferson City, Missouri. 1929.

________. Game and Fish Commission. Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1930. Jefferson City, Missouri. 1930.

________. Game and Fish Commission. Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1933. Jefferson City, Missouri. 1933.

________. Game and Fish Commission. Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1936. Jefferson City, Missouri. 1936.

________. Highway Board. Report of the State Highway Board of Missouri for the Period Ending December 1, 1920. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1920.

These annual reports provide tables on the progress of road construction and on the number of automobiles registered in the counties of Missouri.

________. Highway Commission. Third Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of Missouri for the Period Ending December 1, 1922. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1922.

________. Highway Commission. Fourth Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of Missouri for the Period Ending December l, 1924. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1924.

________. Highway Commission. Seventh Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of Missouri for the Period Ending December 1, 1930. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1930.

________. Highway Commission. Eighth Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of Missouri for the Period Ending December 1, 1932. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1932.

________. Highway Commission. Tenth Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of Missouri for the Period Ending December 1, 1936. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1936.

________. Highway Commission. Twelfth Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of Missouri for the Period Ending December 31, 1940. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1940.

________. Highway Commission. Thirteenth Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of Missouri for the Period Ending December 31, 1942. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1942.

_________. Highway Commission. Seventeenth Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of Missouri for the Period July 1, 1948 to June 30, 1950. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1950.

This issue of the annual reports provides a useful short history of major developments in the state's highway program.

________. Park Board. Biennial Report 1941-1942 of the State Park Board. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1942.

This is the first report of the newly established State Park Board.

________. Superintendent of Common Schools. Report of the Superintendent of Common Schools of the State of Missouri for the Year 1857. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1858.

The school reports provide general statistics on education in Missouri and its counties.

________. Superintendent of Common Schools. Fifth Annual Report of the Superintendent of Common Schools of the State of Missouri for the Year 1870. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1871.

________. Superintendent of Common Schools. Thirty-Second Report of the Public Schools of the State of Missouri for the year ending April 4, 1881. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1883.

________. Superintendent of Common Schools. Fifty-Second Report of the Public Schools of the State of Missouri for the year ending June. 30, 1901. Jefferson City, Missouri, 1902.

Interviews

Flanders, Robert. Interview with author. Springfield, Missouri, 12 April 1988.

Kell, Mae and Vernon Nichols. Interviewed by Stephen Knight and Jill York O'Bright, Houston, Missouri, 12 June 1986.

Nichols, Vernon and Clinton Nichols. Interviewed by Stephen Knight. Jadwin, Missouri, 12 June 1986.

Price, James E. and Cynthia R. Price. Interview with author. Naylor, Missouri, 5 January 1989.

Manuscript Collections

Alley Spring File #10. Parks and Recreation Library. Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri.

This and the Alley Spring and Big Spring files cited below contain correspondence on the early establishment of these state parks.

Alley Spring File #11. Parks and Recreation Library. Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri.

Big Spring File #12. Parks and Recreation Library. Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri.

Big Spring File #13. Parks and Recreation Library. Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri.

Cannon, W. W. Diary. Western History Manuscript Collection. State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

A rare diary account of the daily actions of an Ozark farmer-woodsmen.

Confidential Supplement to the Missouri Summary Park Report—January 1939 State Park Act. Park and Recreation Library. Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri.

Deatherage, Alfred. Account Envelopes, 1856-1857. Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Missouri.

One of the few pre-Civil War archival documents surviving from the Current River. The account book identifies items sold and their price. It also identifies trade goods used in the local barter economy.

Flanner, Henry Beeson. Diary, 1856. Western History Manuscript Collection. State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. University of Missouri—Rolla, Rolla, Missouri.

French, William. Papers, 1877-1934. Western History Manuscript Collection. State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. University of Missouri—Rolla, Rolla, Missouri.

The best available primary document of life in early twentieth century Shannon County.

Green, F. B. Collection. Western History Manuscript Collection. State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

Includes some day book accounts of the store on Pike Creek in Carter County during the nineteenth century.

Legislative History Correspondence File 1957-1960. Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Van Buren, Missouri.

A valuable source on the founding of the Riverways.

Oral History Excerpts. Center for Ozark Studies. Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri.

A very helpful collection of interviews, mostly of Shannon County residents, conducted in the late 1970s. The excerpts are organized by subject.

Oral History Files. Ozark National Scenic Riverway. Big Spring Office, Van Buren, Missouri.

Shannon County Hunting and Fishing Club. Tract File #30-103 (old #1505). Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Van Buren, Missouri.

The tract file includes original incorporation documents of the club.

War and Civil War Collection. Weydemeyer Letter Book, July 14-October 6, 1862. Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Missouri.

A good source on the violence and conditions in the Ozarks during the Civil War.

Wobus, Paul A. Papers. Western History Manuscript Collection. State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. University of Missouri—Rolla, Rolla, Missouri.

A voluminous collection with a little useful information on the social history of Shannon County for the patient researcher.