OZARK Historic Resource Study

¹John Solomon Otto, "Migration of the Southern Plain Folk: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis," Journal of Southern History LI (May 1985): 188.

²Edwin C. McReynolds, Missouri: A History of the Crossroads State (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), 51, 163.

³Carl O. Sauer, The Geography of the Ozark Highlands of Missouri (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1920), 74, 83-87; and McReynolds, Missouri, 16-17.

⁴Sauer, Geography of the Ozark Highlands, 92-93, 103-106; and James R. Shortridge, "Expansion of the Settlement Frontier in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, LXXV (October 1980): 74.

⁵Sauer, Geography of the Ozark Highlands, 109-112; and Shortridge, "Settlement Frontier," 70-73; and Frederick Merk, History of the Westward Movement (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 138.

⁶Sauer, Geography of the Ozark Highlands, 138-143.

⁷Shortridge, "Settlement Frontier," 74-75.

⁸Robert Flanders, "Caledonia," Gateway Heritage, 6 (Spring 1986): 35-38.

⁹Cynthia R. Price, "An Investigation of Settlement Patterns and Subsistence on the Ozark Escarpment in Southeast Missouri During the First Half of the Nineteenth Century," Report submitted to the National Endowment for the Humanities, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1977, 6-8; and Shortridge, "Settlement Frontier," 74-75.

¹⁰James Lee Murphy, "A History of the Southeastern Ozark Region of Missouri," (Ph.D. diss., Saint Louis University, 1982), 47, 53, 60-65.

¹¹Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 12-27.

¹²Sauer, Geography of the Ozark Highlands, 165-172.

¹³Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri, (New York: Arno Press reprint of 1819 edition, 1972), 236.

¹⁴Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 62-63; James E. Price, et al., Archaeological Investigations in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1982-1983, conducted for the National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, U. S. Department of the Interior, 1984; and Cynthia R. Price, "Reported Historic Period Sites in Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1981/1982," Submitted to: The National Park Service, Midwest Archaeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983.

¹⁵Schoolcraft, Lead Mines of Missouri, 171, 204-208; William G. Breckenridge, "Early Gun Powder Making in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, 20 (1925): 88; and Merk, History of the Westward Movement, 253. Ashley organized a fur trapping operation out of St. Louis and helped to introduce the brigade system that transformed the nature of the fur trade. The new method involved sending a party of Americans into the wilderness to trap for a season and then meeting at a pre-defined site to sell the pelts to company agents. This replaced the Indian fur trade that had fostered some mutual intercultural dependency between Amerindians and Euro-Americans. His fur company operations, however, focused on the Rocky Mountain and western plains.

¹⁶Murphy, "Southeast Ozark Region," 62-63; Cynthia Price, "Historic Period Sites"; and Harbert L. Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology of the Southern Courtois Hills, Missouri, 1820-1860," (Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 1973), 63.

¹⁷Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 62-63; Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 63; G. Oakley, The History of Carter County (J. G. Publications, 1970), 34; Leonard E. Brown, History Data Base Ozark National Scenic Riverways, (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969), 12.

¹⁸Additional discussion of the Chilton kinship relations on the Current River appear on page 51.

¹⁹Cynthia Price, "Historic Period Sites"; Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 60-63; and Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 63.

²⁰Ibid.

²¹Cynthia Price, "Historic Period Sites"; and Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 63.

²²Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 57-58.

²³See Chapter One for a discussion of the prehistoric occupation of these sites; also Roger Saucier, "Geomorphological Studies," in James Price, et al., Archaeological Investigations in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1984-1986, conducted for the National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, by the Center for Archaeological Research, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, 1987, 128; and Mark J. Lynott, Archeological Survey of Development Areas, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1981, 67-68.

²⁴Lynn Morrow, "Trader William Gillis and Delaware Migration In Southern Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, LXXV (January 1981): 150-153.

²⁵Robert Flanders, interview with author, Springfield, Missouri, 12 April 1988; Otto, "Migration of the Southern Plain Folk", 188; and Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 151.

²⁶James E. Price and Cynthia R. Price, interview with the author, Naylor, Missouri, January 5, 1989; and John Solomon Otto and Ben Wayne Banks, "The Banks Family of Yell County, Arkansas: A 'Plain Folk' Family of the Highland South," Arkansas Historical Society XLI (Spring 1982): 155.

²⁷G W. Featherstonhaugh, Excursion through the Slave States, (New York: Negro University Press, 1968 reprint of 1844 edition), 81, 85; and Sam B. Hilliard, "Pork in the Ante-Bellum South: The Geography of Self-Sufficiency," Annals of the American Association of American Geographers, 59 (September 1969): 461-480. The preceding quotation is taken from Featherstonhaugh.

²⁸Otto, "Migration of Southern Plain Folk," 194-195.

²⁹Lewis E. Atherton, "Missouri's Society and Economy in 1821," Missouri Historical Review, LXV (July 1971):459-460; Otto and Banks, "The Banks Family," 159; and Featherstonhaugh, Excursion through the Slave States, 93.

³⁰Interview with James and Cynthia Price, January 5, 1989.

³¹Ibid.

³²U. S. Census of 1850, Department of the Interior, Statistical View of the United States: A Compendium of the Seventh Census, Washington, 1854, 266, 274; Price, et al. Archeological Investigations, 1982-1984, 89; and Eunice Pennington, History of the Ozarks (Point Lookout, Mo.: School of the Ozarks Press, 1971), 51.

³³Interview with James and Cynthia Price, January 5, i989.

³⁴Ibid.; and Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 143.

³⁵Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 28-29.

³⁶Ibid., 30.

³⁷Price, Settlement Patterns and Subsistence, 32. The Harris farmsite was located on the lower Current River outside of the present boundaries of the Ozark National Scenic Riverway. The descendants of "widow" Harris, living along the river in 1977, included the Stilwells, Robbs, McClearys, and the Cates; while those of the Kelley family included the Merrells, Colleys, and Jordans. See also Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 25-27.

³⁸Featherstonhaugh, Excursion through the Slave States, 73-74; Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 162; and K. Lewis, 228.

³⁹Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 159-161.

⁴⁰Shortridge, "Settlement Frontier," 78; and Murphy, "Southeast Ozark Region," 46-50.

⁴¹Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 74.

⁴²Pricilla Ann Evans, "Merchant Gristmills and Communities, 1820-1880: An Economic Relationship," Missouri Historical Review, LXVIII (April 1974): 319-320; and Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 74.

⁴³Cathie Masters, "Phillips Bay Mill," National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1987, 8-1. The archeological survey and much of the research for this study were performed by James E. and Cynthia R. Price. The Kelley and Dearing Mill was identified as the Charles L. Kelley Mill in the 1860 Census. James E. Price, et al., Archeological Investigations in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1981-1982, conducted for the National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, by the Center of Archaeological Research, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, 1983, 65-66.

⁴⁴John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 143-144; and Cynthia R. Price, "Old Eminence," Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly, I (April-June 1984): 8.

⁴⁵Faragher, Sugar Creek, 112.

⁴⁶Clendenen, "Settlement Morphology," 142.

⁴⁷Ibid.

⁴⁸Cynthia R. Price, "Archaeological Investigations at Old Eminence: An Isolated Political Center in Shannon County, Missouri," Missouri Archeological Society Quarterly 1 (April-June 1984): 8-9.

⁴⁹Interview with James and Cynthia Price. The Prices noted that near the site of the Deatherage store there is a "beautiful old Victorian, Ozark vernacular Victorian house...It's an Ozark carpenter's interpretation of a Victorian." They believe the family in the house is named Harrison and they have some form of life lease with the Park Service on the property.

⁵⁰Interview with Robert Flanders.