OZARK Historic Resource Study

¹Bayrd Still, Urban America: A History With Documents (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), 210-211.

²Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 160-162.

³Herbert Gutman, "Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America, 1815-1919," in Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History (New York: Vintage Books, 1977); and Jesse Frederick Steiner, Americans at Play: Recent Trends in Recreation and Leisure Time Activities (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1933), 8-10. As a sociological study, Steiner's work is more helpful in its analysis of early twentieth century trends than in its cursory discussion of historical recreation patterns.

⁴Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 160-162.

⁵Highway Commission of Missouri, Tenth Biennial Report for the Period Ending December First 1936, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1936, 74-76. Hereafter cited as Highway Commission of Missouri, Tenth Biennial Report, 1936 and subsequent biennial reports will be identified with series number and the year of the ending period; and Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States, Population Vol. III, Part 1, Alabama-Missouri (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1932), 1340-1346. For the county and city tabulations, 1920 population figures were used.

⁶Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 166-167.

⁷See Carl O. Sauer, The Geography of the Ozark Highlands of Missouri (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1920).

⁸Missouri Highway Commission, Third Biennial Report, 1922, 9-10; Missouri Highway Commission, Seventeenth Biennial Report, 1950, 9-10; and Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 167.

⁹Missouri State Highway Board, Report of the State Highway Board for the Period Ending December 1, 1920, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1920, 61-62, 136 and see table State Aid Projects; and The Current Local, 15 July 1926.

¹⁰Missouri Highway Commission, Seventeenth Biennial Report, 1950, 10-11; and Missouri Highway Commission, Fourth Biennial Report, 1924, 8.

¹¹Missouri State Highway Commission, Fourth Biennial Report, 1924, 141, 170; and The Current Local, 15 July 1926.

¹²Paul A. Wobus Papers, Section X, Folder 1, November 1926, Western History Manuscript Collection, Rolla, Missouri, hereafter cited as Wobus Papers, WHMC; and Arthur P. Moser, "A Directory of Towns, Villages, and Hamlets Past and Present of Shannon County, Missouri," Current River Regional Library, Van Buren, Missouri, 14.

¹³Walter Carr, Interview, July 18, 1978, Big Spring Office, Ozark National Scenic Riverway; and Milton D. Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), 110.

¹⁴Missouri Highway Commission, Seventh Biennial Report, 1930, 427; Missouri Highway Commission, Eighth Biennial Report, 1932, 85; Missouri Highway Commission, Tenth Biennial Report, 1936, 122; Missouri Highway Commission, Twelfth Biennial Report, 1940, 87; Missouri Highway Commission, Seventeenth Biennial Report, 1950, 12; and Missouri Highway Commission, Thirteenth Biennial Report, 1942, 23.

¹⁵Missouri Highway Commission, Twelfth Biennial Report, 1940, 40-55; and Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States, Population Vol. II, Part 4, Minnesota-New Mexico (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1943), 311, Table 21.

¹⁶Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, third edition, 1982), 105-107; and Iowa Historic Preservation Office, "Civilian Conservation Corps Properties in Iowa State Parks: 1933-1942," National Register of Historic Places, Multiple Property Documentation Form, Des Moines, Iowa, draft ms, 1989, 5.

¹⁷Steiner, Americans at Play, 34-35. National Park Service Director Stephan Mather and his assistant Horace Albright were instrumental in promoting the development of state parks.

¹⁸State of Missouri, Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1925, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1925, 47-55. The state soon created a fourth Current River park, Montauk Springs State Park, at the headwaters of the river in Dent County.

¹⁹S. A. Cunningham to Arthur M. Hyde, 23 April 1923, Alley Spring File #10, PRL; Dr. H. Kirkendall to Arthur M. Hyde, 23 August 1924, Alley Spring File #11, PRL; and Flanders, Alley, An Ozark Mill Hamlet, 75.

²⁰Flanders, Alley, An Ozark Mill Hamlet, 74-75; and Game and Fish Commissioner, 1925, 55.

²¹Flanders, Alley, An Ozark Mill Hamlet, 75-79.

²²Dr. H. Kirkendall to Arthur M. Hyde, 23 August 1924, Alley Spring File #11, PRL; Ralph E. Carr to Arthur M. Hyde, 28 July 1924, Alley Spring File #10, PRL; and Flanders, Alley, An Ozark Mill Hamlet, 76-78.

²³Ralph E. Carr to Arthur M. Hyde, 17 December 1922, Conrad Hug to Arthur M. Hyde, 17 April 1923, Arthur M. Hyde to Conrad Hug, 19 April 1923, Alley Spring File # 10, PRL.

²⁴Ralph E. Carr to Arthur M. Hyde, 28 July 1924, Hyde to Carr, 31 July 1924, Alley Spring File #10, PRL; Flanders, Alley, An Ozark Mill Hamlet, 77-80; and Game and Fish Commissioner, 1925, 54-55.

²⁵Fred E. McGhee to F. H. Wielandy, 29 May 1924; McGee to F. H. Wielandy, 23 July 1924; Gary H. Yount to Arthur M. Hyde, Governor of Missouri, 16 June 1924, Big Spring File #12, Parks and Recreation Library, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri; hereafter cited as PRL; and Charles J. Gunn to F. H. Wielandy, 27 May 1924, PRL.

²⁶Charles J. Gunn to F. H. Wielandy, 27 May 1924, Big Spring File #13, PRL; Fred E. McGhee to F. H. Wielandy, 30 June 1924; F. H. Wielandy to Fred E. McGhee, 16 August 1924; T. W. Cotton to F. H. Wielandy, 15 August 1924, Big Spring File #12, PRL. The 5,000 acres associated with James McGhee might or might not be the same 5,000 referred to by Dr. Cotton.

²⁷Game and Fish Commissioner, 1925, 53.

²⁸James Lee Murphy, "A History of the Southern Ozark Region of Missouri," (Ph.D. diss., Saint Louis University, 1982), 254-257.

²⁹Flanders, Alley, An Ozark Mill Hamlet, 73-74.

³⁰The Current Local, 10 July 1926.

³¹The Current Local, 10 July 1926, 15 July 1926, 22 July 1926; and The Columbia Missourian, 12 July 1926.

³²The Daily Tribune (Jefferson City), 23 August 1893; Gene Oakley, The History of Carter County (Van Buren: J. G. Publications, 1970), 45-47. A group of twenty local investors, at the peak of the yellow pine lumber era and several years after the completion of the railroad depot across the river at Chicopee, formed a company and financed the construction of a bridge during 1893-1894. The businessmen charged a five-cent toll for people and fifteen cents for a team and wagon to cover the $3,500 to $4,500 cost of bridge. The structure was a suspension type with cables fastened to logs buried into the banks of the river. In 1904, one of the worst floods ever recorded raised the Current thirty feet in twenty-four hours and washed the bridge away. Five years later, subscriptions totaling $9,000 were sold to finance a new structural steel bridge.

³³State of Missouri, Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1926, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1926, 54-57; and State of Missouri, Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1927, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1927, 52-57.

³⁴State Game and Fish Commissioner, 1926, 54-57; State Game and Fish Commissioner, 1927, 52-57; and Walter Carr, 28 July 1978. Interview, Oral History Files, Ozark National Scenic Riverway, Big Spring Office, Van Buren, Missouri.

³⁵State of Missouri, Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1928, Jeff City, Missouri, 1928, 45-46.

³⁶State of Missouri, Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1929, Jeff City, Missouri, 1929, 6; and State of Missouri, Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1930, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1930, 14-15. Around 1925, the Carr family built a new store on the old country road in Spring Valley. The store was moved near Highway 19 sometime in the early 1930s. The National Park Service moved it up a hill a block or two from its previous site. This probably was not the store referred to by the state as being rebuilt in 1930.

³⁷State of Missouri, Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1933, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1933, 30-32; Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 278. The official name of the Civilian Conservation Corps, at its founding in 1933, was the Emergency Conservation Work. Its popular name, the Civilian Conservation Corps, was commonly used since 1933 and was adopted as the official name in 1937. The 1933 annual report of Missouri's Game and Fish Commissioner used the Civilian Conservation Corps title. This name is also used throughout the present study.

³⁸State of Missouri, Annual Report of the State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1936, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1936, 45-46; and Milton F. Perry, "Big Spring Historic District," National Register of Historic Places Nomination, Midwest Region, National Park Service, 1976.

³⁹National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933-1942: An Administrative History by John C. Paige (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1985), 42-44, 103-107.

⁴⁰State of Missouri, State Game and Fish Commissioner, 1933, 33; The Columbia Missourian, 1 November 1927; and Flanders, Alley, An Ozark Mill Hamlet, 72-73.

⁴¹Conservation Commission of Missouri, Organizational Policies and Transactions of the Commission 1937-1939 Jefferson City, Missouri, 3, 63-67; and "Confidential Supplement to the Missouri Summary Park Report— January 1939 State Park Act," Park and Recreation Library, Jefferson City, Missouri, 4; State Park Board, Missouri, Biennial Report 1941-1942, Jefferson City, Missouri, 1942., 1; and State Game and Fish Commissioner for the Year Ending December 31, 1936, 5-7.

⁴²Morrow, "Rose Cliff Hotel," 40; Margaret Ray Vickery, Ozark Stories of the Upper Current River (Salem, Mo.: The Salem News, nd.), 29; Cynthia R. Price, Reported Historic Period Sites in Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 1981-1982, submitted to the National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1982.

⁴³See Morrow, "Rose Cliff Hotel," 39, 45 for quotation; and Hall, Stars Upstream, 116-117.

⁴⁴Hall, Stars Upstream, 115-118.

⁴⁵Hall, Stars Upstream, 144-155; Larry Dablemont, "The History of Float Fishing," Part III, Fishing and Hunting Journal, June, 1986, 64.

⁴⁶Ibid.

⁴⁷John D. Hoskins, "Smilin' Willie the River Man," Missouri Conservationist, June, 1987, 10-15.

⁴⁸Morrow, "Rose Cliff Hotel," 41.

⁴⁹Missouri, March, 1931, 30; June, 1932, 21; May, 1935, 7; Arcadian Magazine, June, 1931; February, 1931. The quoted ad came from a 1931 issue located in archives of the Ozark National Scenic Riverway, Big Spring Office, Van Buren, Missouri. The month on this edition was not available.

⁵⁰Wobus Papers, Section X, Folder 2, 29 April 1929, Folder 4, 8 October 1930, 26 December 1930, 17 February 1931, 14 March 1931, 14-15 April 1931, WHMC.

⁵¹Ibid.

⁵²Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 270-271; Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life, 186-187; and Dwight T. Pitcaithley, Let The River Be: A History of the Ozark's Buffalo River, National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1987), 102-103.

⁵³Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 272-273.

⁵⁴Ibid, 272-279.

⁵⁵Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 274-279; and Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life, 186-187, 290. The approximately 3 million acre figure for the Mark Twain National Forest refers to the lands within the forest boundary. An estimated 1.5 million acres of this is owned by the U.S. Forest Service. Telephone conversation with the U.S. Forest Service-Rolla, September 4, 1991.

⁵⁶Ibid.

⁵⁷Flanders, Alley, An Ozark Mill Hamlet, 51; William Southern, Jr., "The Beauty of Current River," in "Missouri History not Found in Textbooks," Missouri Historical Review, 31 (April 1937): 361-362; Lynn Morrow, "Rose Cliff Hotel: a Missouri Forum For Environmental Policy," Gateway Heritage 3 (Fall, 1982): 45; and Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 291.

⁵⁸Ozark Border Electric Cooperative, News Letter, "Owned By Those It Serves," May 1987, in Current River Regional Library, Van Buren, Missouri.

⁵⁹E. Price, Interview, 5 January 1989, Naylor, Missouri.

⁶⁰Morrow, "Rose Cliff Hotel," 39-44.

⁶¹Ibid., 42-47; and Hall, Stars Upstream, 196-197.

⁶²Morrow, "Rose Cliff Hotel," 45-46.

⁶³Ibid.

⁶⁴Hall, Stars Upstream, 246.

⁶⁵Morrow, "Rose Cliff Hotel," 46-47. The Rose Cliff Hotel was destroyed by fire in the 1980s after an effort was planned to restore the hotel.

⁶⁶Hall, Stars Upstream, 246-247; and Richard A. Conover, "Legislative History of Ozark National Scenic Riverway," unpublished paper, n.d., 8-9, in Ozark National Scenic Riverways Archives, Headquarters, Van Buren, Missouri.

⁶⁷Conover, "Legislative History," 7-8, 19-25; "Proposed Ozark River National Monument," Columbia League of Women Voters, 13 December 1960, in Ozark National Scenic Riverways Archives, Legislative History, Correspondence File 1957-1960, Headquarters, Van Buren, Missouri, hereafter cited as OZAR, LH, Correspondence 1957-1960; Leonard Hall to Conrad Wirth, 23 June 1960, OZAR, LH, Correspondence July-Dec. 1960; and Leo A. Drey to James T. Blair, Jr., 10 December 1958, OZAR, LH, Correspondence 1958. Dick Shaw of Winona was the president of the Current-Eleven Point Rivers Association and G. L. Davis of Birch Tree was the president of the Ozark National Rivers Association.

⁶⁸Conover, "Legislative History," 10-12.

⁶⁹Ibid., 12; and George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling For The National Parks, (Mt. Kisco, New York: Moyer Bell Limited, 1988), 65; and Pitcaithley, Let The River Be, 98-103.

⁷⁰Conover, "Legislative History," 12-14, 26.

⁷¹Conrad H. Hammar, "Institutional Aspects of Ozark Decline," Journal of Forestry 33 (October 1935): 843-850.

⁷²Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 260-261.

⁷³Walter Carr, Interview, 28 July 1978, OZAR.

⁷⁴Murphy, "Southeastern Ozark Region," 281-284.

⁷⁵Ibid., 277-278.

⁷⁶Rafferty, The Ozarks Land and Life, 187-188; and Interview with Robert Flanders.