Arthur E. Demaray in the 1930's. From a historical viewpoint one of the most influential, tireless, behind-the-scenes National Park Service employees.

As the Service grew, by 1925 the importance of public relations and administration as we think of them in 1985, was reflected in the establishment of a function of Operations and Public Relations (as one reflects, Mather was considered by many to be a great salesman and many of his actions reflected this skill) headed by an Assistant in Operations and Public Relations (see chart #3). One should note that Administration, as it is known today, was titled Operations and it was not until 1951 that it was to become specifically titled an administrative function. Arthur E. Demaray, after starting as a draftsman in 1917, was to become an Assistant Director, Associate Director, and Director in the course of a 34-year career with the National Park Service. What began as an investigative unit in 1925 and subsequently became Auditors of Park Operators (concessions) Accounts was what appears to be the genesis of the current Concessions Division. The early functional statement read: "Examine and audit the books of the public utilities which operate in the National Parks and Monuments under franchises; obtain by independent investigation full details concerning operations and financial consideration of public operators; recommend changes in rates or services." Comparing this to this current functional statement there is little change except in language usage.

George A. Moskey, the first National Park Service lawyer, 1927 to 1944.

C. L. Gable was in effect "Mr. Concessions" from 1925 to 1946. An education (natural history) unit or the beginnings of the Service interpretive program was also established in a California office on the University of California's Berkeley campus. By 1927 the Service had established its own legal function (see chart #5) that was to continue until the mid-1950's when all legal functions were consolidated in the Department of the Interior's Office of the Solicitor. In this 28-year period the Service was to have only two legal officers, George A. Moskey for 17 years and Jackson E. Price for 11 years. An interesting point is that for many years, well into the 1950's, the lawyers actually did all contractual work for the Service. Today, procurement is an accepted part of the Administrative function.

Jackson Price went on to become an Assistant Director and a Regional Director before retiring in the late 1960's. This can be construed as family if one is so disposed, as functions moved out of the Service or were dropped anyone who wanted to stay with the Service did so. In 1928 the title of the Director's alter-ego position was changed from Assistant Director to Associate Director; the title did not change again until 1967 when it became Deputy Director. Arno B. Cammerer held this position from 1919 until he became Director in 1933. He then went on in 1940 to become Regional Director, Region I, Richmond, Virginia (now Southeast Region, Atlanta, Georgia). In 1928, there was organizational recognition that forestry was important when Education and Forestry became a combined organizational entity. When Education and Forestry were combined the functional statement read: "Supervises museum construction and installation of exhibits; forestry projects and fire prevention; carries on survey of wildlife." This unit, if tracked through the organization, (see chart #39) was the beginning of the resource management, museum and exhibit productions, and ranger activities functions as they exist today in the Division of Visitor Services, Harpers Ferry Center, the Division of Biological Resources and the National Park Service portion of the Boise Interagency Fire Center.

Jackson E. Price, the second and last lawyer on the Headquarters staff, was also an Assistant Director and Regional Director before he retired.

By 1930 (see chart #7), the Headquarters office had five well defined functional activities, four of which were then or would come under Assistant Directors: Operations (administrative functions), Legal, Research and Education, and Land Planning. A Chief Clerk handled the "housekeeping" function until 1931 when it was placed under Operations. A history function (see chart #8) appears for the first time under the Branch of Research and Education. By 1931 the administration of Southwestern National Monuments was a firmly entrenched management function. This may well have been the recognition, as the Service grew, that Washington could not directly administer every National Park Service area (see chart #8).

Mather and Albright, although differing personalities, were of like mind when it came to the national parks and the National Park Service. Both were expansionists and believed in use of the parks by people, which can be read into the organizational structure--everything for the parks and a small Headquarters office. Road building, museum construction, and interpretive exhibits for the visitor show up functionally. Cammerer, a career employee, was also expansionist, but was also a product of his times. He benefited from the Roosevelt Administration's decision to use the parks in the execution of its social and economic programs. His organizations reflect this growth and his long association with the bureaucracy. Functions were structured, management was orderly, and growth came to the Headquarters office; decentralization occurred throughout Cammerer's directorship.

Director Albright's staff in the early 1930's. Front row L to R: Arno B. Cammerer, Associate Director; Director Albright; Arthur E. Demaray, Assistant Director, Operations; Isabelle Story, Editor; Back Row L to R: Conrad L. Wirth, Assistant Director, Lands; R. M. Holmes, Chief. Clerk; Harold C. Bryant, Assistant Director, Research & Education; George A. Moskey, Assistant Director, Use, Law & Regulation.

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