1. McCarthy, Diary, July 13, 1877. The Nez Perces crossed the river adjacent to the geologic and cultural feature Heart of the Monster, which figures prominently in Nee-Me-Poo origin folklore and history and is an interpretive unit of Nez Perce National Historical Park. In 1877, a wire ferry that forded passengers across the river had been disabled prior to Howard's arrival. Lillian Pethtel, communication with author, Kamiah, Idaho, February 28, 1995.

2. McCarthy, Diary, July 13, 1877; Trimble's testimony in "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry"; and McCarthy, "Journal," 16. The order of the troops as they descended the bluffs to Kamiah was as follows: "Captain Jackson's Co. in advanced [sic], Miles' command, gatling [sic] guns, howitzers, then Miller's artillery command, Cavalry, pack train, Trimble as rear guard." C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," July 13, 1877.

3. Whipple's testimony in "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry."

4. "Summary of Reports . . . Non-Effectiveness," 2.

5. Brimlow, "Nez Perce War Diary," 30.

6. Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 15.

7. Trimble's testimony in "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry." Trimble also wrote that the cavalry approached the river "rather incautiously and receiving several volleys retired in some haste, if not confusion." Trimble, "Battle of the Clearwater," 149. Oddly, although many senior officers considered sabres outmoded for cavalry combat by 1877, Howard endorsed their use: "The effect of a charge in a body was seen when our Cavalry came down the steep hills upon the retreating Indians at Kamiah. Sabres would have added to the terror-inspiring movement." "Summary of Reports . . . Non-Effectiveness," 3.

8. One man was apparently wounded superficially and thus not formally reported in the medical log (a common procedure in Indian combat), although the casualty is mentioned in the official reports. See, for example, Howard to Adjutant General, Division of the Pacific, July 15, 1877, items 6718 and 6724, roll 338, Nez Perce War Papers. The severely wounded man was Corporal William Mulcahy, Company A, Fourth Artillery, who was evidently on duty with the cavalry and was shot in the head. McDowell, "Report," 133.

9. Brooks to sister, July 21, 1877, in Bennett, "History and Legend of . . . Brooks," 39.

10. Harry L. Bailey to C. W. Risley, July 26, 1877, folder 182, McWhorter Papers. McWhorter's sources indicated that no Nez Perces were injured in this brief action. McWhorter, Hear Me, 328 n. 7; McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 103. See also Yellow Bull account in Curtis, North American Indian, 8:166.

11. Howard's encampment was where the Kamiah airport is today. Probably his soldiers raised earthworks at appropriate points about the bivouac. See McWhorter, Hear Me, 330. For the events at Kamiah, see also Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 553.

12. Howard to McDowell, July 15, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands; Portland Daily Oregonian, July 19, 1877; and Army and Navy Journal, July 28, 1877.

13. Contained in entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. The intended recipient of this message is not known. Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 17, published one that was practically identical, stating that it was "Howard's answer to Joseph" regarding his proposed surrender. However, too many internal nuances suggest otherwise, and that the word "may" was intended in the conditional, rather than the permissive, sense. Perhaps it was an informal note for his adjutant at Portland or for General McDowell. Regardless, Major Mason, as in Howard's formal missive, was more definite, stating that "Joseph promises to come in tomorrow morning with all his people and surrender immediately." Mason to wife, July 15, 1877, quoted in Mark Brown, "Joseph Myth," 7. Yellow Wolf identified the Nez Perce messenger as Zya Timenna (No Heart). McWhorter, Hear Me, 329.

14. John Carpenter, "General Howard" 135. On the sixteenth, Lieutenant Farrow wrote a friend: "We are expecting Joseph to come and surrender to dayhe says he can't fight any more, and that he is whipped and wants to give up. We demand an unconditional surrender. If he surrenders Looking Glass and White Bird will claim our attention." Edward S. Farrow to James T. Gray, July 16, 1877, Gray, Correspondence.

15. The group, eventually imprisoned at Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory, included the following people: "Old" Chief Red Heart, Nenetsukusten (son of Red Heart), Tmenah Ilppilp (son of Red Heart), "Old Man" Halfmoon, Tsalahe, Nosm, John Reuben, Little Bear, Alex Hayes, Teponoth, Hahatsi Hekelantsa, "Old" Chief Jacob, Ayokkasie, Pile of Clouds, Walweyes, James Hines, Quul Quul Tami, Jim Powers, Pacuslawatakth, George Raymond, Kaiyewich, Tsacope, Hemakio Autway, Petolwetalooth, Hamolitshamolits, Petolackyoth, Wetahweenonmi, Talwenommi, Ilsoopop, and an unnamed son of Little Bear. List compiled by Black Eagle in May 1930, and provided to the author by Otis Halfmoon, Nez Perce National Historical Park, Spalding, Idaho, December 12, 1995. The events of July 15 are described in McCarthy, Diary, July 16, 1877; Trimble's testimony in "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry"; Howard, "Report," 606; McConville to Governor Mason Brayman, August, 1877, in "Nez Perce War Letters," 68; Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," October 3, 1878; Wilmot, "Battle of the Clearwater"; McDowell to Adjutant General, July 19, 1877, item 4110, roll 336, Nez Perce War Papers; Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 16; Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, August 4, 1877; Forse, "Chief Joseph as a Commander," 5-6; Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 554-55; and Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 275-76. There is a story, perhaps apocryphal, that the messenger kept Howard occupied while the Indians packed toward the Lolo trail. He then "fired a shot from his rifle in Howard's direction, slapped that portion of his anatomy which his leggins did not reach, and rode off." Eugene Wilson, "Nez Perce Campaign," 10-11. See also McWhorter, Hear Me, 329. Red Heart had apparently been in Looking Glass's village when it was attacked on July 1, but had decided against subsequently joining in the fighting against the soldiers. McWhorter, Hear Me, 332. See also McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 104-5, 310-12; and Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 239-40.

16. Captain Babbitt wrote that the Nez Perces "are said to be divided in opinion and quarreling among themselves. Small parties are constantly breaking away from the main band and surrendering." Quoted in Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, July 21, 1877.

17. McCarthy, Diary, July 16, 1877. See also Brimlow, "Nez Perce War Diary," 31. Because the ferry was out of commission, the troops crossed ten at a time in the single boat available. Redfield, "Reminiscences of Francis M. Redfield," 75. The order of crossing was infantry, artillery, and cavalry, with Jackson's company fording last. Howard to Perry, July 15, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

18. Eugene Wilson, "Nez Perce Campaign," 13.

19. Ibid., 14.

20. McConville to Governor Mason Brayman, August 1877, in "Nez Perce War Letters," 69.

21. During a halt soon after this incident, Lieutenant Parnell and others discovered sawdust on the ground. Parnell maintained that "many of the trees had been sawed off . . . leaving the trees still standing on their stumps." The object, theorized Parnell, was "to let us pass until our rearguard had advanced beyond that point, whereupon some fifty or sixty warriors . . . were to drop the trees across the trail and block our retreat while they would attack us." Parnell, "Salmon River Expedition," 134-35. McWhorter's Nez Perce informants denied using this improbable tactic, and McWhorter dismissed it as sensationalism. McWhorter, Hear Me, 341-42.

22. Eugene Wilson, "Nez Perce Campaign," 16-17; McCarthy, Diary, July 17, 1877; Trimble's testimony in "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry"; McCarthy, "Journal," 16-17; Brimlow, "Nez Perce War Diary," 31; Monteith to Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Q. Smith, July 31, 1877, item 6877, roll 337, Nez Perce War Papers; Howard, "Report," 606; McConville to Brayman, August, 1877, in "Nez Perce War Letters," 68-69; Portland Daily Standard, July 21, 1877; Portland Daily Standard, August 4, 1877; Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 18; Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," October 3, 1878; Trimble, "Battle of the Clearwater," 149-50; Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 558-59. Trimble, as well as other officers, believed that "the Cavalry retreated rather quickly" in this affair. "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry." Scout Abraham Brooks eventually died at Lapwai from his wounds. McWhorter, Hear Me, 338-39. See the accounts of Seekumses Kunnin (Horse Blanket) and Two Moon in McWhorter, Hear Me, 338, 340; and that of Yellow Wolf in McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 106. Yet another Nez Perce account of their confrontation with the army scoutsthis one containing much verbal reprimand directed against themis in MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 245-46. The volunteers' simmering dislike of the regulars is pervasive in nearly all documents generated by the volunteers in the Idaho portion of the conflict. For example, George Hunter described the Lolo reconnaissance as follows: "The Indian scouts, through their tactics, drew the attention of the hostiles, so as to let McConville and his men out of the snap, and seeing that the whole force of the regulars had taken to flight, he found it necessary to follow them rather than suffer his handful of men to be cut off." Portland Daily Oregonian, July 21, 1877.

23. McCarthy, Diary, July 15, 16, 17, 18, 1877.

24. Portland Daily Oregonian, July 17, 1877; Howard to George Shearer, July 18, 1877, Shearer Papers; and Memorandum Order, August 28, 1877, Headquarters, North Idaho Volunteers, ibid. For details of the subsequent work of the volunteers, see Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, August 11, 1877.

25. McCarthy, Diary, July 20, 1877.

26. McDowell to Adjutant General, July 19, 1877, item 4110, roll 336, Nez Perce War Papers; Howard, "Report," 607; McCarthy, Diary, July 20, 1877; McCarthy, "Journal," 26; MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 245; and Monteith to Smith, July 31, 1877, item 6877, roll 337, Nez Perce War Papers. Wrote Monteith in ibid.: "The treaty Indians have lost a great deal by the hostiles, and the troops have destroyed fences, crops, &c., belonging to the Kamiah Indians, which will leave many in want. Col. Watkins [Indian Inspector] will probably . . . recommend an appropriation to reimburse them. They should receive the same consideration as settlers who have lost by the hostiles." See also Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 560; and Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 278.

27. Croasdaile filed a claim for damage incurred not only by the Nez Perces but by the army. Wrote Major Canby in August 1877: "His house at Sheep Ranch ° mile from residence is occupied by Colonel John Green as Headquarters, & his barn, corral, & fields, occupied by troops and horses. . . . The Indians entered the [dwelling] house first and destroyed most of the furniture &c and were followed by the soldiers & volunteers, who completed the destruction." Canby, "Report of Indian depredations." Of significance were some explosive bullets taken from the homestead of Croasdaile, a retired British officer. Some of the cartridges saw later use by Nez Perce warriors at the battles of the Big Hole and Bear's Paw Mountains (see discussion in chapter 13).

28. Howard, "Report," 607-8; General Field Orders No. 3, Headquarters Department of the Columbia (in the field), July 23, 1877, entry 107, box 2, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands; "Department of the Columbia, Roster of Troops"; Army and Navy Journal, August 4, 1877; Portland Daily Oregonian, July 27, 1877; William M. Wright, "The Second Regiment of Infantry," in Rodenbough and Haskins, Army of the United States, 430.

29. Howard, "Report," 608; C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," July 28, 29, and 30, 1877; McDowell to Adjutant General, July 6, 1877, item 3792, roll 336, Nez Perce War Papers; Howard to Colonel Alfred Sully, July 24, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands; Jocelyn, Mostly Alkali, 239-41; Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 18-19; Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, July 21, 1877; Portland Daily Oregonian, July 27, 1877; FitzGerald, Army Doctor's Wife, 283, 284; R. P. Page Wainwright, "The First Regiment of Cavalry," in Rodenbough and Haskin, Army of the United States, 169; Alexander B. Dyer, "The Fourth Regiment of Artillery," in ibid., 374. For background on the Bannocks, see Madsen, Bannock of Idaho. The Coehorn was a small, bronze 24-pounder Model 1841 siege and garrison mortar mounted on a small wooden bed. It had a maximum range of 1,200 yards. The piece, including its bed, weighed about 296 pounds and was easily transportable. Ripley, Artillery and Ammunition, 58-59. This gun was not used in the Clearwater battle and presumably arrived with the fresh Fourth Artillery companies from San Francisco.

30. Lindgren, Geological Reconnaissance, 33, 34; Dingler and Breckenridge, "Glacial Reconnaissance," 645, 646; and Space, Lolo Trail, 1-4, 43-45 (much of this work is encompassed in Space's larger study, Space, Clearwater Story). McWhorter gave the name of the fur trapper as Joseph Lolo, or Lulu, killed by a bear in 1852. For details, see McWhorter, Hear Me, 343 n. 1.

31. The Weippe council and its aftermath is in McWhorter, Hear Me, 334-36, 340; McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 104-5; MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 245; Yellow Bull account in Curtis, North American Indian, 8:166; Yellow Bull, Account; Francis Haines, "Chief Joseph," 5-6; and Otis Halfmoon, communication with author, Nez Perce National Historical Park, Spalding, Idaho, December 12, 1995. See also Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 555-57; and Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 274-75.

32. The Nee-Me-Poo Albert Moore commented on the traditional use of the site: "We always camped below the Lolo Hot Springs. We camped coming through there on our way home to the Bitterroot. . . . We would make a tipi and stay two or three nights. When we moved on, we piled up these poles to have there when we returned." Thomas, "Pi.Lu'.Ye.Kin," 2.

33. MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 247.

34. Thian, Notes Illustrating the Military Geography, 24, 58.

35. Frazer, Forts of the West, 83.

36. Rawn to Acting Assistant Adjutant General, District of Montana, July 16, 1877, Fort Missoula Letterbook. Background on Rawn is in Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary, 1:817. Fortification of the Missoula post is discussed in Charles N. Loynes, "Battle of the 'Big Hole,'" Winners of the West, March 1925 (this account also appears in Winners of the West, April and May, 1924, under the title, "With the Seventh Infantry in Montana"). For the Flathead factor, see Fahey, Flathead Indians, 189-90.

37. Space, Lolo Trail, 46.

38. The news that reached the Bitterroot Valley about the appearance of the Nez Perces was augmented by the report of their presence at Lolo Hot Springs brought by two youths, William Silverthorn and Peter Matt, of Stevensville, who encountered the tribesmen while on a holiday at the springs. The Nez Perces detained them, but the two managed to escape and reached Stevensville to alert the residents. Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 15. The Salt Lake Daily Tribune, July 26, 1877, reported that Silverthorn (no mention of Matt) had been en route to Lewiston when captured by the Nez Perces, who held him for eight days. Silverthorn escaped during the night of July 22 and reached Woodbridge's pickets.

39. Captain Charles C. Rawn report, September 30, 1877, in Terry, "Report," 500-501. There was some opinion that the Nez Perces might circumvent Rawn's command, taking one of several trails and ravines out of Lolo Canyon either to reach the Jocko (Kutenai) Reservation to the north or to head east directly through Missoula and up the Big Blackfoot River. Ferdinand Kennett letter, July 25, 1877, copy in vertical files, IndiansWars1877, Parmly Billings Library, Billings, Mont.

40. Corporal Charles Loynes account in McWhorter, Hear Me, 347.

41. Rawn to First Lieutenant Levi F. Burnett, July 25, 1877, Fort Missoula Letterbook; and Portland Daily Oregonian, July 27, 1877

42. Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 18; Mark Brown, "Joseph Legend," 51. Rawn stated that he arranged the second meeting "for the purpose of gaining time for General Howard's forces to get up and for General Gibbon to arrive from Fort Shaw." Captain Charles C. Rawn report, September 30, 1877, in Terry, "Report," 501. It is clear that Looking Glass was in charge of these events from the Nez Perce side, and that Joseph's role was at this point subordinate. See MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 248. Henry Buck identified the principals with Rawn as volunteers William Baker, Amos Buck, and Cole B. Sanders. Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 18.

43. Helena Daily IndependentExtra, July 29, 1877; and Barsness and Dickinson, "Minutemen of Montana," 4-5.

44. Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 19; and Volunteer Alfred Cave account in Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, September 6, 1877.

45. "Narrative of John Buckhouse."

46. Wilson Harlan, "Fiasco at 'Fort Fizzle,'" 65 (Harlan's reminiscence also appears in Gilbert Harlan, "Diary of Wilson Barber Harlan"). Information about Delaware Jim, who had reportedly scouted for John C. Frémont in the 1840s and had worked in the area during the 1850s and 1860s as a hunter, guide, and interpreter, is in Weisel, Men and Trade, 117-18.

47. Captain Charles C. Rawn report, September 30, 1877, in Terry, "Report," 501. According to the Nez Perces, Rawn told Looking Glass that "any further communication he had to make must be made under a flag of truce at the fortified camp." MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 250. Governor Potts's political interests are outlined in Olson, "The Nez Perce," 165, 192-95. See also Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 568-69.

48. Rawn to Burnett, July 27, 1877, Fort Missoula Letterbook. Rawn's report of September 30, 1877, apparently confuses the dates of the various meetings with the Nez Perces. Nez Perce sources maintained that only one meeting was held with Rawn. See the accounts of Two Moon and Wottolen in McWhorter, Hear Me, 352-54, and that of Yellow Wolf in McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 106-7.

49. Charles N. Loynes, "Battle of the 'Big Hole,'" Winners of the West, March 1925. While the full extent and configuration of the works is unknown, one axis that is today marked ran east and west with a probable "L" to the north at the west end, all occupying the higher alluvial fan bench north of Lolo Creek. Kermit M. Edmonds, telephone communication with author, January 25, 1996.

50. "Narrative of John Buckhouse."

51. Wilson Harlan, "Fiasco at 'Fort Fizzle,'" 65.

52. Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 19; and Fahey, Flathead Indians, 194.

53. Captain Charles C. Rawn report, September 30, 1877, in Terry, "Report," 501; and Rawn to Adjutant General, Department of the Columbia, August 1, 1877, Fort Missoula Letterbook. One feasible interpretation of Rawn's meeting on July 27 is that the Nez Perces agreed not to cause harm if allowed to pass through the Bitterroot without hindrance, and that Governor Potts and Rawn fashioned a "treaty" or secret nonaggression pact with them to that effect. See Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 247. For a thorough airing of the circumstantial evidence favoring this explanation, see Olson, "The Nez Perce," 165, 192-94. In support of this view, it should be noted that Joseph later told of having "made a treaty with these soldiers" just before the Fort Fizzle episode. Joseph [Heinmot Tooyalakekt], "An Indian's Views," 426. And Howard reported that: "It seems that the Indians really negotiated their way by promising the citizens that they would do them no harm if permitted to pass by unmolested. Captain Rawn thought it wiser under the circumstances to let them go than attempt a fight, which he feared would be disastrous." Howard, "Report," 609. Yet another contemporary reference stated: "As usual the volunteers weakened, particularly when the Indians, upon being interviewed, agreed to pass through the valley doing no harm if they were themselves unmolested." Captain Stephen P. Jocelyn letter, August 9, 1877, in Jocelyn, Mostly Alkali, 243.

54. McWhorter identified the three as Tom Hill, Thunder Eyes (George Amos), and an elderly man named Honan, or Kannah. The three had gone to see the soldiers over the objections of the Nez Perce leadership. The army jailed them at the Missoula post for the remainder of the war. McWhorter, Hear Me, 348 n. 14, 349 n. 15. (However, Hill was present at Bear's Paw in September.) Corporal Loynes remembered that there were four people in the party. "They were conducted to the rear, their feet and hands tied, and a guard placed over them." Charles N. Loynes, "Battle of the 'Big Hole,'" Winners of the West, March 1925. For a Nez Perce explanation of the events attendant on the arrival of Hill and the others, see MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 247.

55. Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, August 21, 1877, quoting the Deer Lodge New North-West. This reporter perhaps overextolled the Nez Perces' maneuver as "the boldest, most fearless, audacious and confident tactical movement we have known. It surpassed McClellan's flank movement from the Chickahomany [sic] to James River, or Grant's from the Rapidan to Richmond." The side movement led out of Lolo Canyon to Sleeman Creek and rejoined Lolo Creek about two and one-half miles west of its junction with the Bitterroot River. Space, Lolo Trail, 46.

56. Wilson Harlan, "Fiasco at 'Fort Fizzle,'" 66. Harlan believed that Rawn was incapacitated by drink during the incident of the Nez Perces' passing by his command. For an account that suggests that Rawn's pickets were purposely withdrawn to facilitate the Indians' movement (thereby endorsing the "secret agreement" scenario), see that of former Missoula volunteer John L. Humble in McWhorter, Hear Me, 351 n. 21.

57. Charles N. Loynes account in McWhorter, Hear Me, 352; Charles N. Loynes, "Battle of the 'Big Hole,'" Winners of the West, March 1925; Wilson Harlan, "Fiasco at 'Fort Fizzle,'"66. Quote is from Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 22. At least one volunteer ascribed the Nez Perces' reluctance to attack Rawn to the presence of the Flatheads with the command. Amos Buck, "Battle of the Big Hole," 119-20. See also Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 567-72; and Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 284.

58. Captain Charles C. Rawn report, September 30, 1877, in Terry, "Report," 501. Aggressive logging and skidding operations, along with a fire in 1934, destroyed surface evidence of Fort Fizzle in Lolo Canyon. Barsness and Dickinson, "Minutemen of Montana," 7 n. 8. Today U.S. Highway 12 and a U.S. Forest Service picnic and recreation area cover the southern periphery of the site.

59. A Bitterroot volunteer described the aftermath somewhat more anticlimactically, perhaps indicative of the rather loose state of affairs among the Nez Perces, having left Idaho behind: "A squad of our men had been ordered down the creek [by Rawn], and had got mixed up with the Indians, and finally had a talk with them, and after this others, of our men, met or overtook them and talked with them, when they avowed their intentions to pass through the valley peaceably, if possible. About sundown a number of the valley men met Looking Glass and he agreed to molest no one, and go on through the valley as fast as possible if he was not molested." Alfred Cave account in Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, September 6, 1877.

60. Deer Lodge New North-West, quoted in Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, August 21, 1877.

61. Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, September 6, 1877.

62. Helena Daily Herald, July 30, 1877.

63. Alfred Cave account in Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, September 6, 1877.

64. Portland Daily Standard, September 6, 1877.

65. MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 251.

66. For the accusations against Rawn, as well as notice of the dissension appearing among the different Montana communities regarding what was or was not done at Fort Fizzle, see Olson, "The Nez Perce," 164-70. Thorough coverage of the Fort Fizzle affair, together with a discussion of events in Montana preceding the episode, is in Aubrey Haines, An Elusive Victory, 7-30.

67. The delay incensed General McDowell, who later critiqued his department commander: "Whilst Howard delayed to organize this combined movement of his two columns and a reserve, the indians [sic] all get beyond Missoula! The day this order was issuedJuly 23Gov. Potts reports the indians seeking to pass through Montana. July [illeg.] they are reported on the Lolo trail thirty miles from Missoula!and July 28th reported as having turned Rawn's position and gone to the Buffalo country!!! And Howard's march was to commence July 30th." Marginal notations by McDowell in "Copies of letters and telegrams."

68. New York Herald, September 1, 1877.

69. Howard, "Report," 608.

70. FitzGerald, Army Doctor's Wife, 291.

71. Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, August 18, 21, 1877; "Summary of Reports . . . Non-Effectiveness," 6; Mason to Sanford, August 2, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands; Howard to Commanding Officer, Missoula, August 3, 1877, ibid.; and Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, August 11, 1877.

72. Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, August 18, 1877.

73. On August 1, Lieutenant Wood observed that dispatches received indicated that the Nez Perces were "said to be blocked at the mouth of the trail in Montana." C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 1, 1877. On August 2 or 3, Captain Jocelyn wrote: "Two Co's at Missoula were holding them in check. If we can strike them from this side they are in a close place. I do not however expect it. They doubtless know of our movements and will get away. . . . " Jocelyn, Mostly Alkali, 241.

74. C. E. S. Wood, "Chief Joseph, the Nez Perce," 138.

75. FitzGerald, Army Doctor's Wife, 296. The modern locations of Howard's bivouacs along the Lolo trail are believed to be as follows: July 30, Weippe Prairie; July 31, Musselshell Meadows; August 1, Soldier Meadows; August 2, Weitas Meadows; August 3, Bald Mountain; August 4, Camp Howard; August 5, where Lolo trail crosses Crooked Fork; August 6, Lolo Hot Springs; and August 7, present site of Lolo, Montana. Space, Lolo Trail, 46-47.

76. John Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch, 255; and Jocelyn, Mostly Alkali, 243.

77. Howard, "Report," 609; and Monteith to Smith, July 31, 1877, item 6877, roll 337, Nez Perce War Papers.

78. Howard to Gibbon, August 6, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. See also C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 4, 1877. In later years, cannonballs thought to be for use with Howard's guns were found at Bald Mountain and Camp Howard. Also, legend has it that one of Howard's howitzers was abandoned on the trail, a most unlikely occurrence. See Space, Lolo Trail, 47-48.

79. Howard to First Lieutenant Joseph A. Sladen, August 5, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

80. Howard to Gibbon, August 6, 1877 entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

81. Howard, "Report," 609.

82. Howard to Wheaton, August 7 [9], 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands; and Wheaton to Howard, August 18, 1877, in Howard, "Report," 652-53. After leaving Lewiston on July 30, Wheaton's force camped atop the Lewiston grade, then followed a route that took them to the site of present Moscow, Idaho, then on to Palouse City, the site of present Farmington, then followed Hangman's Creek to the Mullan Road, and arrived at Spokane Falls, Washington Territory, on August 10, 1877. Burgunder, "Nez Perce War." Wheaton had, in effect, traveled in an opposite direction from Howard. When he learned that the Nez Perces had turned south up the Bitterroot, he wrote the general that "this column . . . can hardly hope to cooperate very directly with the pursuing troops, who are separated from us by a range of great mountains, and moving in a different direction." Wheaton to Howard, August 10, 1877, in Howard, "Report," 652.