1. Wagner, A Geological Reconnaissance . . . Snake and Salmon Rivers, 1-3. Much of the area traversed by the Nez Perces and the army in 1877 is today called the Joseph Plains. Ibid., 3; Howard, "Report," 603; C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," July 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1877; C. E. S. Wood, "Notes on Nez Perces Expedition," July 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1877; Eugene Wilson, "Nez Perce Campaign," 4-5; McCarthy, Diary, July 1, 2, 1877; Parnell, "Salmon River Expedition," 128-29; Portland Daily Standard, July 7, 9, 1877; Portland Daily Oregonian, July 9, 1877; "Nez Perce War Letters," 62-63; and McDowell's marginal notes on various communiqués, especially on 46, 50, 51, 56, 60, 63, in "Copies of letters and telegrams"; Wood to C. J. Brosnan, January 7, 1918, in The Bookmark , a ca. 1940 publication of the University of Idaho Library, Brosnan Collection; Adkison, Indian Braves, 19; Howard to Commanding Officer, Cottonwood, July 6, 1877, entry 896, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. During Howard's activity near the Salmon, one man was accidentally wounded and another was killed, on June 30 and July 7, 1877, respectively. Regimental Returns . . . First Cavalry, June and July 1877, roll 166; Regimental Returns . . . Fourth Artillery, July 1877, roll 30; General Orders No. 8, Headquarters, Department of the Columbia, copy in Paddock, Appointment, Commission, and Personal File.

2. McCarthy, "Journal," 14.

3. Howard to James Lawyer, June 24, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

4. Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 7, 10, 1877; Portland Daily Oregonian, July 7, 1877; Watkins to Bureau of Indian Affairs Commissioner J. Q. Smith, July 8, 1877, item 4499, roll 336, Nez Perce War Papers; Howard, "Report," 603; Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878; and Lewiston Morning Tribune, June 19, 1927. The newspaper dates support the contention of raids in the area of the Clearwater; inexplicably, both Dempster and Silverwood filed depredation claims for damages inflicted on July 8well after the attack on Looking Glass's camp. Canby, "Report of Indian depredations."

5. Quoted in Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878.

6. Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877. McWhorter erroneously believed that Whipple used the guns to attack Looking Glass's camp. Peopeo Tholekt, his Nez Perce informant, however, was correct in declaring "he saw no cannon or Gatling guns." McWhorter, Hear Me, 270. That two men per Gatling gun were left at Mount Idaho is presumed based on information of the minimal number of gunners (1) and cannoneers (1) required to operate the pieces. Artillery Tactics, 78-79.

7. These figures are derived from information contained in Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877; and Regimental Returns . . . First Cavalry, July 1877, roll 166.

8. Records of Living Officers of the United States Army, 101, 104; Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary, 1:429, 712, 880, 1051; and Cullum, Biographical Register, 3:43, 200.

9. For discussion of this controversial combat procedure, see Wooster, The Military and United States Indian Policy, 127, 135-43; and Greene, Yellowstone Command, 10-12.

10. Howard, "Report," 603. The specific time that the troops reached the village is given in a letter from Loyal P. Brown of Mount Idaho dated July 2. Portland Daily Oregonian, July 7, 1877. Corporal Frederick Mayer of Company L gave the time as about 5:00 a.m., which is probably the time Whipple originally wanted to attack. Mayer also gave the wrong dateJuly 2. Brimlow, "Nez Perce War Diary," 28.

11. The size of the camp is graphically represented in a sketch map drawn by Nez Perce participant Peopeo Tholekt in 1927. Peopeo Tholekt, "Attack on Chief Looking Glass' Village." Duncan MacDonald's contemporary account also stated that the village contained eleven tipis. MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 239. Possibly some villagers were living in Plains-type brush shelters called wickiups.

12. According to McWhorter, the term, "Kamnaha [Kamnaka]," has not been defined. McWhorter, Hear Me, 264 n.

13. Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 111; and McWhorter, Hear Me, 182-83, 264.

14. This figure is based on the numbers estimated for Looking Glass's band in chapter two.

15. Whipple's report is excerpted in Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878. The Nee-Me-Poo account taken by Duncan MacDonald also indicated that Looking Glass personally tried to surrender. MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 238-39. Peopeo Tholekt insisted that at no time did Looking Glass agree to surrender and had, in fact, avoided meeting the soldiers at all. McWhorter, Hear Me, 270-71.

16. McWhorter, Hear Me, 266. Apparently, some of the officers thought that Peopeo Tholekt was Looking Glass, and one insistently poked him in the ribs with his carbine. Ibid., 266-67. The volunteers must have known the chief, however, as he had visited Mount Idaho previously and had, in fact, delivered a "speech of amity" to a gathering there the previous year. Miscellaneous notes, Camp Manuscripts, IU. Duncan McDonald's contemporary account, utilizing Nez Perce recollections, stated that a white man in Looking Glass's village initially came forward, but became intimidated and returned to the chief, whereupon they both approached the soldiers. When the shooting started, the white man ran to the soldiers while Looking Glass "returned to his camp and told his men to do the best they could." MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 238-39.

17. The individual who fired the first shot was probably a volunteer, most likely David Ousterholt or Dutch Holmes. See McWhorter, Hear Me, 273. One account stated that a trumpet suddenly sounded from the cavalry, causing "astonishment among Whipple's men and consternation in the camp of the Indians," that led to their evacuation before the shot was fired "by some impulsive person on the hill." Frank A. Fenn, "Disarming Looking Glass, An Episode in the Nez Perce War," Kooskia Mountaineer, May 11, 18, 1927. (Although Fenn was a Mount Idaho volunteer, he may not have been present in this action, judging from his lack of first person usage in describing it, when compared with his account of the subsequent Cottonwood action, in which he took part.) However, a contemporary description of the event emanating from Mount Idaho criticized Whipple for balking at directing the attack. "The Col. [Captain] would not cross the river where the boys were, but remained in a perfectly safe position until the Indians had secured all their arms, saddled their horses, and attempted to escape. Capt. Winters and Lieut. Rains and a large majority of the soldiers were eager for the fight, but were held in check by the Col. Our boys finally became indignant and opened fire." Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877. Still another report maintained that the villagers fired the first shot. Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 10, 1877.

18. While this account is heavily based on that of Peopeo Tholekt in McWhorter, Hear Me, 264-72, see, in addition, Yellow Bull, Interview, BYU; Lebain, Interview, IU; and MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 238-39. See also Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 263-64; and Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 535-37.

19. Forse to Howard, April 4, 1895, Forse Papers.

20. U.S. Army Gallantry and Meritorious Conduct, 75. Rains's citation was granted posthumously, for he died in combat two days later.

21. Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877.

22. Army and Navy Journal, July 14, 1877; and Watkins to Smith, July 8, 1877, item 4499, roll 337, Nez Perce War Papers. The Indian casualties are from Peopeo Tholekt, in McWhorter, Hear Me, 267-71. The wounded were Red Heart, Tahkoopen (Shot Leg), and Peopeo Tholekt. The killed were the woman and her infant who drowned, and Nennin Chekoostin (Black Raven), who died from his wounds. Ibid. See Appendix B. One newspaper wildly accounted for seventeen Indians killed. Portland Daily Oregonian, July 9, 1877.

23. Most army reports gave an inflated figure for the number of ponies captured from 1,000 to 1,200far more than the narrow confines of Clear Creek Canyon and its hillsides could sustain. In a directive of July 18, Howard noted that 622 animalsdoubtless those captured at Looking Glass's camp"were receipted for by the Mount Idaho Company." This figure more realistically reflects the number of ponies that would have been grazed at Clear Creek. Howard to George Shearer, July 18, 1877, Shearer Papers.

24. McWhorter, Hear Me, 270.

25. Howard to Whipple, July 3, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. See also Howard, "Report," 603.

26. Yellow Bull, Account; and Weptas Nut (No Feather), Interview. Probably the attack further tilted the Palouses toward joining with the Nez Perces, as many had relatives in Looking Glass's village. Trafzer and Scheureman, Chief Joseph's Allies, 18. When Looking Glass and his people joined the main Nez Perce camp, he reportedly addressed the council, saying among other things, "Two days ago my camp was attacked by the soldiers. I tried to surrender in every way I could. . . . Now, my people, as long as I live I will never make peace with the treacherous Americans. . . . The officer may say it was a mistake. It is a lie. He is a dog, and I have been treated worse than a dog by him. He lies if he says he did not know it was my camp. I am ready for war." MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 241.

27. Howard to Whipple, July 3, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. In his article, Howard, "Nez Perce Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878, Howard gave the following as his order to Whipple: "Proceed without delay to Cottonwood (Norton's) and form junction with Captain Perrythe object being to gain the earliest information of the movements of the enemy, should he, as is thought probably, re-cross the Salmon." Information that Howard knew as early as July 1 that the Nez Perces were recrossing the Salmon is in Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877.

28. Howard, "Report," 603.

29. Elsensohn, Pioneer Days in Idaho County, 1:297; and McDermott, Forlorn Hope, 27 n. 3. The site was favored "because of its good water and being protected from winds and storms." John L. Rooke to L. V. McWhorter, February 9, 1934, folder 151B, McWhorter Papers. A pen and ink sketch of Cottonwood made by First Lieutenant Robert H. Fletcher shows the main buildings and the Lewiston-Mount Idaho road in 1877. "Cottonwood House," inset drawing in Fletcher, "Department of the Columbia Map." Several late-nineteenth century views of Cottonwood are in the Idaho State Historical Society, Boise. See, in particular, numbers 75-228.16/A (ca. 1889); 75-228.16/C (ca. 1898); and 78-203.32(E99.N5), titled "Pack train encamped at Cottonwood during 1877 war." The Norton house burned in 1908. A hotel was later erected on its site. Rooke to McWhorter, February 2, 1934, folder 151B, McWhorter Papers.

30. Fenn to Colonel William Carey Brown (ret.), May 11, 1927, folder 19, box 8, William Brown Papers; and Canby, "Report of Indian depredations."

31. Wilmot, "The Raines [sic] Massacre."

32. Regarding Blewett, Whipple wrote on July 6: "The fate of Charles Blewett is not positively known. . . . [Foster reported] that he saw Blewett dismounted at a little distance, probably from his horse having stumbled. Foster thought the Indians had not seen the young man and that he would be able to evade them, but as the mountains was [sic] then full of Indians, my hope of his safety is but faint. I had taken Blewett into my own mess, and we had all become much attached to him." Portland Daily Oregonian, July 18, 1877. Company E, First Cavalry, while scouting the region on August 22, discovered Blewett's body and brought it to Norton's Ranch for burial. Report of McConville to Governor Mason Brayman, August, 1877, in "Nez Perce War Letters," 72. Oddly, a spurious Blewett cropped up in 1931 to claim participation in the Battle of White Bird Canyon. He claimed he had been struck on the head in that action, rendering him unconscious and then amnesiac for the next fourteen years. Winners of the West, December 30, 1931.

33. Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877.

34. Quoted in Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878.

35. Besides Rains and Foster, the advance guard included Company E Sergeant Charles Lampman and privates John Burk, Patrick Quinn, William Roche, and Daniel Ryan; and Company L privates David Carroll, George H. Dinteman, Frederick Meyer, Franklin Moody, and Otto H. Richter. Regimental Returns . . . First Cavalry, July 1877, roll 166. Sergeant Lampman was a field correspondent for the Walla Walla Watchman. Portland Daily Oregonian, July 18, 1877.

36. Josephy described both the senior Rains's involvement on the Northwest frontier, as well as his son's demise at the hands of the Nez Perces. Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 305, 315, 346, 347, 357, 537-38.

37. Rains, Appointment, Commission, and Personal File. Rains had also applied for an appointment in the Fourth Cavalry, which its commander, Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie, endorsed, noting that "Sandy Rodgers [Second Lieutenant Alexander Rodgers] who serves in my Regiment from the last class says young Rains is a very excellent young man." Mackenzie to General William T. Sherman, June 8, 1876, ibid. See also Cullum, Biographical Register, 3:259.

38. See Fenn to Brown, May 11, 1927, folder 19, box 8, William Brown Papers. The army losses as officially registered appear in Appendix A.

39. Frank A. Fenn, who examined the site of the Rains fight a few days later, speculated that "the body of Indians that had been drawn up in the saddle, when the near approach of Whipple was discovered, hastily abandoned their position on the run, joined their companions on the mountain slopes around the cove where they could more effectively unite in the fight against Rains. That the Indians did not leave the saddle until Whipple was close upon them is evidenced by the fact that members of the command distinctly saw a lot of the hostiles fleeing from the saddle just as the command reached its brink." Fenn to Brown, May 11, 1927, folder 19, box 8, William Brown Papers. Whipple had but fifty-six effectives after every fourth man fell back to hold the horses. Brimlow, "Nez Perce War Diary," 29.

40. Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877.

41. "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry"; Brimlow, "Nez Perce War Diary," 29; and Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877. A volunteer on the scene within a few days of the Rains fight maintained that the lieutenant's "life was needlessly sacrificed," likely an index of the general tenor of thought at the time. Fenn to Brown, May 11, 1927, folder 19, box 8, William Brown Papers. Despite the contention in the Statesman that Whipple's men did not fire at the warriors, Corporal Frederick Mayer of Company L, who participated, reported that the soldiers returned the fire "whenever we got a shot." Mayer to Brown, undated, ca. 1927, Brimlow File.

42. Whipple's testimony in "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry"; Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877; Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 17, 1877; Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878; and Portland Daily Oregonian, July 10, 1877. The Oregonian piece has been published without identification in Johansen, "The Nez Perce War," 167-70.

43. "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry"; and Brimlow, "Nez Perce War Diary," 29. Besides the sources cited, this account of the Rains fight has been compiled from information in Kirkwood, "The Nez Perce Indian War," August 17, 1950, which contains the reminiscence of T. J. ("Eph") Bunker, a volunteer; Grangeville Idaho County Free Press, August 31, 1950; Army and Navy Journal, July 14, 1877; Elsensohn, Pioneer Days in Idaho County, 1:300-302; and Francis Haines, "Chief Joseph," 4.

44. Two Moon's account in McWhorter, Hear Me, 283.

45. Ibid., 284-85; and McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 71-74.

46. "Story of Kawownonilpilp."

47. MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 28.

48. McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 77-78; and Lewiston Tribune, undated (ca. 1957) news item, clippings file, Idaho State Historical Society, Boise.

49. Harry Bailey, "An Infantry Second Lieutenant," 23. The ring was sent to Rains's sister. Ibid. See also Bailey to McWhorter, item 182, McWhorter Papers. In his memory, Rains's West Point classmates presented his mother with a framed crayon portrait of the lieutenant. Army and Navy Journal, December 1, 1877. Following White Bird Canyon, Rains was the officer in charge of burying Lieutenant Theller and marking the grave so that it would be easily found. With Rains's own death, Theller's widow feared that the site would now be lost. FitzGerald, Army Doctor's Wife, 274.

50. T. J. Bunker account in Kirkwood, "The Nez Perce Indian War," August 31, 1950.

51. Hall to Medical Director, Department of the Columbia, July 6, 1877, entry 624, box 1, Office of the Adjutant General; "Report of the Surgeon-General," in Secretary of War, Report . . . 1878, 427-28; and Wilmot, "The Raines [sic] Massacre."

52. Brimlow, "Nez Perce War Diary," 30; and Thompson, "Thirteen U.S. Soldiers," 47. In October 1877, a party passing the scene of Rains's encounter described it thusly: "We came on 2 little mounds of fresh earth, close by the wayside. They were the graves of the scouts. Farther on were 3 others, the graves of some of Rains' men. I rode off to a cluster of low rocks which cropped out on the prairie a short distance from the trail. Behind these 7 men had made their last stand, only to be shot down. The rocks were literally covered with marks of bullets. Farther on, in a little depression of the prairie, Lieutenant Rains' body was found." The author of this article noted that some burials occurred back of the Norton house, and this is probably where Rains was buried. Brooke, "Land of the Nez Perces," 355-56. The Rains family requested that the lieutenant's remains lie "undisturbed" where he was initially buried. Army and Navy Journal, September 22, 1877. Sergeant Michael McCarthy described the services at Fort Lapwai on June 10, 1878: "All the troops were turned out. It was a sort of double funeral, each having (that is, the officer and the 10 men) its own funeral party &c. The 6 senior noncoms were pall bearers for Lt. Rains, and I was one of the 6. His coffin was draped with the flag and covered, even piled high, with wreaths, crosses &c of flowers, prepared by the officers' ladies of the Post. It was a graceful tribute to his worth and bravery, for Lt. Rains was a gallant gentleman. But behind came a big square pine box containing the bones of the 10 men, on which no flag was draped or flowers placed. They, too, were brave men. Every man of the 10 had volunteered for the duty. When the coffins were laid by the graves nearly side by side for the closing ceremonies, the contrast was great, and to me painful." McCarthy, "Reminiscence"; and Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Fort Lapwai, 89. A monument stands in the Fort Walla Walla post cemetery over the common grave of the ten men, its inscription reading: "IN MEMORY OF ENLISTED MEN. 1ST U.S. CAVALRY. KILLED IN ACTION AT COTTONWOOD CAÑON IDAHO. JULY 3rd 1877." The names of the enlisted men are imprinted below the inscription. Lieutenant Rains's grave is located among a row of headstones several yards south of the monument.

53. U.S. Army Gallantry and Meritorious Conduct, 75.

54. Elsensohn, Pioneer Days of Idaho County, 1:303.

55. "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry."

56. Mayer to Brown, undated, ca. 1927, Brimlow File. Volunteer Luther P. Wilmot reported that this earthwork was called "Fort Perry." Wilmot, "The Cottonwood Fight."

57. Mount Idaho volunteer George M. Shearer, who with three others had arrived that afternoon from Mount Idaho, claimed that Perry put him in charge of the fortifications. As he remembered, "Strange that a civilian should be placed in such an important position, to the exclusion of experienced army officers, and particularly so, when so many of them were unoccupied or seemed to be idle in the gulch below where there was no danger." Shearer to Major Edwin C. Mason, July 28, 1877, Shearer Papers. Another observer commented that Captain Perry "remained at the house" during the fight. Boise, IdahoTri-Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877.

58. "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry." See also Whipple's testimony in ibid.

59. Mayer to Brown, undated, ca. 1927, Brimlow File.

60. Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, July 14, 1877.

61. Ibid.

62. Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878.

63. For the action of July fourth, seebesides the sources cited aboveJohn P. Schorr to McWhorter, May 20, 1926, McWhorter Papers; Schorr to McWhorter, February 5, 1935, item 179, ibid.; and Army and Navy Journal, July 14, 1877.

64. "Story of Kawownonilpilp."

65. MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 242; Regimental Returns . . . First Cavalry, July 1877, roll 166.

66. "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry."

67. The seventeen volunteers were as follows: Captain Randall, First Lieutenant James C. Cearley, Second Lieutenant Luther P. Wilmot, Orderly Sergeant Frank A. Fenn, and Privates Henry C. Johnson, Charles Johnson, Cassius M. Day, D. H. Howser, Benjamin F. Evans, Al B. Leland, A. D. Bartley, George Riggins, Frank D. Vansise, Charles W. Case, James Buchanan, William B. Beamer, and F. J. Bunker. Henry Johnson, "Some Reminiscences," 4.

68. For background on Randall, see Chedsey and Frei, Idaho County Voices, 210-11, 257.

69. McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 76-77; McWhorter, Hear Me, 292; and "Story of Kawownonilpilp." Yellow Bull stated that White Bird led the warriors in the fight with the seventeen white men. Yellow Bull, Account. Duncan MacDonald reported that the Nez Perces had one man killed and two wounded on July 5. MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 243.

70. Whipple's testimony in "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry." Whipple is also quoted by Howard in Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878. However, Perry maintained that "I at once rushed my front line down the hill and sent a mounted detachment to their rescue, which drove the Indians off and brought the party in." Perry, "Affair at Cottonwood," 125.

71. Shearer to Mason, July 26, 1877, Shearer Papers.

72. Reportedly, Perry placed Simpson under arrest for insubordination, but reinstated him at the Clearwater battle, where Simpson was wounded. Frank A. Fenn, "The Cottonwood Fight," Kooskia Mountaineer, April 20, 27, 1927; and Fenn to A. F. Parker, March 9, 1927, folder 2, box 12, William Brown Papers. One newspaper wrote that Perry "seemed to be very backward about coming forward" and suggested that his timidity resulted from the "big scare" he had received at White Bird Canyon. Boise, Idaho Weekly Statesman, July 17, 1877. Much of the negative newspaper coverage was ascribed to Orin Morrill, of Lewiston, "who was at Cottonwood at the time, but who altho' armed remained ensconced in the little fortification there instead of going with the soldiers to the aid of his imperiled fellow citizens." McDowell to Adjutant General, telegram, July 18, 1877, item 4109, roll 336, Nez Perce War Papers (also published in Army and Navy Journal, July 28, 1877). Because of continued criticism of his behavior at Cottonwood, Perry requested yet another court of inquiry to investigate his performance. The court concluded that (1) the volunteers could not be recognized as white men until the engagement commenced; (2) Perry took ten minutes to order the relief party out, but that the delay was not excessive; (3) that "no additional injury resulted from this delay, as all the casualties occurred at the first volley; and (4) that "there is not a word of testimony which reflects upon the personal courage of Captain Perry, and the opinion of the Court exonerates him from the charge of having made any improper delay . . . nearly surrounded, as he evidently was, by hostile Indians, then undoubtedly outnumbering his troops." General Orders No. 23, Headquarters, Department of the Columbia, November 30, 1877, item 7782, roll 339, Nez Perce War Papers. A court examining Perry's overall performance at White Bird Canyon, Cottonwood, and Clearwater convened in late 1878. Regarding Cottonwood, it concluded that Perry's "conduct there appears to have been in accordance with good judgment and prudence, particularly as the enemy was flushed with success, and a part of his [Perry's] command at least, had but recently suffered from a severe disaster." "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry."

73. "Proceedings [of] Court of Inquiry."

74. The other wounded volunteers were Charles Johnson and Al B. Leland. Frank A. Fenn, "The Cottonwood Fight," Kooskia Mountaineer, April 23, 1927. Civilian and Nez Perce casualties are listed in Appendices A and B, respectively. In addition to those cited, this account of the volunteers' fight and relief has been compiled from the following sources: Mayer to Brown, undated, ca. 1927, Brimlow File; Wilmot, "The Cottonwood Fight"; Henry Johnson, "Some Reminiscences"; Portland Daily Oregonian, July 16, 1877; T. J. Bunker account in Kirkwood, "The Nez Perce Indian War,"August 24, 31, 1950; New York Herald, September 10, 1877; Francis Haines, "Skirmish at Cottonwood," 2-7; and Elsensohn, Pioneer Days in Idaho County, 1:303-10.

75. C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," July 8, 1877; Eugene Wilson, "Nez Perce Campaign," 6-7; Hunter, Reminiscences of an Old Timer, 337-39; Howard, "Report," 604; McCarthy, Diary, July 8, 9, 1877; McCarthy, "Journal," 15; Trimble, "Battle of the Clearwater," 139; and Howard, "Nez Perces Campaign of 1877," September 19, 1878.