1. Cheyenne Daily Leader, November 6, 1877.

2. New York Herald, October 23, 1877.

3. Chicago Tribune, October 12, 1877; Gibbon to Miles, October 21, 1877, Miles Family Papers, LC; and Army and Navy Journal, December 1, 1877.

4. See, for example, General Orders No. 10, Headquarters, Second Cavalry, November 9, 1877, entry 107, box 3, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

5. Secretary of War, Report . . . 1877, xv.

6. Army and Navy Journal, December 15, 1877; and Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, November 20, 1877.

7. Entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. See also Howard, "Report," 634-35; and Army and Navy Journal, December 29, 1877.

8. Howard to Adjutant General, Military Division of the Pacific, August 27, 1877, in Secretary of War, Report . . . 1877, 124-25.

9. Olson, "The Nez Perce," 182-86. Howard's letter to Potts appears, for example, in the Portland Daily Oregonian, September 4, 1877. For media fallout from the Sherman-Howard-Gilbert dispatch, see Army and Navy Journal, September 29, 1877.

10. Quoted in the Portland Daily Oregonian, September 7, 1877. The Oregonian , which supported Howard, deflected the criticism to his superior, McDowell, who himself had criticized Howard and who the paper cast as a "mere martinet" and as "a parlor general." Portland Daily Oregonian, September 7, 1877.

11. New York Herald, September 15, 1877.

12. Unclassified envelope 91, 537, Camp Manuscript Field Notes, Camp Papers, BYU. See also the Nez Perce opinion of Howard in the Cheyenne Daily Leader, November 3, 1877.

13. See the marginal notations by McDowell in "Copies of letters and telegrams."

14. Chicago Inter-Ocean, October 17, 1877. See, too, the evaluation of Howard's performance in John Carpenter, "General Howard," 144-45; and John Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch, 264-65. Howard's apologia appeared in Howard, "True Story . . . Wallowa Campaign."

15. Army and Navy Journal, November 3, 1877.

16. Howard, "Report," 635-38.

17. DeMontravel, "Miles," 264-65.

18. Miles, "Report," 515; Miles, "Report of Col. Nelson A. Miles," October 6, 1877, in Secretary of War, Report . . . 1877, 75 (also in Miles, "Report," 515-16); and Army and Navy Journal, December 8, 1877.

19. Howard, "Report," 632.

20. C. E. S. Wood, "History by One"; Howard to Sheridan, October 19, 1877, in Howard, "Report," 633-34 (also in Army and Navy Journal, November 3, 1877); and Sheridan to Sherman, with enclosures, October 25, 1877, item 7113, roll 339, Nez Perce War Papers. See also the pro-Howard editorial probably generated by Wood in Chicago Inter-Ocean, October 17, 1877 (also in Army and Navy Journal, November 3, 1877); and Sara Bard Field (Mrs. C. E. S. Wood) to L. V. McWhorter, June 25, 1925, , folder 36, McWhorter Papers. The "flattering" quote is in the Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, November 1, 1877. Compounding the flap, General Terry called into question the propriety of Howard's having given Miles any orders on October 7 respecting the prisoners, terming the action a violation of the Articles of War, since Howard had had no command with him at the time. "His true position," wrote Terry, "was that of a spectator on the field." Furthermore, Terry questioned Howard's assumption and maintenance of command of Sturgis and his troops after the Nez Perces' surrender when their primary object for being in the area remained Sitting Bull's Sioux. General Sherman concurred in Terry's complaint, writing that "General Howard was clearly wrong in giving orders to Col. Miles concerning the future disposition of the Nez Perce prisonersand still more so in his . . . giving instructions to Col. Sturgis." Terry to Sheridan, with endorsements, December 14, 1877, item 8076, roll 339, Nez Perce War Papers.

21. Howard to Sheridan, October 25, 1877, part 3, 1877, entry 897, box 1, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

22. Sherman to Miles, November 13, 1877, quoted in Wooster, Nelson A. Miles, 108.

23. Howard to Miles, December 26, 1877, folder: Nez Perce War, box 3, Sladen Family Papers.

24. Miles to Howard, January 31, 1878, ibid.

25. Howard to Miles, March 29, 1878, quoted in John Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch, 263.

26. Howard to Wood, June 5, 1897, quoted in Wooster, Nelson A. Miles, 107. The dispute between Howard and Miles extended to their aides. In 1883, then-Lieutenant Colonel Edwin C. Mason erroneously asserted, in a lengthy piece in the Omaha Herald (March 15, 1883), that had Miles not been notified by couriers sent by Howard from Clark's Fork "he would have never been heard of in connection with the Nez Perces campaign." Miles's former aide, Major George W. Baird, wrote a blistering rejoinder: "In a word, the force of General Howard contributed nothing to the result of the campaign after the Indians left the Yellowstone three weeks before the time of . . . the surrender. The status of General Howard at the time of the surrender could not possibly have been that of a commander; he had no command." Army and Navy Register, July 19, 1883.

27. "Summary of Reports . . . Non-Effectiveness," 1-4. See also Lieutenant Colonel John C. Kelton to McDowell, March 13, 1878, in reference to the above summary, in Army and Navy Journal, May 4, 1878.

28. "Report of Casualties." Unaccountably, the Nez Perce scouts killed and wounded at Weippe Prairie on July 17, 1877, were excluded from this tally.

29. U.S. Congress, Senate, 45th Cong., 2d sess., 1877, S. Doc. 14, p. 40, cited in McWhorter, Hear Me, 501.

30. Fort Benton Record, October 26, 1877; and Frazer, Forts of the West, 79.

31. Long, "Journal of the Marches," 1701; and Miles, Personal Recollections, 279.

32. Fouch took at least two historic photos of Joseph at the cantonment, as well as photos of the return of Miles's command with the Nez Perce prisoners on October 23. See Brust, "Into the Face of History," 107-10; James S. Brust, "The Find of a Lifetime," San Francisco Chronicle, February 28, 1993, This World section, 8-9; and Brust, "John H. Fouch," 8-9; and James S. Brust, letter to author, September 4, 1999.

33. Congratulatory telegrams are given in the Chicago Tribune, October 12, 1877. For the directive removing the Nez Perces, see Sherman to Sheridan, October 10, 1877, cited in Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman, 320-21; and Sheridan to Adjutant General, October 10, 1877, item 6267, roll 338, Nez Perce War Papers. The Bureau of Indian Affairs notified the War Department that it harbored "grave objections" to removing the Nez Perces to Yankton or the Indian Territory and thought "they could be subsisted without difficulty at the Nez Perce Ag'cy." Adjutant General to Sheridan, October 18, 1877, roll 5, Nez Perce War, 1877, Division of the Missouri, Special File. In fact, Sheridan expressed certain support for returning the Nez Perces to Idaho, but feared that winter weather and the "reduced condition of the [captured] stock" prevented that course. Sheridan to McCrary, October 17, 1877, quoted in Chapman, "Nez Perces," 105. Besides the penalty factor, it was believed that, because of the murders and outrages in Idaho, "there would be no peace nor safety for Joseph and his Indians on their old reservation, or in its vicinity, as the friends and relatives of the victims would wage an unrelenting war upon the offenders." Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report . . . 1877, 13. For Charles Erskine Scott Wood's view of how the removal of the Nez Perces "broke the real spirit of the surrender," see Wood to McWhorter, March 17, 1929, folder 25, McWhorter Papers.

34. Miles to Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Dakota, October 27, 1877, entry 107, box 3, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

35. Snyder, "Diary," October 29, 1877; Chicago Inter-Ocean, October 19, 1877; and Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1877. On October 24, Sherman wrote McDowell: "My efforts will be to send the Nez Perces where they will never disturb the people of Oregon or Idaho again." Quoted in Chapman, "Nez Perces," 105. Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz and Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ezra A. Hayt concurred. Chapman, "Nez Perces," 105. See also Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army, 332-33.

36. Joseph [Heinmot Tooyalakekt], "An Indian's Views," 430.

37. Snyder, "Diary," October 31, 1877.

38. Baldwin to wife, November 6, 1877, quoted in Steinbach, Long March, 132.

39. For the river trip, which was not without mishap (one boat capsized and some of the Nez Perces apparently drowned), see Bond, Flatboating, 4-12.

40. Reed, "Recollections," 50-51.

41. Frederick Benteen to Assistant Adjutant General, District of the Yellowstone, October 24 and 27, 1877, entry 107, box 3, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. Two of the Nez Perce warriors, Fine Hat and Bugle, had been sent previously under military escort to Fort Lincoln. According to Miles, "these Indians committed many murders previous to the Nez Perces war, and . . . they are in a great measure responsible for the war. The Nez Perces say that they are very bad men, and outlaws." Miles to Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Dakota, October 25, 1877, item 7041, roll 339, Nez Perce War Papers. Sheridan wanted to send these men to Florida, but on Sherman's recommendation sent them instead to the military prison at Fort Leavenworth. Sheridan to Adjutant General, November 8, 1877, items 6911 and 7265, roll 339, Nez Perce War Papers.

42. "Nez Perce Funeral," 260; and Reed, "Recollections," 51.

43. Fort Buford Post Returns, November, 1877, transcribed in vol. 5, Fort Buford Records; and Regimental Returns . . . Seventh Cavalry, November 1877, roll 72.

44. Bismarck Tri-Weekly Tribune, November 21, 1877; Miles, Personal Recollections, 279-80; and Bond, Flatboating, 12-21.

45. Bond, Flatboating, 22; and Reed, "Recollections," 54-55.

46. Sheridan to Adjutant General, with Sherman's endorsement, November 15, 1877, November 14, 1877, item 7053, roll 339, Nez Perce War Papers.

47. Quoted in Chicago Inter-Ocean, November 23, 1877. A reporter noted that the Nez Perces "often cried and wept like children over their ill fate. Joseph cheered them, but not without tears rolling down his own cheeks." Cheyenne Daily Leader, November 25, 1877.

48. Francis Haines, Nez Perce Indians, 290-91. The other attendees were Yellow Bull, Yellow Wolf, and the Palouse, Husis Kute. Army and Navy Journal, December 1, 1877. For an account of other activities during the Nez Perces' stay in Bismarck, see Bismarck Tri-Weekly Tribune, November 21, 23, 1877.

49. Bismarck Weekly Tribune, November 23, 1877.

50. Full details of the trip to Fort Leavenworth are in Reed, "Recollections," 55-64.

51. "Report of the General of the Army," November 7, 1877, in Secretary of War, Report . . . 1877.

52. Pope to Sheridan, telegram, November 15, 1877, roll 5, Nez Perce War, 1877, Division of the Missouri, Special File; Pope to Sheridan, November 25, 1877, ibid.; and Leavenworth Daily Times, November 27, 1877. For details of the arrival of the Indians, see Leavenworth Daily Times, November 27, 1877.

53. Howard to Adjutant General, Military Division of the Pacific, November 27, 1877, item 7685, roll 339, Nez Perce War Papers; and Howard to Adjutant General, Military Division of the Pacific, with Sherman's endorsement, December 14, 1877, ibid. In declining Howard's request, Sherman wrote: "There is no reason why they should be carried at great cost to Fort Leavenworth and afterwards to the Indian Territory. They have already subjected the U.S. to enough cost and trouble."

54. Confusing things even more, Sheridan had wired Pope on November 24 that he would receive 431 Indians79 men, 178 women, and 174 children. Pope to Assistant Adjutant General, Military Division of the Missouri, December 4, 1877, roll 5, Nez Perce War, 1877, Division of the Missouri, Special File; and Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report . . . 1878, xxxiii.

55. Elvid Hunt, History of Fort Leavenworth, 154.

56. Quoted in Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report . . . 1878, xxxiii.

57. Ibid.; and Morris and McReynolds, Historical Atlas of Oklahoma, map 23. In 1878, Congress appropriated twenty thousand dollars for removing the Nez Perces from Fort Leavenworth to the Indian Territory. Statutes . . . 1877 to . . . 1879, 74.

58. Joseph [Heinmot Tooyalakekt], "An Indian's Views," 431. For the Nez Perce tract in the Indian Territory, see Morris and McReynolds, Historical Atlas of Oklahoma, maps 14, 20.

59. DeMontravel, "Miles," 251-53; and Chapman, "Nez Perces," 112, 115-16, 120-21. For details of the bureaucratic machinations governing the removal of the Nez Perce prisoners to Fort Leavenworth, the Indian Territory, and the Northwest, see Chapman, "Nez Perces," 102-21. See also Stanley Clark, "Nez Perces in Exile," 213-32; and Slickpoo and Walker, Noon Nee-Me-Poo, 195-200. Thirty-three widows and orphans were allowed to return to Idaho in 1883. Dozier, "Nez Perce Homecoming," 23. Details of the physical removal of the people from the Indian Territory to Idaho and Washington are in Ruby, "Return of the Nez Perce." For the personal experiences of one Nez Perce tribesman (Josiah Red Wolf), see Alcorn and Alcorn, "Aged Nez Perce," 65-66. For more overviews of the removal, see Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 637-42; and Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 330-37.

60. Black Eagle's estimate included 140 men and boys and 93 women and girls. McWhorter, Hear Me, 499.

61. Quoted in McWhorter, Hear Me, 508-9. Yellow Wolf claimed that after the surrender Joseph asked him to go find his wife and daughter. Yellow Wolf went out alone and somehow overtook this group the next day, although they supposedly had left on September 30. Despite the chronological problems in Yellow Wolf's account of his journey to Canada, it is compelling and otherwise accurate in its particulars. See McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 229-33.

62. McWhorter, Hear Me, 510.

63. Fort Benton Record, November 15, 1877.

64. See chapter 13, note 126. A courier who reached Terry's commission en route to Canada on October 12 told of encountering White Bird with twenty-four men and about thirty women and children (totaling about fifty-four people). New York Herald, October 17, 1877.

65. Quoted in McWhorter, Hear Me, 510-11.

66. Genin letter, December 13, 1877, in Slaughter, "Leaves from Northwestern History," cited in McWhorter, Hear Me, 511 n. 4. John Howard, one of Miles's scouts, reported on October 20 that he had met White Bird "and 14 warriors & about 7 women at the Half Breed Camp about 5 miles from the line en route to the Teton camp. They were at first willing to surrender but 'White Bird' dissuaded them and in spite of all the inducements I offered I could not get the Halfbreeds to help me attack them." Howard to Miles, October 20, 1877, entry 107, box 3, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

67. Shot-in-Head, Mrs., Account.

68. John Turner, North-West Mounted Police, 1:340-42.

69. Alcorn and Alcorn, "Old Nez Perce Recalls," 71-72.

70. MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 272-73. McWhorter's informants told him that Sitting Bull reportedly organized a body to go to the aid of the besieged Nez Perces at Bear's Paw, but on meeting White Bird's party and learning of Joseph's surrender, it was deemed too late to help and the main relief force turned back with the refugees to Sitting Bull's camp. McWhorter, Hear Me, 513. See also John Turner, North-West Mounted Police, 1:340-41.

71. Quoted in McWhorter, Hear Me, 513.

72. McWhorter, Hear Me, 514. The Oglala Black Elk recounted his meeting with a party of Nez Perce refugees from Bear's Paw. "When we got back to camp, everyone put their arms around the shoulders of the [Nez Perce] people and began to wail. I cried all day there." Black Elk, Sixth Grandfather, 207.

73. The rapprochement had been suggested by the British authorities in Canada. Members of the commission besides Terry were Diplomat Albert Gallatin Lawrence; Captain Henry C. Corbin, secretary; and Captain Edward W. Smith, Eighteenth Infantry, aide. Accompanying the commissioners were Jerome B. Stillson, correspondent for the New York Herald; Charles S. Diehl, correspondent for the Chicago Times; and John J. Healey, who reported for the Fort Benton Record. John Turner, North-West Mounted Police, 1:362; and Utley, Lance and the Shield, 194-97, 372-73. For Diehl's reminiscence, see Diehl, Staff Correspondent, 117-19, 124-31.

74. Commissioner James F. Macleod wrote: "The fact that about 100 Nez Perces men, women and children, wounded and bleeding, who had escaped from the United States troops, had come into their [Sioux] camp the day before they had left, appeared to have a great effect upon them; and they were evidently afraid that the American soldiers would not be prevented from crossing the line to attack them." Macleod to Minister of the Interior David Mills, October 27, 1877, in "Papers . . . Nez Perce Indians," 3.

75. See New York Herald, October 22, 1877. For digests of the council proceedings, see John Turner, North-West Mounted Police, 1:365-72; Utley, Lance and the Shield, 194-97; Hoopes, Road to the Little Big Horn, 233-35; and Manzione, "I Am Looking to the North for My Life," 101-3. A transcript is in Report of the Commission . . . to Meet the Sioux Indian Chief, Sitting Bull, 6-10.

76. Report of the Commission . . . to Meet the Sioux Indian Chief, Sitting Bull, 12.

77. McWhorter, Hear Me, 515-16.

78. Scout John Howard to Miles, November 3, 1877, entry 107, box 3, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands; Howard to Miles, January 10, 1878, ibid.; and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Huston to Miles, January 9, 1878, ibid. Father Genin also reported the Sioux and Nez Perce in the Bear's Paw Mountains. Bozeman Times, December 27, 1877. Another report of Sitting Bull's camping on the battlefield appeared in Fort Benton Record, November 10, reprinted, December 14, 1877. See also "Chief Joseph's People Join Sitting Bull," in Vestal, New Sources of Indian History, 243-44.

79. Quoted in John Turner, North-West Mounted Police, 1:374.

80. Quoted in MacEwan, Sitting Bull, 122.

81. Sheridan to Adjutant General, December 27, 1877, item 7974, roll 339, Nez Perce War Papers. The Nez Perce Captain George, who went into Canada purportedly to find Joseph's daughter, returned late in 1877 to report that the Nee-Me-Poo wanted to return to the United States and surrender and that they planned to slip across the line in small parties. Army and Navy Journal, January 5, 1878.

82. Irvine to Ilges, March 29, 1878, in "Papers . . . Nez Perce Indians," 19. For Irvine's explanation of how this perception came about, see Irvine to Frederick White, November 10, 1878, ibid., 18-19.

83. Quoted in John Turner, North-West Mounted Police, 1:374.

84. Ibid., 390, 391.

85. A detailed account, from the Nez Perce perspective, of this party's odyssey in returning to Idaho is in McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 238-82.

86. Fahey, Flathead Indians, 201; McWhorter, Hear Me, 517-18; Captain William Falck, Second Infantry, to Assistant Adjutant General, Department of the Columbia, August 1, 1878, in McDowell, "Report," 180; and Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Fort Lapwai, 86. For details of the skirmish with the miners on Rock Creek, see Jones, "Rock Creek Massacre." The Nez Perce account of the incident is in McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 254-55.

87. Details of this fight are in Gibbon, "Report of the Commanding General," 68; Record of Engagements, 78; and J. H. McRae, "The Third Regiment of Infantry," in Rodenbough and Haskin, Army of the United States, 449. For Yellow Wolf's account, in which it is claimed that no Indians were killed or wounded in the clash with Wallace's soldiers, see McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 260-70 (the excerpt from Gibbon's report, "Report of the Commanding General," cited above, is reproduced in ibid., 270 n. 6).

88. Falck to Assistant Adjutant General, Department of the Columbia, August 1, 1878, in McDowell, "Report," 180-81.

89. Thompson, Historic Resource Study, Fort Lapwai, 86; McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 283-84, 287; and McWhorter, Hear Me, 520.

90. "The party of Indians who left Camp Joseph Monday afternoon for Sitting Bull's camp were Yellow Bull, the brother-in-law of White Bird; Kansas Rutt [Husis Kute], a preacher, well known in Gen. Howard's report; and Espow Yous [sic], a brave noted for his truthfulness. Ben. Clark, who also accompanied them, is an old Cheyenne scout, and will go with them as far as Bismarck, where he is to join a party of 300 Cheyennes [en route to the Indian Territory (Clark's orders changed and he went on with the three Nez Perces)]. . . . The Nez Perces chiefs after leaving Bismarck will be accompanied by a guide and go via Fort Benton to Fort Walsh, where they will meet White Bird and consult with him, reporting the state in which they left Chief Joseph and his warriors, together with the women and children." Army and Navy Journal, May 11, 1878.

91. Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Dakota, to Miles, May 7, 1878, in "Papers . . . Nez Perce Indians," 7. Ben Clark was a favorite of General Sheridan, having served the army in the West in various capacities since the "Mormon" War of the 1850s. Sheridan trusted him implicitly, and although he could not speak the Nee-Me-Poo tongue, he was recognized as a master of Indian sign language. Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army, 300-301. Clark intimated that he was there because Joseph wanted him to bring his daughter back to him. She, of course, had returned to Idaho. "Ben Clark," 19, folder 3, box 2, Camp Manuscript Field Notes, Walter M. Camp Papers, BYU.

92. Miles to Baird, May 24, 1878, "Papers . . . Nez Perce Indians," 7-8.

93. Macleod to Baird, June 22 [?], 1878, ibid., 8. The implication here is that the tribesmen were told that they would be returned to Idaho if they surrendered.

94. Baird to Macleod, June 21, 1878, ibid., 6. Macleod wrote that the Nez Perces had told Irvine that Gilson, who was known among them, "was not wanted back again." Macleod to Baird, June 22 (?), 1878, ibid., 8.

95. The foregoing exchange has been excerpted from the transcript of the proceedings in ibid., 9-16. For digests of the council, see John Turner, North-West Mounted Police, 1:395-98; Winners of the West, April 1940; and Manzione, "I Am Looking to the North for My Life," 119-24.

96. MacDonald to McWhorter, quoted in McWhorter, Hear Me, 522. One Nez Perce refugee, a child of one of the three from Fort Leavenworth, returned with the party to the United States. Baird to Assistant Adjutant General, Military Division of the Missouri, July 11, 1878, in McWhorter, Hear Me, 522-23; and "Ben Clark," 19, folder 3, box 2, Camp Manuscript Field Notes, Walter M. Camp Papers, BYU.

97. Deer Lodge New North-West, August 9, 1878, quoted in McWhorter, Hear Me, 523-24. MacDonald composed the following portrait of White Bird during his visit: "In person the White Bird, a name which implies the Pelican, . . . is upon a close view a handsome man, of about five feet nine in his moccasins, square shouldered, long-waisted and of clear, sinewy limbs. His hair when in prime of life was of a dark chestnut, rather than black; his face of a longer than rounder form, his cranium advancing, his nostril and chin expressive; his eye strong and observant; his cast of face perpendicular." MacDonald, "Nez Perce Campaign." It is not certain that MacDonald was in Canada at the time of the meeting; his account might have been hearsay derived later from Nez Perces who were there. George Kush, communication with author, Lethbridge, Alberta, August 4, 1996.

98. Irvine wrote that: "White Bird, the Nez Perce chief, can have but very few lodges with him, as during the past month I have visited many Blood and Piegan camps, and have seen several Nez Perce lodges among them." Irvine to White, November 10, 1878, in "Papers . . . Sioux Indians," 126; John Turner, North-West Mounted Police, 1:399; and Utley, Lance and the Shield, 202.

99. Walsh to Irvine, December 30, 1878, in "Papers . . . Sioux Indians," 128.

100. Walsh to Irvine, January 25, 1879, ibid., 129.

101. Ibid., 129-31; and Utley, Lance and the Shield, 204-6.

102. Army and Navy Journal, December 7, 1878.

103. Alcorn and Alcorn, "Old Nez Perce Recalls," 72.

104. McWhorter, Hear Me, 517 and 517 n. 22.

105. Jean Louis Lagere to Walter M. Camp, March 26, 1912, folder 21, box 1, Camp Papers, BYU.

106. Quoted in Dempsey, "An Indian's Death in Exile," 25.

107. Weptas Nut (No Feather), Interview; and Maxwell and Morris, Interview. Details of the death of White Bird and the trial and imprisonment of his assassin are comprehensively treated in Dempsey, "An Indian's Death in Exile," 26-29. See also McWhorter, Hear Me, 524.

108. Miles to Terry, October 17, 1877, folder: Nez Perce Campaign 1877, box T-2: 5th Infantry to Aug. 1881, Miles Papers, MHI.

109. McWhorter, Hear Me, 501.

110. Olson, "The Nez Perce," 186-89.