MONTEZUMA CASTLE
Montezuma Castle Archeology - Part 2: Textiles 		WNPA Logo

APPENDIX

Table. 1. COMPARISON OF THREE BOTANICAL ANALYSES

Specimen NumberWhitford's analysis Brown's and our analysis Jones' analysis Page No.
1. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton. Evidence that piece was colored by rubbing on red paint. Cotton. Light brown pigment, internal, vegetal (?) 12
2. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Deep brown pigment, internal, vegetal (?) 12
3. Textile plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Gray-brown pigment, internal(?) 12
4. Textile, plain weave, rag wefts Cotton Cotton Cotton. Gray-brown pigment, internal (?). Two hairs of small mammal and one of large mammal. 25
5. Textile, plain weave, wefts in pairs Yucca elata Yucca Extracted strands of leaf fibers (Yucca?) frayed in places but not finely hackled. A few cotton fibers, one hair of small mammal and other extraneous matter noted. 19
6. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton. Cotton. Gray-brown pigment, external(?). 14
7. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Mostly unpigmented. Some possibly with brownish internal(?) pigment. Mass of brown material, nature indistinguishable, possibly portion of (Yucca?) leaf. 14
8. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Gray-brown pigment, external(?). 15
9. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton. Red-orange dye evidently applied before cotton was woven. Cotton. Pigmented deep orange-red. Pigment external granular, mineral (?). 15
10. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Pigmented light brown, internal (?). Some fibers unpigmented. One hair of small mammal noted. 15
11. Textiles, paired wefts and rag wefts (11a) Cotton
(11b)
(11c) Yucca baccata		 11a. Cotton and possibly
11b. some apocynum in rag wefts. Red threads used in wefts (and sometimes warps) of finely-woven cotton strips seem to have been dyed before using.
11c. Yucca warps and paired wefts.		 11a. Cotton. Heavily pigmented, brownish-red, external, granular mineral (?). Apocynum not noted.
11b. Cotton. Gray pigment, granular, external(?).
11c. Extracted but not finely hackled strands of leaf fibers (Yucca?) These are frayed in places. Two strands have been loosely twisted together in a counter-clockwise direction. Pigmented with brown, external, granular, mineral (?) pigment. One hair of small mammal noted.		 22
12. Textile, slit-tapestry weave (12a) Yucca baccata
(12b)
(12c) Cotton
(12d) Cotton 		12a. Yucca warp.
12b. Cotton. Yellow wefts evidently dyed before using.
12c. Cotton. Black wefts evidently dyed before using.
12d. Cotton, white. One animal hair.		 12a. Extracted, fairly fine strands of leaf fibers (Yucca?) frayed in places and fairly finely divided. The granular surface material is probably soil rather than intentionally added pigment.
12b. Cotton. Yellow-brown pigment, granular, external (?).
12c. Cotton. Dark brown pigment, internal(?).
12d. Cotton. Gray pigment, internal (?). Extraneous material including a bit of leaf fibers (Yucca?) and a hair of a small mammal.		 40
13. Textile, evidences of gauze weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Lightly pigmented, gray, external(?). 32
14. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Some unpigmented, but some fibers with brown, internal(?) pigment. 16
15. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Mostly unpigmented, but some fibers with brown, internal(?) pigment. 17
16. Textile, plain with wefts always paired. Yucca baccata Yucca, apocynum and some cotton Primarily of extracted leaf fibers (Yucca?) which are more or less in strands but rather finely separated. These may have been pigmented with external, granular brown pigment. There is some admixture of unpigmented cotton fibers. Apocynum not noted. 19
17. Textile, paired wefts and rag wefts (17a) Yucca elata
(17b) Cotton strips		 17a. Yucca warps and paired wefts.
17b. Cotton rag wefts. Some of fibers in cotton strips are red in color.		 17a. A coarse strand of extracted leaf fibers (Yucca?) frayed at the ends and in places. Possibly external, granular pigment.
17b. Cotton. Mostly unpigmented, some coated with granular, external red-brown pigment.		 23
18. Textile, weft-float Cotton Cotton
18a. Black dyed cotton.		 18a. Cotton. Very evenly pigmented with black pigment which without doubt is internal, or absorbed by the fibers.
18b. Cotton. Possibly lightly pigmented with brown internal pigment.		 33
19. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton. Evidently dyed before weaving. Red-orange in color. Cotton. Reddish-brown, granular, external (?) pigmentation. 17
20. 49-strand braid Cotton Cotton Cotton. Mostly unpigmented, but some possibly with brown pigment. No explanation of "pellets" on some fibers is offered. 63
21. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Light brown, internal pigment. Some bits of extraneous material. 18
22. Net Agave parryi Yucca Does not appear to have structure of fibrous leaf. Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant. Color may be due to pigment or adhering soil. 73
23. Skirt Yucca mohavensis Yucca and one cotton fiber. Strands have been dyed to a red brown color. Some is black, evidently due to scorching. Coarse strands of extracted, not finely divided leaf fibers (Yucca?) which are frayed in places. These are apparently pigmented with brown, external pigment. Extraneous material including one unpigmented and one pigmented cotton fiber. 56
24. Skirt 24a Agave parryi (two-ply cord foundation units)
24b Yucca baccata (two-ply cord, fringe)		 Yucca, cotton and apocynum. (One rodent hair by chance) 24a. Apparently inner bark (bast) of some woody plant.
24b. Extracted, fairly finely separated leaf fibers (Yucca) probably unpigmented, but possibly brown, external pigment. Admixture of cotton fibers both unpigmented and with brown pigment, and one hair of small mammal.		 59
25. Sandal Yucca macrocarpa Yucca 25a. Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant.
25b. Identical with 25a except with reddish-brown, external pigment and with slight admixture of cotton.		 49
26. Skirt Yucca baccata Yucca Extracted strands of leaf fibers (Yucca?) frayed in several places. 57
27. Sandal Yucca elata
27a. See note at end of chart.
27b. Cotton		 Yucca
27a. Toe tie—yucca
27b. Instep tie—cotton		 Seems to be inner bark (bast) from some woody plant. There is some extraneous material. The rodent hair was not noted, but there is a small bit of bird down which might easily be confused with a hair.
27a. Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant.
27b. Cotton with yellowish-brown external (?) pigment. Also a strand of leaf fibers (Yucca?) and a few individual fibers apparently leaf fibers mixed in with the cot ton and pigmented as are the cot ton fibers.		 52
28. Sandal Yucca mohavensis Yucca Strands of leaf fibers (Yucca?) which have been extracted from the leaf but have not been cleaned or separated. Other parts of the leaf, including conducting tissue, are still associated. 45
29. Sandal Yucca mohavensis Yucca Similar to No. 28. 45
30. Sandal Yucca mohavensis Yucca Similar to Nos. 28 and 29. 46
31. Sandal Yucca elata Yucca Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant. 47
32. Sandal Yucca elata Yucca Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant. 48
33. Textile, weft-float Cotton Cotton
33b. Black dyed cotton.		 33a. Cotton. Unpigmented.
33b. Cotton. Black internal pigment, fairly uniformly and evenly pigmented.		 36
34. Textile, weft-wrap Cotton Cotton Cotton. Evenly distributed internal brown pigment. 31
35. Textile, weft-wrap Cotton Cotton
27
36. Textile, weft-wrap Cotton Cotton Cotton. Unpigmented or very lightly pigmented. 28
37. Textile, weft-wrap Cotton Cotton Similar to No. 36. 29
38. Twined-woven bag Yucca baccata and macrocarpa 38a. Yucca. Gray.
38b. Yucca. Red ferric iron dye.		 38a. Extracted leaf fibers (Yucca?) well-cleaned and fairly finely separated. Also cotton fibers and other extraneous material.
38b. Identical with 38a except the fibers are pigmented with granular, red external pigment.		 75
39. Textile, wefts always paired Yucca baccata 39a. Warp yucca
39b. Weft yucca		 39a. Extracted leaf fibers (Yucca?) moderately finely separated. Some conducting tissue. Pigmented with brownish, granular external pigment.
39b. Identical with 39a except more finely separated and no conducting tissue noted.		 21
40. Skirt Yucca elata Yucca Extracted, cleaned and rather finely separated leaf fibers (Yucca?) which seem to be unpigmented. 58
41. Skirt Cotton Cotton. Red rubbed on. Predominantly Cotton pigmented with brown internal(?) pigment. Also some extracted leaf fibers (Yucca?) moderately finely divided, external (?) pigment. 60
42. Mat See note at end of chart. Unknown Portion of fibrous leaf (Yucca?) showing fibers, conducting tissue and other tissue (parenchyma?). Extracted but not cleaned and divided. 69
43. Mat Yucca mohavensis Unknown Similar to Nos. 42 and 44, but in smaller bits. Extraneous material including a hair of small mammal and cotton fibers. 69
44. Mat Dasylirion wheeleri Unknown Similar to No. 42. 71
45. Sandal 45a. Sandal of Agave parryi
45b. Heel tie of Yucca baccata		 Yucca 45a. Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant.
45b. Extracted leaf fibers (Yucca?) cleaned and fairly finely separated.		 51
46. Textile, wefts always paired Yucca baccata Yucca Same as No. 45b. 21
47. Necklace Cotton Cotton. Some dyed black
65
48. 3-strand rope Yucca elata Yucca Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant. 65
49. Skirt Yucca baccata Yucca Extracted, cleaned and fairly finely separated leaf fibers (Yucca?). Possibly with small amount of brown external pigment. 58
50. Sandal Yucca baccata Yucca Appears to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant but is not separated sufficiently to examine the individual fibers. 48
51. Sandal Yucca mohavensis Yucca
49
53. Textile, rag wefts 53a. Yucca baccata
53b. Cotton		 53a. Yucca warps and paired wefts.
53b. Cotton strips. Red color rubbed on.		 53a. Extracted leaf fibers (Yucca?) cleaned and rather finely separated. Apparently with brown, granular, external pigment. Cotton with brown, internal pigment. 23
54. Textile, rag wefts Cotton Cotton Cotton with brown, internal pigment. 26
55. Textile, plain weave Cotton Cotton Cotton. Unpigmented (?). 18
56. Textile, diamond twill Cotton 56a. Cotton, white.
56b. Cotton, red, ferric iron dye.
56c. Cotton, black dyed		 56a. Cotton with faint brown internal pigment.
56b. Cotton. Red pigment, internal (?).
56c. Cotton with black internal pigment.		 37
57. 2-strand cord Yucca macrocarpa Yucca Portion of fibrous leaf (Yucca?) showing filament of fibrous tissue with other associated tissues. 67
58. Mat Juniper bark Juniper bark Shows structure of bark and compares well with a prepared slide of bark of cedar (Juniperus sp.) 71
59. Fiber ring See note at end of chart. Yucca Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant. 67
60. 3-strand cord Yucca mohavensis Yucca Apparently same as No. 59. 67
63. 2-strand cord Yucca macrocarpa Yucca fiber Extracted and cleaned filaments of leaf fibers (Yucca?) which are frayed in places. 67
64. 2-strand cord 64a. Cord, Agave parryi
64b. Fob, cotton		 64a. Yucca fiber cord
64b. Cotton fob		 64a. Seems to be inner bark (bast) of some woody plant.
64b. Cotton pigmented with internal brown pigment.		 68

NOTE: In three cases Whitford has given no analysis. In these cases results were reached as follows:

Jones says 27a and 27 are the same. This would make No. 27a Yucca elata.
Jones says 42 and 44 are the same. This would make No. 42 Dasylirion wheeleri.
Jones says 59 and 60 are the same. This would make No. 59 Yucca mohavensis.

Table II. MATERIALS, WEAVES, COLORS

Material
(After Whitford)		 Number of specimens Weave, if textile Color
DyeRubbed Color
Cotton23 textiles13 plain weave 2 red1 red
2 rag wefts

2 weft-floatsblack wefts
1 diamond twillred and black wefts
4 weft-wrap, 2 with gauze weave

1 gauze weave

1 necklace
black
1 braid


1 skirt

red-orange
(1 sandal instep cord)


Yucca9 sandals and ties
1 sandal tie


5 cords and ties


4 skirts
1 red-brown
4 textilespaired wefts

1 mat


1 bagtwined wovensome wefts of red
Yucca and cotton
(fibers not twisted together)		 4 textiles3 yucca warps and paired wefts; cotton in rag wefts 1 red on cotton2 red on cotton
1 slit weave, yucca warps, cotton wefts black and yellow wefts, cotton
Agave parryi1 cord


1 net


1 sandal


Yucca and Agave parryi
(fibers not twisted together)		 1 skirtYucca strands woven over Agave parryi foundation

Dasylirion wheeleri2 mats


Juniper bark1 mat



Table III. COLORS

Specimen Number Material Color Rubbed
on		 Dyed External,
inorganic,
mineral		 Internal
organic,
vegetal
1. Textile, plain weave Cotton Red x
x
9. Textile, plain weave Cotton Red
x x
11. Textile, rag wefts Cotton wefts Red
x x
Yucca warps



x
12. Textile, slit-tapestry Cotton wefts Black
x
x
Yucca warps Yellow
x x
17. Textile, rag wefts Cotton wefts Red
x x
Yucca warps




18. Textile, weft-float Cotton Black wefts x x
19. Textile, plain weave Cotton Red
x x
23. Skirt Yucca Red
x x
33. Textile, weft-float Cotton Black wefts
x
x
38. Twined Bag Yucca Red wefts
x x
41. Skirt Cotton Red x
x
47. Necklace Cotton Black
x
x
53. Textile, rag wefts Cotton wefts Red x
x
Yucca warps




56. Textile, diamond twill Cotton Red wefts
x x
Black wefts
x
x

Table IV. TEXTILES

Spec.
No.		 Material Weave Color Border Comparative
Literature
1 Cotton Plain Red rubbed on
Haury, pp. 89-91
2 Cotton Plain

Haury, pp. 89-91
3 Cotton Plain

Haury, pp. 89-91
6 Cotton Plain

Haury, pp. 89-91
7 Cotton Plain
Two border units, each of three twisted cotton strands twined down edge of piece. Hough, p. 72, Fig. 160
8 Cotton Plain
1/4" of edge of weave rolled up and bound with cotton string. BAEB 65, p. 116
9 Cotton Plain External, granular, mineral orange dye
Haury, pp. 89-91
10 Cotton (Jones notes 1 hair from small mammal.) Plain

Haury, pp. 89-91
14 Cotton Plain
Four cotton strings twisted down edge of piece. Haury, p. 84, Fig. 16e
15 Cotton Plain


19 Cotton Plain Red-orange dye, granular, mineral, external

21 Cotton (possibly also some extraneous material) Plain
Four cotton strings twisted over last two warp (?) strands of weave. BAEB 65, p. 116
55 Cotton Plain


4 Cotton. (Jones notes two small hairs of a small mammal and one of large mammal Plain, weft elements of woven strips or twisted cotton threads. (Some evidence of yellow rubbed on) Fine twisted cotton strings over which wefts are looped. Haury, p. 102 Hough, p. 82
54 Cotton Plain, weft elements of woven strips or twisted cotton threads.


17 Yucca elata in warps and paired wefts; cotton in rag wefts. Plain, paired strands and cotton bundles or woven strips as wefts Red dye on cotton rag wefts, external granular, mineral.
Haury, pp. 101-102
Hough, p. 82
53 Yucca baccata in warps and paired wefts; cotton in rag wefts. Plain, paired strands and cotton bundles or woven strips as wefts. Red rubbed on cotton rag wefts
Haury, pp. 101-102
Hough, p. 82
11 Yucca baccata in warps and paired wefts; cotton in rag wefts. (Jones notes one hair of small mammal) Plain, paired strands and cotton bundles or woven strips as wefts. Wefts of cotton strips dyed red, granular, mineral, external pigment
Haury, pp. 101-102
Hough, p. 82
5 Yucca elata (Possibly some cotton fibers, one hair of small mammal and other extraneous material). Plain with wefts always paired

Haury, pp. 101-102
Hough, p. 82
39 Yucca baccata Plain with wefts always paired.

Haury, pp. 101-102
Hough, p. 82
46 Yucca baccata Plain with wefts always paired.

Haury, pp. 101-102
Hough, p. 82
16 Yucca baccata (Jones and our analyses note some cotton fiber). Plain with wefts always paired.

Haury, pp. 101-102
Hough, p. 82
34 Cotton Weft-wrap openwork

Haury, p. 92
Hough, pp. 78-79
35 Cotton Weft-wrap openwork

Haury, p. 92
Hough, pp. 78-79
36 Cotton Weft-wrap open-work and some gauze weave.

Haury, pp. 92, 95-96
Hough, pp. 78-79
37 Cotton Weft-wrap open-work and some gauze weave.

Haury, pp. 92, 95-96
Hough, pp. 78-79
13 Cotton Evidences of gauze weave.

Haury, pp. 95-96
Hough, p. 79
18 Cotton Weft-float paired wefts. Warps white, wefts dyed black with internal, vegetal dye Two border units, each of three twisted cotton strands, twined down edge of piece.
33 Cotton Weft-float single wefts. Warps white, wefts dyed black with internal, vegetal dye. Two border units, each of three twisted cotton strands, twined down edge of piece.
12 Yucca baccata warp, black and yellow wefts cotton, white weft cotton (Jones' and our analyses note extraneous material: one hair of small mammal, etc.) Slit-tapestry weave Black and yellow dyed wefts; black internal, vegetal; yellow external, mineral, granular.
Hough, p. 81
Steen, pp. 458-459
56 Cotton Diamond twill Red and black dyed wefts; black internal, vegetal; red external, mineral, granular
Amsden, p. 57

Table V. SANDALS

Spec.
No.		 Material Weaver Tie Comparative Literature
28
29
30
31
32
50		 Whole yucca leaves
mohavensis — 28, 29, 30
elata — 31, 32
baccata — 50		 Over-one under-one braid, Four leaves folded at toe; braided nearly to heel. Four inches at heel turned up for heel pad. Yucca leaves, partly shredded, two leaves, enter weave at toe, enclosing two toes, cross each other and enter weave at sides of heel. Yucca in cords is of same variety as that in sandal. BAEB 65, type I, a, 1, p. 102
Guernsey, pp. 66-67, Fig. 24
Haury, pp. 64-65, Pl. XLI, a, b
Hough, p. 83
Roberts, p. 516
51 Shredded yucca leaves mohavensis Over-one under-one braid. Four leaves folded at toe; braided nearly to heel. Four inches at heel turned up for heel paid. Missing same as above
25 Yucca fibers bound spirally with other yucca fiber to make compact cords, macrocarpa Six cords folded at toe and braided as above; no heel pad. Three-strand braid of yucca fiber strings, only one strap remains; fastened as described above.
45 Agave parryi fibers bound as for No. 25, above. Heel tie of Yucca baccata Twenty-seven-strand braid, over-two under-two. Toe straps; two 11-strand yucca string, over-two under-two braids, originating from woven section at toe, and passing to sides of sandal at heel; heel strap of yucca strings. BAEB 65, type I, a, 2, pp. 101-102
Haury, p. 65
27 Yucca elata fibers bound as for No. 25, above. Instep tie of cotton. Cords woven over six tightly twisted, two-strand yucca string warps. Toe ties of yucca string Instep tie of cotton. BAEB 65, type II, a p. 103
Hough, p. 84

Table VI. SKIRTS

Spec.
No.		 Material Weaver Coloring Comparative Literature
26
40
49		 Yucca fiber
Yucca baccata — 26, 49
Yucca elata — 40		 Center pad of two string bundles; strings woven over these and their loose ends twisted to form fringes on both sides of pad.
Haury, p. 63, Pl. XL
23 Yucca mohavensis (Possibly some cotton) Center pad of two string bundles; strings woven over these and their loose ends twisted to form fringes on both sides of pad. Red-brown dye, external, mineral Haury, p. 63, Pl. XL
24 Yucca baccata strands woven over Agave parryi cords (Possibly some cotton and one rodent hair) Three-string foundation unit; fringe on one side of this unit only.
Haury, p. 62, Pl. XL
41 Cotton (Possibly some yucca fibers) Three-string foundation unit; fringe on one side of this unit only. Red-orange paint rubbed on. Haury, p. 62, Pl. XL

Table VII. CORDS, BRAIDS, ROPES

Spec.
No.		 Material Technique Comparative Literature
20 Cotton 49-strand braid Hough, p. 75
47 Cotton, white and dyed black Six black strands, bound at 1" intervals with white cotton string; suggests a necklace or hair tie.
59 Yucca mohavensis fibers Ring of fibers tied with square knot; suggests sandal heel cord.
48 Yucca elata fiber cords Flat three-strand braid, rope BAEB 65, p. 50
57 Yucca macrocarpa leaves Loose two-strand twist Haury, pp. 84-85, Fig. 16, b, c
Hough, pp. 68-70, Fig. 147, g
63 Yucca macrocarpa fibers Two-strand twist Haury, pp. 84-85, Fig. 16, b, c
Hough, pp. 68-70, Fig. 147, g
64 Agave parryi fibers Two-strand twist Haury, pp. 84-85, Fig. 16, b, c
Hough, pp. 68-70, Fig. 147, g
60 Yucca mohavensis fibers Three-strand twist Haury, pp. 84-85, Fig. 16, b, c
Hough, pp. 68-70, Fig. 147, g

Table VIII. MATTING, BAG, NET

A. MATTING

Spec.
No.		 Material Technique Border Comparative Literature
42 Dasylirion wheeleri Over-three under-three twill
Haury, pp. 81-82, Pl. LIV
Hough, Pl. 16
44 Dasylirion wheeleri Over-three under-three twill Weave elements doubled back in weave Haury, pp. 81-82, Pl. LIV
Hough, Pl. 16
43 Yucca mohavensis Twill Weave elements split in two at border and halves twined together. Haury, pp. 81-82, Pl. LIV
Hough, Pl. 16
58 Juniper bark Checker weave


B. BAG

No. Material Technique Dye Comparative Literature
38 Yucca macrocarpa and baccata fibers Twined woven Iron dye on some of strands PMP, VIII, 2, pp. 65-71, Pl. 27, Figs. c, d


C. NET

No. Material Technique Comparative Literature
22 Agave parryi Square knots at corners of 2" x 2-1/2" (5.1 x 5.7 cm.) squares BAEB 65, p. 113
Haury, pp. 84, 86, 87
PMP, VIII, 2, p. 77

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