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Chapter 1
--Origins
--The Park Service Assumes Responsibility
--Interpretation Institutionalized
Chapter 2
--Branching Into History
--The Importance of Historical Interpretation
Chapter 3
--New Directions
--Museums, Visitor Centers, and the New Look
--Environmental Interpretation
Chapter 4
--Interpreting Interpretation
Chapter 5
--Interpretation In Crisis
Appendices
--Memo --Photographs
Endnotes
--Origins
--New Directions
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INTERPRETATION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: |
Notes for Chapter 3: NEW DIRECTIONS
1. Frank Brockman, " park naturalists and the evolution of national park service interpretation through world war ii, " Journal of Forest History, January 1978, p. 40; Report of Director, National Park Service, in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1932 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1932), p. 23.
2. Minutes of the Conference of Historians, Gettysburg National Military Park, May 5-9, 1947, History Division, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.; Minutes, Conference of Regional Historians and Archeologtsts, January 20-26, 1951, History Division.
3. Memorandum, Chief, Division of Interpretation, Ronald F. Lee to All Field Areas, Jan. 9, 1957, Washington Office file K1815, Washington National Records Center (WNRC), Suitland, Md.; MISSION 66 Progress Report, October 1963, History Division.
4. MISSION 66 Progress Report.
5. Memorandum to Chief Naturalist, Jan. 20, 1958, Washington Office file K1815, WNRC.
6. Memorandum, Assistant Director Jackson E. Price to Regional Director, Southwest Region, Apr. 16, 1963, Washington Office file K1815, WNRC.
7. Press Information Kit, Castillo file K1815, WNRC.
8. Sound and Light Programs file, History Division.
9. Ibid.; telephone conversation with Joseph Geary, Sept. 20, 1985; telephone conversation with Loretta L. Schmidt, Jan. 7, 1986.
10. Greg Massey, "Kings Mountain National Military Park Administrative History," draft manuscript, 1985, pp. 129-30, copy in History Division.
11. William W. Dunmire, "Report on Interpretation, " 1975, History of Interpretation files, National Park Service History Collection, Harpers Berry, W. Va. (hereinafter cited as NPSHC).
12. In Touch, March 1976, p. 3.
13. Ned J. Burns, Field Manual for Museums (Washington: National Park Service, 1941), p. 24.
14. Ibid., p. 2.v
15. Ibid., p. 14; Ralph Lewis, "Museum Curatorship in the National Park Service, " draft manuscript, 1983, p. 198, copy in History Division.
16. Brockmen, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation, " p. 42; Lewis, "Museum Curatorship in the National Park service."
17. Lewis, "Museum Curatorship in the National Park Service," pp. 208-09.
18. Memorandum to Regional Director, Southwest Region, Aug. 19, 1964, Southwest Regional Office file K1815, WNRC.
19. MISSION 66 for the National Park System, pp. 29, 92.
20. Ronald F. Lee, "What 's New in Interpretation," paper for Visitor Services Conference, Williamsburg, Va., Dec. 2, 1959, Interpretive Programs file, History Division; William W. Dunmire, "Report on Interpretation,'" 1975, NPSHC.
21. "Report on Interpretation."
22. William C. Everhart, "The Origins of the Interpretive Design Center, With Comments on the Progress of Interpretation, 1964-1970," NPSHC.
23. Memorandum, Hartzog to Assistant Secretary of the Interior Laurence H. Dunn, "Establishment of Harpers Ferry Center," Oct. 20, 1969, HPSHC.
24. Harold C. Bryant and Wallace W. Atwood, Jr., Research and Education in the National Parks (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936), p. 10; King, "Interpretational Devices," Report of Meeting of Custodians, Southwestern National Monuments, Feb. 14-16, 1940, History Division.
25. Memorandum, Chief, Division of Interpretation, Ronald F. Lee to All Field Offices, "Demonstrations as Part of the Interpretive Program," Feb. 7, 1956, Interpretive Programs file, History Division.v
26. Memorandum, Fritz Kessinger to Chief, Division of Legislation and Regulations, June 21, 1965, Legislation Division, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.; letter, Utley to author, Jan. 17, 1986.
27. Clawson, "Living Historical Farms: A Proposal for Action," Agricultural History 39 (April 1965): 110-11; letter, Clawson to Udall, Aug. 11, 1965, Living Historical Farms file, History Division; letter, Udall to Clawson, Sept. 9, 1965, ibid.
28. Memorandum, Hartzog to Howard W. Baker, Howard R. Stagner, and Theodor R. Swem, Apr. 18, 1966, Living Historical Farms file, History Division; memorandum, Applemen to Hartzog, July 18, 1966, ibid.
29. Memorandum, Appleman to Hartzog, Dec. 15, 1967, Living Historical Farms file, History Division; memorandum, Lee to All Field Offices, Feb. 7, 1956, Interpretive Programs file, History Division; memorandum, Appleman to Chief of Interpretation and Visitor Services, Oct. 14, 1966, Living Historical Farms file, History Division.
30. Conversation with Edwin C. Bearss, Dec. 13, 1985; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood as a Living Historical Farm (Washington: National Park Service, 1967); NPS Interpreters' Newsletter, Nov. 15, 1968, p. 11.
31. Bearss, The Burroughs Plantation as a Living Historical Farm (Washington: National Park Service, 1969); Mackintosh, General Background Studies: The Burroughs Plantation, 1856-1865 (Washington: National Park Service, 1968); quote from NPS Interpreters' Newsletter, April 1969, p. 9.
32. Memorandum, Acting Assistant Director Leslie P. Arnberger to All Regional Directors, Apr. 27, 1967, NPSHC; NPS Interpreters' Newsletter, Apr. 1, 1968, p. 3.
33. Follow-up Slip, Rartzog to Harthon L. Bill, Howard W. Baker, and William C. Everhart, Oct. 4, 1967, NPSHC; memorandum, Everhart to All Regional Directors, Oct. 6, 1967, ibid.; memorandum, Hartzog to Everhart, Hay 24, 1968, ibid.
34. "Live-ins" Spread from West to East as Students Re-create History,' History News, March 1974, pp. 68-69.
35. Everhart, "A Report on National Park Service Interpretation," March 1973, NPSHC.
36. Memorandum, Acting Director Charles S. Marshall, Southeast Region, to Superintendents, Southeast Region, Oct. 27, 1971, NPSHC.
37. NPS Interpreters' Newsletter, August 1970, p. 6.v
38. Barnes, "Living Interpretation," April 1973, NPSHC. ("Sum Fun" was a summer program for children at Richmond National Battlefield Park.)v
39. Bennett quote in NPS Interpreters' Newsletter, Apr. 1, 1968, p. 9; Appleman, "Trip Report to Revolutionary War and Bicentennial Related Areas, Northeast Region," July 1969, American Revolution Bicentennial Commission file, History Division.
40. Utley, "Living History: How Far Is Too Far?" In Touch, June 1974, pp. 13-14.
41. In Touch, August 1974, pp. 15-16.
42. In Touch, May 1976, p. 5.
43. In Touch, July 1977, p. 19.
44. "Report on Interpretation," NPSHC.
45. Chapter 7, pp. 9-11.
46. Letter, Dunmire to Edwin C. Bearss and Barry Mackintosh, Feb. 13, 1986.
47. NPS Interpreters' Newsletter, Dec. 15, 1967, p. 2.
48. NPS Interpreters' Newsletter, September 1970, p. 9.
49. Evison, "Environmental Education--Where We Stand," NPS Interpreters' Newsletter, March 1970, p. 3.
50. "Master Memorandum of Understanding Between George Williams College, Downers Grove, Ill., and National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior," Washington Office file K1815, WNRC; telephone conversation with Steven H. Lewis, Sept. 17, 1985.
51. Lewis conversation.
52. Dunmire, "Report on Interpretation," NPSHC; Dunmire, "Environmental Education: A Cornerstone of Park Interpretation," Trends, April-May-June 1975, p. 4.
53. Herbst quote in Trends, Winter 1979, p. 2; Dame, "The Role and Responsibility of Interpretation in the 1980's," enclosure to memorandum, Dickenson to Regional Directors and Superintendents. "Interpretation and Visitor Services," Mar. 29, 1982, NPSHC.
54. Conversation with Dame, Oct. 22, 1985.
55. Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation," p. 32.
56. Interpretive Programs file, History Division.
57. Memorandum, Appleman to Lee, Sept. 26, 1960, NPSHC.
58. Memorandum, Appleman to Herbert E. Kahler, Chief, Division of History and Archeology, June 19, 1962, History Division.
59. Telephone conversation with Polly W. Kaufman, Dec. 17, 1985.
60. Advisory Board records, History Division.
61. Letter, Acting Regional Director Fred T. Johnston to Superintendents, Historical Areas, Nov. 9, 1940, NPSHC.
62. July 19, 1942, clipping, Wartime Use of National Parks file, History Division.
63. Porter, "National Park Service War Work, December 7, 1941, to 30, 1944," Wartime Use of National Parks file, History Division.
64. Paper delivered Dec. 30, 1950, History Division.
65. Interpretive Programs file, History Division.
66. Memorandum, Wirth to All Field Offices, Apr. 23, 1953, ibid.
67. Memorandum, Littleton to Chief, EODC, June 14, 1957, Washington Office file K1815, WNRC.
68. Memorandum, Lee to Regional Directors, Mar. 25, 1958, Washington Office file K1815, WNRC.
69. Paper delivered Nov. 13, 1968, NPSHC.
70. Memorandum, Utley to Associate Director, Professional Services, Apr. 16, 1973, History Division. The "Kosciuszko affair" referred to the successful efforts of Polish-Americans to establish a national memorial to Thaddeus Kosciuszko, involving some embellishment of his reputation.
71. In Touch, March 1976, pp. 2-3.
72. Management Policies, 1978, Chapter 7, p. 2.
73. Chapter 1, p. 1; Chapter 3, p. 3.
74. Conversation with Dame, Oct. 22, 1985; Mott, "Mission: Interpretation,'' Courier, November-December 1985, p. 3.
Last Modified: July 9, 2000
09:35:00 pm PST
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