Independence
Historic Resource Study
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ENDNOTES

Chapter 1

1 As quoted in Nicholas Wainwright, "Plan of Philadelphia," PMHB 80 (1956), 165; "Thomas Penn," in Dumas Malone, ed. Dictionary of American Biography 14 (New York, 1934), 432.

2 Wainwright, "Plan of Philadephia," PMHB 80, 164-168.

3 James M. Duffin, Guide to the Philadelphia Exemplification Records Series, Being True Copies of Philadelphia County Land Records in the Master Rolls Office and its Successors, 1669-1838 (City Archives, 1994), 74, 420.

4 "Brief of Title to a Lot of Ground Situate on the North side of Arch Street, …" a document prepared in 1874 at the sale of one of the lots within the closed burial ground. Second Presbyterian Church records, Presbyterian Historical Society. Hereinafter PrHS. The heir Thomas Leech was a sea captain in the West Indies trade. He went on to be elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1756, and become Speaker of the House in 1758. He died in 1762. Pennsylvania Gazette Dec. 19, 1754, Jan 7, Mar. 11, 1755, June 24, 1756, Jan. 18, 1758, June 3, 1762. Hereinafter PG.

5 Arthur Cecil Binning, Ph.D., "The Iron Plantations of Early Pennsylvania," PMHB 57 (1933), 135.

6 As quoted in Morris L. Montgomery, "Early Furnaces and Forges of Berks County, Pennsylvania," PMHB 8 (1884), 62. Montgomery dates the iron works as c. 1720 and places it at the Colebrookdale furnace, founded by Thomas Rutter and several partners.

7 Binning, "Iron Plantations," PMHB 57, 132.

8 Thomas Rutter, March 20, 1729, E, 127, in the CD-R0M, "Family Tree Maker, Genealogical Records: Pennsylvania Wills, 1682-1834," (herinafter cited, "PA Wills, 1682-1834"). Thomas Rutter's will is probated March 20, 1729, but Montgomery in "Early Furnaces," 58, says he died in 1730. Montgomery cites the contents of the will (not provided in the "PA Wills"), and conjectures that the Colebrook Furnace and Pool Forge are the two properties Rutter refers to in his will.

9 Duffin, Exemplification, 353.

10 Quoted from deed, Thomas Leech, et. al. To John Faires, Joseph Hall, Elias Boudinot, Andrew Read and John Redman, [Church Trustees], Oct. 22, 1750, "Brief of Title," PrHS.

11 PG Sept 18, 1760; Toby Leech, owner of the adjoining property to the east, left his "lot in Philadelphia near John Oxley's lot," as part of his estate in 1727. This suggests that John, not William Oxley, owned the Arch Street lot in 1750. William, the evidence suggests, was John's son and John was the landowner during these years. A John Oxley of Barbados left an undated will that identified him as the father of a son named William. William Oxley of Barbados provided for a school age son named John in his will probated in 1785. John Oxley also had a daughter, Ann Callender of Barbados, presumably the wife of Benjamin Callender, who advertised the lot with John Oxley in 1760. Will of John Oxley, 4, 256; Will of Ann Callender, July 21, 1768, 4, 253; Will of William Oxley, Jan. 31, 1785, 4, 257; Will of Toby Leech, Apr. 29, 1727, D, 462. "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

12 Duffin, Exemplification, 188. Thomas Howard left a will, City of Philadelphia. Joyner. December 28, 1748. J.30, PA Wills 1682-1834.

13 Duffin, Exemplification, 348. Philip Roman left a will, Chichester, yeoman, January 21, 1729/30. A. 312, PA Wills 1682-1834.

14 Duffin, Exemplification, 41, 81.

15 Survey for Peter Browne, 1803, identifies "Copes lot"as 22' 31/2 wide. Surveys in 1791 and 1795 and 1802 for Peter De Haven, however, identify the same lot as belonging to "heirs of Fredrick Walters." Further research is needed on when the original Cope lot was divided in two and on the sequence of ownership. Third Survey District, pre-1814 surveys, Philadelphia City Archives, (PCA).

16 Samuel's life dates come from PMHB Index to 1-75 (Philadelphia, 1954). A copy of Hudson's will, Dec. 26, 1742, is in this writer's file. Other wills that named both Cresson and Emlen families: Samuel Powell; Samuel Emlen, son of Joshua and Deborah Emlen, Jan. 10, 1800; Mary Armitt, sister of Sarah Cresson, Apr. 6, 1791, W. 98; Elizabeth Armit, neice of Samuel Emlen, May 27, 1808, 2.301, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." The Emlen family connection to Block Two of Independence Mall is related in this writer's report, "Historic Resource Study, Independence Mall, The Eighteenth Century Development, Block Two, Market to Arch, Fifth to Sixth Streets," (Independence National Historical Park, 2000).

17 "Family History," Diary of Caleb Cresson. 296. "Notes and Queries," PMHB 14 (1890), 214; Harold E. Gillingham, "The Philadelphia Windsor Chair," PMHB 55 (1931), 307; Sarah Cresson, Aug. 24, 1752, K.6; Samuel Emlen, Nov. 24, 1783, S.305. "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

18Will of James Cresson, chairmaker, June 2, 1746, H.126, and Sarah Cresson, August 24, 1752, K.6. "PA Wills, 1682-1824." "Family History," Diary of Caleb Cresson, 198. Caleb Emlen, likely Sarah Emlen Cresson's brother, likewise was a windsor chair maker. Caleb Emlen died in 1748, two years after James Cresson. Gillingham, Ibid. Joshua Cresson's will was probated in November 1793, suggesting he may have died in the yellow fever epidemic. He left a wife, Mary, and 7 children. W602, "PA Wills, 1682-1824."

19 Samuel Emlen, City of Phila., Nov. 24, 1783, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." Appendix A of the Block Two study unfortunately contradicts the text by naming a different Samuel Emlen (1730-1799) as husband of Rachel Hudson. The Samuel Hudson who died in 1783, however, named one child, Sarah Moore, as heir and executor. Sarah Moore, widow of Thomas Moore, merchant, died a very wealthy woman in 1813. Her will named Hudson Emlen as her brother (making the two of them William Hudson's grandchildren) and John Elliot Cresson and Caleb Cresson Jr. as cousins and heirs. Sarah Moore was the Sarah Emlen named as a granddaughter in William Hudson's will of 1759. Sarah Moore, Dec. 21, 1813, 5.140, "PA Wills, 1681-1834;" Toogood, "Historic Resource Study, Independence Mall, Block Two," 44 & App. A.


Chapter 2

1 Anna Coxe Toogood, "Historic Resource Study, Independence Mall, Block Two, Market to Arch, Fifth To Sixth Streets," prepared for the Cultural Resource Management Office, Independence National Historical Park, 2000.

2 "A Directory of Friends in Philadelphia 1750-1760," PMHB 16 (1882), 235.

3 See Kise Straw & Kolodner, "Archeological Sensitivity Study," Figure 5, Project Area in 1762, detail from Plan of the City of Philadelphia, Clarkson and Biddle, 1762. See information on Nicholas Scull, Pennsylvania's Surveyor-General, who created this map, in Snyder, City of Independence , 36, 62

4 Joshua Cresson, Feb. 3, 1767, Contributionship Loose Survey (CLS) 1143, on microfilm, INDE.

5 Lynch to Redman, Record Group (RG) 33, 7-7, PrHS.

6 Entries for 13 and 24 Apr. 1799, Second Presbyterian Church, Minutes of the Corporation, 1772-1805, Volume 3, PrHS. At this writing, the report describing the archeological sites has not been completed by the firm Kise, Straw and Kolodner.

7 See Kise, Straw & Kolodner, "Archeological Sensitivity Study," Figure 8, Project Area in 1875, for a copy of the City Atlas of Philadelphia, published by Hopkins in 1875. This atlas makes clear the Arch Street lots measure 288 feet, 18 feet less than the original granted lot depth of 306.

8 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Stephen Phipps, taylor, Aug. 1, 1772, Dd Bk D-44, 70. Isaac Phipps, July 1, 1807, 2.128; Stephen Phipps, City of Philadelphia, taylor, Aug. 20, 1805, l.356, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." The assumption that these men were related is based on name only. Stephen predeceased Isaac, but made no mention of him in his will.

9 Review of several Cresson deeds that mention the 10-foot alleys never referred to them by any name.

10 Snyder, City of Independence, 36.

11 PG Mar. 4, 1756. The earliest deed identified for Block Three was 1761, five years later. See David Montague Erskine Letterbooks, Alderman Library, U of VA, #2176, Jan 1, 1799, as cited by INDE notecard, as example of foreigners' complaints.

12 Austin Bartholomew and Richard Hall were partners in a store near Tuns Tavern. PG Nov. 13, 1760 notes the partnership was "near expired," and Apr. 9, 1761, that it "had been for some Time expired." Austin's will of June 13, 1765, named Richard Hall as a brother-in-law, but it did not name Thomas as a brother. Thomas' will of June 17, 1766 does not refer to Austin's widow Mary or son Edward. The many close associations between Thomas and Austin Bartholomew and Richard Hall did not reveal the exact relationship between the former two men. Neither of the Bartholomew wills had a book and page citation in "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

13 The Dutch Church was a local landmark on the east side of Fifth Street, at Apple Tree Court, between Arch and Sassafras or Race Streets. Also known as St. Michael's Lutheran, this church was built 1743-1748. Because of the large German immigration mid-century, the congregation outgrew the building, prompting the construction in 1769 of the "New Lutheran Church" on Fourth Street. Today the U.S. Mint takes up the entire block where Old Lutheran stood. See Snyder, City of Independence, fig. 142 for William Birch's "Old Lutheran Church in Fifth Street Philadelphia." S. Robert Teitelman, Birch's Views of Philadelphia With Photographs of the Site in 1960 & 1982. (Philadelphia, 1983), Plate 7.

14 Samuel Preston Moore et ux to Richard Hall, Dec. 4, 1761, Philadelphia County Deed Book (DBk) H15, 263; Robt. Bisset, et. al. To Richard Hall, Dec. 4, 1761, DBk H15, 259.

15 Richard Hall to Thomas Bartholomew, Dec. 5, 1761, DBk H15, 513-516.

16 Ownership history for the two large lots is recited in the deeds from Samuel Preston Moore et. ux to Richard Hall, Dec. 4, 1761, H15, 263; Robt. Bisset & al to Richard Hall, Dec. 4, 1761 H15, 259; and Richard Hall to Thomas Bartholomew, Dec. 5, 1761. H15, 513. Ralph Ward, the original patentee, sold the Fifth and Arch Street lot in March 1688 to Edward Emont whose son sold it in 1718 to Richard Hill. The other Richard Hill heirs named in the deed were: Henry Hill and Robert Bisset and Deborah his wife, from Madeira, Thomas and Mary Lamar and John and Harriot Scott of London, Richard Hill, late of Madeira now of Philadelphia, Richard and Rachel Wells, William and Margaret Morris, George and Sarah Dillwyn, and Milcha Hill, spinster, all of Philadelphia. These are Hill's nephews and nieces. Samuel Preston Moore's will identified Henry Hill as his brother-in-law. This Henry Hill, who died in November 1798, Y.52, must be the son or nephew of the Henry Hill who is identified as a brother in Richard Hill's 1729 will. Hannah Moore's will of Mar. 1, 1799, Y.142, named Henry Hill as her brother and Rachel Wells, Sarah Dillwyn, Mary Lamar, Margaret Morris and Milcah Martha Moore as sisters. Richard Hill, Merchant, Sept. 8, 1729, E 112, and Samuel Preston Moore, Aug. 3, 1785, T.178. "PA Wills, 1682-1834." The PMHB Index lists Richard Hill, councillor, 1673-1729, and Henry Hill, merchant, 1732-1798, indicating that Henry Hill, brother of Hannah Moore, wasn't born when Richard Hill left his 1729 will. Richard Hill named three brothers, Henry, Isaac and Samuel, but this research has not identified which of these is the father of Henry Hill. Samuel Preston Moore's wife also had a sister who married into the Moore family, as Richard Hill's will named a sister, Deborah Moore.

17 PG July 25, 1751, Feb. 20, Apr. 19, 1753, Aug. 9, Oct. 14, 1756, June 20, 1758, Oct. 4, 1759, Feb. 7, Sept. 4, 1760, Mar. 12 (quoted), July 30, Oct. 1, 1761, July 15, 1762. The reference to teneriffe could not be found in the dictionary. It may refer to some product then imported from Tenerife, the largest Canary Island, off the coast of Africa.

18 PG Aug. 26 1762.

19 PG Mar. 12, 1760 offers Musgrove Evan's Sign of King Hendrick up for sale and describes it at the southwest corner; Aug. 9, 1764 advertises Bartholomew as tavern keeper at the Sign of the King Hendrick; Ap. 25 (sawmill & lumber sale), July 18, 1765. Robert Morris' purchase of the five lots occurred on Mar. 2, 1767, as recited in City Survey titled, "Deed Robt Morris to Wm Rolston-31 Jany 1777 for 5 lots of ground and the building on them." Third Survey District, folder 43, pre-1814. This recital notes that Robert Morris also bought up the ground rents in 1768 and extinguished them.

20 Quote from Richard Hall to Thomas Bartholomew, H.15, 513, that recites both purchases, Dec. 4, 1761 and Oct. 30, 1762; City Survey recital, "Deed Robt Morris to Wm Rolston" 31st Jany 1777. See copy in City Surveys section of this report.

21 Policies #707, dated April 19, 1762 and #885-6, Oct. 25, 1763, and #923, Dec. 20, 1763, on microfilm, INDE, and as recorded in Hannah Banner Roach File, American Philosophical Society (Roach file, APS). Thomas' son, Benjamin, was married to Kinsey's daughter. Thomas' will, probated June 17, 1766, cites Benjamin as a son; Benjamin's will of Nov. 22, 1774, names David Kinsey as his father-in-law. Neither of the abstracts give a will book source. PA Wills, 1682-1834.

22 PG Oct. 16, 1766 and Feb. 12, 1767 as quoted in Accessible Archives. Bartholomew's estate also owned property on the next block west, at Arch and Sixth Streets, that included a 20-foot lot on Arch Street bordered by a 10-foot alley into Sixth Street, with the use of the alley and the barn and stable there, as well as two unfinished 3-story brick tenements on Sixth Street, with the privilege of the 10-foot alley.

23 PG Feb. 12, 1767.

24 PG June 14, 1770. Robert Morris likely purchased Thomas Bartholomew's properties at Sixth and Arch Streets as well. An advertisement in July 1767 selling the lots, "the late property of Thomas Bartholomew," referred interested parties to Morris' business address, Willing and Morris, merchants. PG July 23, 1767.

25 PG Oct. 27, Nov. 17, 1763. Daniel Evans, the tenant, evidently was a toolmaker sufficiently prosperous to have an indentured servant girl. In 1763 he advertised her remaining three years to serve for sale, perhaps in expectation of having to move if Edge sold the house he lived in. PG Aug. 4, 1763; The PG Nov. 2, 1769 issue printed a public announcement signed by Evans that vouched for the locally-made steel. Some of the signers had made "the very best of edged Tools" with it and found the quality equal if not superior to English made steel.

26 PG June 20, 1765, Oct. 30, Dec. 11, 1766,

27 PG Mar. 26, 1767 (for the quote), Mar. 3, Apr. 14, Aug. 18, 1768. Andrew Edge took out insurance on three houses. Policy July 6, 1762, Contributionship Loose Survey (CLS) 741 and 742; July 4, 1769, CBk 2, 15, INDE microfilm. On July 6, 1762 Edge also insured a rental house on Fifth between Sassafras and Vine Streets. CLS 701. While his property was up for sale, Edge apparently had Susanna Gartman as a paying tenant. She advertised that she lived a few doors above Arch on Fifth, opposite the Lutheran Church, and that she took in wash for ladies, taking care to keep the colors perfect for callico, cotton and chintz pieces. PG Mar. 19, 1767.

28 The will of Andrew Edge, tanner of the Northern Liberties, Dec. 7, 1748, J.1, lists a son, also named Andrew Edge, as well as Richard Hall, a son-in-law and co-executor with Robert Shewell. The estate sale for Andrew Edge was announced in PG Mar. 21, 1749. When Edge (the younger) advertised a small two-story house near Arch for sale in 1765, he named Thomas Bartholomew in Arch or Edge near Busseltown, Lower Dublin Township, as contacts. PG June 20, 1765. The same advertisement referred to Richard Hall as innkeeper. Edge put the inn up for sale in PG Apr. 25, 1765 and referred questions and sales to Hall and himself. From 1769 through 1777 Edge advertised with no success the sale of a tract of land in West New Jersey. In 1773, apparently feeling especially strapped, he offered the tract "exceeding CHEAP." PG May 11, 1769, Feb. 7, 1771, Sept. 22, 1773, Nov. 20, 1776, Feb. 19, 1777.

29 PG June 30, 1763; Pugh insurance policy, Sept. 5, 1763, CLS 860; Benjamin Randolph also insured a 2-story house on the north side of Arch "near Fifth" on Feb. 3, 1766, but it is not clear if the house was west of Fifth. CLS 1138, INDE microfilm.

30 PG Jan. 29, Oct. 8, 1767, Sept. 29, 1768, Oct. 3, 1778. Lazarus Jr. ‘s funeral fell on Dec. 1, 1778, less than two months after his last school announcement. "Genealogical and Personal Notes from the Journal of Rev. James Sproat, 1778-1780," PMHB 27 (1903), 505. Lazurus Pine, the father, advertised real estate for sale in Gloucester, west New Jersey, in 1767. PG Nov. 12, 1767. Perhaps coincidentally, Caleb Cresson sold a lot within Block Three the same year while living in Gloucester, West New Jersey. Cresson to Ebenezer Robinson, Jan. 1, 1767, Dd Bk I-8, 539.

31 PG Feb. 28, 1765 (Anthony Wilkinson estate), Aug. 17, 1769; family ties are revealed in Phila. Deed Bk I-7, 55-56, Brian Wilkinson and wife and John Knowles and wife to Peter De Haven, Oct. 26, 1769. Presumably this is the same Bryan Wilkinson, stone cutter, who died in 1794 in Oxford Township. Oct. 15, 1794, X.128; Other wills give family relationships: Peter Knight, merchant, Mar. 4, 1802, Y.657; Gabriel Wilkinson, Yeoman, Mar. 3, 1732 (father of Anthony, grandfather of Bryan), E.221; John Knowles, Aug. 2, 1804, (mentions property with Bryan Wilkinson, decd.), I.220.

32 John Knowles at his death was married to Sarah Kearkpatrick, whose mother left funds for the Trustees of the Second Presbyterian Church in her will. Elizabeth Kearkpatrick, City of Phila. Widow, July 27, 1801, Y.547. PA Wills, 1682-1834." Knowles and Brian Wilkinson both administered to the estate of Anthony Wilkinson, stonecutter of Philadelphia, in 1765. Knowles and Wilkinson later owned adjoining lots in Northern Liberties. PG July 29, 1789. The Gabriel Wilkinson patent, said to be in Patent Book A, Vol. 5, 413, is referenced in Phila. DdBk I-7, 55. City Surveys, Division 2T, Folder 43, Mulberry to Race, 5th to 6th Streets, pre-1814, PCA.

33The 1771 transaction is noted on "Draught of lots on East side of 6th street from Mulberry street to Cherry alley," July 16, 1782. This survey regulated several other lots deeded in the 1780s, after the Revolution, to be discussed below. Insurance Policy for Ludwick Karigar, Dec. 5, 1775, on Sixth Street near the corner of Cherry Alley, CBk 2, 141; the published tax records of 1774, 1779,1780 and 1781 for Mulberry Ward, west part, were checked for the Karacher property. The 1781 Effective Supply Tax listed two properties with tenants for the Karacher estate. "Provincial Papers, Proprietary, Supply and State Tax Lists of the City and County of Philadelphia, for the years 1769, 1774 and 1779," Pennsylvania Archives, Third Series, XIV (Harrisburg, 1897), 830-32. Hereinafter sited PA Archives, 3rd S .; the same taxes for 1779, 1780 and 1781, published in PA Archives, 3rd S., XV (Harrisburg, 1897), 658-662.

34 Parsons Survey, c. 1745 as published in Wainwright, "Plan," PMHB 80 (1956), 218.

35 James Cresson, Philadephia, chairmaker, June 2, 1746, H.126, cites Joshua Emlen as Sarah Emlen Cresson's brother. Joshua Emlen, Northern Liberties, tanner, date and book not given, in PA Wills, 1682-1834, cites Sarah Cresson as a sister and Samuel Emlen as a son and grandson. Several wills were consulted to piece together the Emlen-Cresson genealogy. See James Cresson, H.126; Samuel Emlen, Philadelphia, Nov. 24, 1783, S.305; Mary Armit (Samuel Emlen's sister), Philadelphia, widow, Apr. 6, 1791, W.98 (aunt to Annabella and Mary Cresson); Mary Gray (sister of Annabella Cresson, Caleb's first wife); Caleb Cresson, Sr., Philadelphia, Oct. 30, 1816, 6.342 (this will names his son Caleb Jr. and the seven children of his deceased son, John Elliot); Caleb Cresson, Jr., Philadelphia, Sept. 8, 1821, 7.415; Joshua Cresson, Nov. 15, 1793, W.602, names Mary his wife and seven children, one of whom, Ebenezer Cresson, left funds in his will in 1800 for the Indian Natives, the Negro School for Schooling, for the Yearly Meeting of Friends to fund their boarding schools for the religious teaching of youth, and for the Philadelphia Dispensary. Philadelphia, Sept. 10, 1800, Y.401. "PA Wills, 1682-1834." Elliot Cresson, (1796-1854), Caleb's grandson of by his son John, was an American philanthropist, according to Charles Henry Hart, ed., "Thomas Sully's Register of Portraits, 1801-1871, PMHB 32 (1908), 426. Caleb himself served with James Pemberton, Joseph Lukens, James Moon and Joseph West on the Committee of the Meetings for Sufferings in 1781. Anna Wharton Morris, "Journal of Samuel Rowland Fisher, of Philadelphia, 1779-1781," PMHB 41 (1917), 424.

36 PG Jan. 19, 1764, Apr. 3, 1766, Mar. 10, 1773. Caleb is identified as a merchant and his brother as a carpenter in the deed to Ebenezer Robinson, Feb. 19, 1766, Deed Bk I-3, 482. Ground rents, an English tradition, were especially common in Philadelphia. For a better understanding of ground rents, see Edward P. Allison and Boies Penrose, "Ground Rents in Philadelphia," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 2, Issue 3 (Apr., 1888), 297-313. My thanks to James Duffin at the University of Pennsylvania Archives for sharing with me this article.

37 See deed to Ebenezer Robinson, Feb. 19, 1766, Deed Bk I-3, 482, and advertisement in PG Apr. 3, 1766.

38 The earliest deed researched that named Mary, his wife, was dated June 1, 1772, to Zachariah Lesh. Deed Bk 40, 481. Mary Cresson left no will. This research did not identify her maiden name. PG Jan 7, 1768, Sept. 13, 1770, Feb. 27, May 28, Sept 2, 1772, Apr. 21, 1773. Joshua Cresson, for instance, was still due 15 dollars yearly ground rent in 1789 on a lot in Race Street that had been subdivided in two. PG May 27, July 29, 1789.

39 Christine Hoepfner assisted this writer by compiling a list of 54 names from the Recorder of Deeds grantor index under Caleb Cresson.

40 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Ebenezer Robinson, Feb. 19, 1766, Deed Bk I-3, 482; Policy dated May 2, 1768, CBk 2, 1; PG Nov. 16, 1774.

41 Policy of Feb. 3, 1767, which noted the house to be 8 to 10 years old (1757-59). CLS 1143; Lawrence is identified as a porter in the Provincial Tax for Mulberry Ward, 1774, PA Archives, 3rd Series, XIV, 297, and Mulberry Ward, West Part, Tax Assessment Ledger, 1779, PCA. He retains the title in later sources, too.

42 Cresson to Robinson, Jan. 1, 1767, Deed Bk I-3, 539.

43 Caleb and Sarah Cresson to Robert Evans, Jan. 1, 1767, DdBk 1-3, 539; PG May 22, 1760. This deed cites the only reference to Caleb and Sarah Cresson. As Caleb explained in his family history, he married Sarah Hopkins of Haddonfield in 1767, but she died two years later. Shortly after, Caleb returned to Philadelphia, his native city, and lived with his aunt, Mary Armitt, until he married Annabella Elliot, daughter of John Elliot of Philadelphia, in 1772. Together they had seven children, only two of whom, John and Caleb, were alive when he wrote his family history in 1793. "Family History," Diary of Caleb Cresson, 196-200. In 1775 they had a son, Caleb Cresson, Jr. The life dates of Caleb Sr. (1742-1816) and Jr. (1775-1821) are given in the cumulative index to the PMHB 75 . Annabella's marriage to Caleb Cresson may have raised some moral issues within his religious circle, as her father, although a Quaker, indicated by his 1791 will that he owned a Maryland plantation with slaves. The Philadelphia Yearly Meeting after 1774 forbade their members to own slaves. The will of Caleb Cresson, Jr., Philadelphia, Sept. 8, 1821, 7.415, and of John Elliott, Philadelphia, Dec. 29, 1791, W.199, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." Davis, The Problem of Slavery, 24.

44 PG May 29, 1766, Mar. 16, 1769; J. Keiser is listed as a purchaser in the Caleb Cresson index, Deed Bk. I-17, 462, but time budgeting did not allow for reading the deed.

45 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Henry Neal, Mar. 10, 1770, Phila. Co. Deed Book (DdBk) D39, 331, which names the owners of the adjoining lots. If the adjoining lots also measured 20 feet on Fifth, they together with the 56 feet for the large corner lot, adds up to 116 feet, which leaves room for one other lot of 14 feet on Fifth.

46 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Stephen Hossman, Sept. 1, 1772, DdBk D-59, 24.

47 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Christlieb Bartling, Sept. 1, 1772, DdBk D-40, 474-5.

48 Caleb and Joshua Cresson et. ux. to Nicholas Rash, Aug. 1, 1772, DdBk D-40, 478.

49The only biographical note on Bartling is that he was listed as a member of the German Society for the Relief of distressed Germans in PA when they submitted a bill to incorporate. PG Jan 12, 1780; insurance policy for Nicholas Rash, Mar. 24, 1774, CBk 2, 110; Venable appears in the Tax Assessment Ledger, Mulberry Ward, West Part, 1779, p. 48, PCA; his name marks the lot in a city survey made for him on Mar. 23, 1813, Division 2T, Race to Arch, folder 43, pre-1814, Unidentified, PCA; Rev. Wm. Douglass, Rector, Annals of the First African Church in the United States of America Now Titled The African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, Philadelphia. (Philadelphia, 1862), 108.

50 Caleb and wife Annabella Cresson, Joshua and wife Mary Cresson to Frederick Walter, June 1, 1772, Deed Bk D39, 335; to Zachariah Lesh, June 1, 1772, Deed Bk D-40, 481.

51 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Jesse Roe, May 1, 1772, Dd BK EF 26, 553 and 556. The grantor index also lists a deed to John Harrison, yet to be researched, Deed Bk I 11, 366. The insurance policies for Jesse Roe and John Harrison, dated March 1, 1774 are sequential, in CBk 2, 107 and 108. The location of Roe and Harrison on the block is determined by their listing in the tax record near neighbor Robert Evans, who purchased at the corner of Cresson's Alley. Provincial Tax, City of Phila., Mulberry Ward, Pennsylvania Archives, Third Series, XIV, 296. PG May 3, 1775, June 11, 1788. Their properties were listed as 86 and 88 N. 5th Street in Clement Biddle's 1791 City Directory.

52 Cresson to Hinchman, Jan. 1, 1774, Dd Bk D39, 447; on Apr. 3, 1819 John Henchman (sic) of this family had one of two adjoining lots on Sassafras Street 39 feet west of the easternmost 10-foot alley surveyed. Div 2-T, Race to Arch, Fifth to Sixth Streets, 1815-1855, PCA.

53 Tax Assessment Ledger, 1779, PCA; index for Contributionship Insurance and Mutual Assurance policies, INDE; Mutual Assurance Policy 383 and 384 to Jacob Sulgar, Sept. 9, 1793, in Anthony N. B. Garvan, General Editor, The Mutual Assurance Company Papers Volume I, The Architectural Surveys 1784-1794. (Philadelphia, 1976), 248-249.

54 Cresson to Barnet, Jan. 1, 1774, Dd Bk D-3, 424; Tax Assessment, 1779, p. 43, PCA; The will of Isaac Cox, Phila. Merchant, Jan. 30, 1776 names Elizabeth Barnett as daughter-in-law and Isaac as nephew. "PA Wills, 1682-1834,"

55 Caleb Cresson, Sept. 5, 1774, CBk 2, 117; Nov. 7, 1786, CBk 2, 218.

56 Caleb Cresson et. ux to William Hancock, Phila., house carpenter, Jan. 1, 1774, Dd Bk D-35, 323; to Arnold Mitchenor, Jan. 1, [torn deed, year 1774 inferred by circumstantial evidence], Dd Bk D-37, 122; Mitchenor policy, Dec. 6, 1774, CBk 2, 126; John Bell policy, Mar. 25, 1775, CBk 2, 134.

57 Uriah Former (sp?), Feb. 6, 1776, CBk 2, 145.

58 PG Feb. 15, 1775.

59 At least once, in the policy for Uriah Former (see preceding footnote), the term "Cresson's Square" was used in reference to the Cresson family tract on this block.


Chapter 3

1 John Hills was a British army mapmaker who remained in America after the Revolution and advertised himself as a "Surveyor, Architector & Draftsman." His map of Philadelphia, first published in May 1796, has been estimated "the most complete eighteenth-century map of the city." Snyder, City of Independence, 160. Kise Straw & Kolodner, "Archeological Sensitivity Study," Figure 6, dates Hill's Plan of the City of Philadelphia in 1797. Peter Dehaven appears in the 1780 tax record just before the recognizable listings for Block Three residents, which suggests he lived on the east side of Fifth Street, between Arch and Race. Effective Supply Tax, City of Philadelphia, Mulberry Ward, West Part, 1780, PA Archives, Third Ser., XV, (1897), 300.

2 Russell F. Weigley, ed. Philadelphia A 300 Year History. (New York: 1982), 99; PG Mar. 10, 1773.

3 Karrigar, Dec. 5, 1775, CBk 2, 141; Former, Feb. 6, 1776, CBk 2, 145, Thomas, Nov. 30, 1776, CBk S #1, 80. Karacher was an alternative spelling for Karrigar.

4 Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman, ed. Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution (Charlottesville, 1983), 40, credits the settlement to the fact that the neighborhood was a relatively poor section of the city with a concentration of German and Irish laboring class families.

5 Davis, The Problem of Slavery, 24, notes that in 1774 Quakers forbade their members to buy or sell slaves and ordered that they prepare to liberate any bondsmen in their ownership. See also Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community 1720-1840, 33-59. Nash analyses tax lists to furnish figures on the decrease in slaveowners in Philadelphia from 1400 in 1767 to only 442 in 1779. Nash sites the ardent anti-slavery publications of Benjamin Rush and Thomas Paine, as well as the efforts of Quakers and other denominations to educate the public to ban the institution. Nash, "The Black Revolution in Philadelphia," paper presented to the Philadelphia Center for Early American Studies, 1985. The complexity of the abolitionist effort in the region and state is presented well in Gary B. Nash and Jean R. Soderlund, Freedom by Degrees: Emancipation in Pennsylvania and Its Aftermath (New York, 1991).

6 Effective Supply Tax, 1780, 301-4; Edmund Hogan, The Prospect of Philadelphia and Check on the Next Directory, (Philadelphia, 1795), 55. Hereinafter cited 1795 Directory.

7Effective Supply Tax, 1781, 658-9, 661; There is only one Venable (Richard) and one Pounder (Jonathan) listed in the Index to "PA Wills, 1682-1834." The former was a resident of Chester County, a locale well populated with Quakers who served the Underground Railroad to freedom.

8A gun manufactory is listed under "Peter DeHaven & Richard Well's est." in the Effective Supply Tax, 1780, PA Archives, Third Series, XV, 304;Earlier DeHaven had played an active role in arming for the Revolution. The Committee of Safety resolved on March 6, 1776 that DeHaven and three army officers (Meredith, Wilcocks and Peters) be appointed to superintend the location and construction of "the Provincial Manufactory of Gun Locks" in Philadelphia. That operation ended up on Cherry between Third and Fourth Streets. PG Apr. 17, 1776; Charles R. Barker, "The Gulph Mill," PMHB 53, 178. De Haven also set up a gunpowder mill on the French Creek near Phoenixville. Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, LL.D., "The High Water Mark of the British Invasion," PMHB 31, 398. De Haven voted on July 4, 1776 as a vestry man of Christ Church and St. Peter's Episcopal Church to omit from the liturgy the plea to pray for the King of Great Britain. C.P.B. Jeffreys, "The Provincial and Revolutionary History of St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, 1753-1783," PMHB 48, 191; The Rev. Edward Duffield Neill, "Rev. Jacob Duche The First Chaplain of Congress," PMHB 2, 67. In 1782 Peter De Haven lived on Fourth near the College. PG Feb 13, 1782.

9Will, Samuel Preston Moore, City of Phila., Practitioner in Physick, Aug. 3, 1785, T. 178, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." The family tie between Wells and Moore suggests tension over the gun factory. See Chapt. Two, Arch St. lots, above for background on Moore.

10 The locations are determined by landowners given in the 1780 supply tax in corroboration with insurance policies and existing lot surveys for this block in the pre-1814 folder. PCA. Butchers named: Daniel Ensley for William Brown's estate, Jacob Ubehind, both on Cherry; Philip Grumel for Peter Dehaven's est. and Bernard Welty for Widow Christler's est. on Sixth above Arch; Martin Burrough, for Stephen Phipps's est., and John Wager, for Christopher Wegeman's est., both Sixth above Cherry; Andrew Lex, Sassafras. Jacob Ubehind is listed as Unbehind in 1781, and in the 1790 census and 1791 city directory, he still is a butcher on Cherry Street. His name is then spelled Umpchant.

11 Wetherill is discussed in this writer's "Historic Resource Study, Independence Mall, The 18th century Development, Block Two, Market to Arch, Fifth to Sixth Streets," (November 2000), 17-19.

12 Effective Supply Tax, 1780, 301-304; the 1781 tax did not list resident's work titles, but a check of the names with the property owners indicated that nine of the listed tradesmen had remained.

13 Effective Supply Tax, Mulberry Ward, West Part, 1780 and 1781, PA Archives Third Ser., XV, 302 and 659; the same tax for 1782 again raised Quarrier & Hunter's assessment higher than Cresson's, suggesting their business had resumed strong after the war. PA Archives Third Ser., XVI, 459. PG Dec. 8, 1778; W. A. Newman Dorland, "The Second Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry," PMHB 50 (1926), 187. Cresson insured his house on Cherry Street on Nov. 7, 1786, Street, but the 1780 tax record indicates he already lived on the property, presumably in the same residence. CBk 2, 218.

14 Effective Supply Tax, 1780, 303; 1781, 660. Way leased a William Thomas house near the corner of Arch.

15 Effective Supply Tax, 1780, 302-305; 1781, 658-662.

16 Effective Supply Tax, 1780, 302 lists Lawrence with 18,800, topped only by Quarrier and Hunter (35,200) and Caleb Cresson (27,500) and Jacob Sulgar (21,300) on the block. One of the vacant lots on Arch Street was assessed high, at 36,000 for Samuel Sansom.

17 Effective Supply Tax, 1780, 301-305; 1781, 658-662. The rise in widows and women as heads of household during the late 18th century is described as the "extension of the feminine sphere," in Ronald W. Fuchs II, "The Working Class of Federal-Era Philadelphia," Hobart G. Cawood Internship, Independence National Historical Park, August 1997. Davy, Roberts & Co. advertisements for calico in 1798 given in Harold E. Gillingham, "Calico and Linen Printing in Philadelphia," PMHB 52 (1928), 109-110.

18 Phoebe Coxe Prime, compiler, "The Alfred Coxe Prime Directory of Craftsmen, Two Volumes," ([Philadelphia,] 1960), 1, 71-111.

19 Weigley, ed., Philadelphia, 99.

20 Caleb Cresson, Nov. 7, 1786, CBk 2, 218; City Surveys, Div. 2T, Race-Arch, pre-1814, Unidentified, PCA; Effective Supply Tax, 1782, PA Archives, Third Ser., XVI, 459; Joshua Cresson, Feb. 3, 1767, CLS 1143.

21 Tax Ledger, 1787, PCA. Cresson insured this row of five tenant houses on the north end of his future house lot in 1774. CBk 2, 117.

221790 Census, 232; Clement Biddle, The Philadelphia Directory (Philadelphia, 1791), hereinafter cited 1791 Directory; Stephen's Philadelphia Directory for 1796 (Philadelphia, 1796), 41, hereinafter cited 1796 Directory; by 1798 he had moved to the socially more distinguished address, 51 High Street. Cornelius William Stafford, The Philadelphia Directory for 1798 (Philadelphia, 1798), 41; Caleb Cresson, Sr., Oct. 30, 1816, "PA Wills, 1682-1834;" John Elliot did not survive his father, but his date of death is not known. Caleb's will of 1816 leaves part of his estate to John Elliot's widow and seven children. The codicil names six living children, Elliot, Warder, Annabella, Deborah, Sarah and Clement, and adds that "little John having passed away." Caleb Cresson, Sr., Oct. 30, 1815, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." Elliot Cresson (1796-1854) won acclaim as an American philanthropist, activist in the Pennsylvania Colonization Society, and sat for a portrait at least three times for artist Thomas Sully. Charles Henry Hart, ed. "Thomas Sully's Register of Portraits, 1801-1871," PMHB 332 (1908), 426.

23 James Robinson, The Philadelphia Directory for 1810 (Philadelphia, 1810), 72. Hereinafter cited 1810 Directory. The birth and death dates for both Calebs are given in the index to the PMHB.

25 1790 Census, 232; Tax Ledger, 1787; 1791 Directory.

251790 Census, 232; 1791 Directory lists Cresson at 43 Cherry and the tax ledger shows that the occupant of 45, 47, 49 and 51 Cherry were his tenants. Elizabeth Roberdeau, City of Phila., spinster, Apr. 3, 1799, and Mary Keighly, March 27, 1771, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." Widow Keighly named both Elizabeth and Daniel Roberdeau as her children in her will. "PA Wills 1682-1834." General Daniel Roberdeau's wives are named in "Diary of James Allen, Esq., of Philadelphia, Counsellor-At-Law, 1770-1778," PMHB 9 (1885), 278-9n. The 1780 and 1781 Tax Ledgers for South Mulberry Ward list the Cresson tenements valued at only half what the Cherry St. rentals commanded. In 1791 and 1795 the tax ledgers valued the two tenements at 110 each, and Caleb Cresson's house at 400. PCA

26 Extract from the Will of Caleb Cresson Sr., July 20, 1815, Proved Oct. 30, 1816, Third Survey District, pre-1814, folder 43 G, PCA; 1795 Directory, 84; 1801 Directory, 134; 1811 Directory; Tax Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1795, 61, PCA.

27

28

29 Tax Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 49; 1791, 48; 1795, 61; Directory 1795, 69; Directory 1801, 77; "1783 Quaker Anti-Slavery Petition" found on line at http://www.rootsweb.com. The original as cited can be found on microfilm M247, Papers of the Continental Congress 1774-1783, roll 57, p. 337, item 43. See below section on Cresson's Alley for Israel Burgoe.

30 Tax Ledgers, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 49, 1789, 54, 1791, 48, 1795, 61; 1795 Directory, 69; 1801 Directory, 77; 1811 Directory.

31 Tax Ledgers, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 49, 1789, 54, 1791, 48, 1795, 61; 1795 Directory, 69; 1801 Directory, 77. The Effective Supply Tax in 1780 identified this lot as vacant, belonging to Caleb Cresson. PA Archives, Third Ser., XV, 302.

32 Tax Ledgers, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 49, 1789, 54, 1791, 48, 1795, 61; 1795 Directory, 70; 1801 Directory, 77; Joseph Hewlings, City of Phila. Bricklayer, Oct. 2, 1793. W.482 and Ann Hewlings, City of Phila., Jan. 11, 1800, Y.269, "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

33 Caleb and Annabella Cresson and Joshua and Mary Cresson to James Guest, Jan. 1, 1774, DdBk D-22, 334, 336-7, microfilm, HSP.

34 Joseph Martin had moved to the south side of Race Street towards Ninth Street by 1790, but in 1789 he may have been the "Negroe Man" listed on James Guest's property. Tax Ledgers, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 49, and 1789, 53. 1790 Census, 229. My thanks to Joseph Becton, INDE Ranger, who shared the list he compiled of African Americans in Philadelphia during the 1790s.

35 Mary Armitt, City of Phila., widow, April 6, 1791, W.98; Samuel Emlen, City of Phila., Nov. 24, 1783, "PA Wills, 1683-1834;" Tax Assessment Ledgers, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, pp. 49-50, 1791, 1795, 61, PCA; Third Survey District, Pre-1814, unidentified, PCA; 1791 Directory, 1795 Directory, 69, 1801 Directory, 77.

36 Robinson, July 7, 1792, CBk 2, 261-62; 1790 Census, 232; 1791 Directory, 1795 Directory, 69; 1793 Directory; 1794 Directory, 141; 1801 Directory, 76-77.

37 Effective Supply Tax, 1780, 303; the only residents of higher value were Quarrier & Hunter (35,200), Caleb Cresson (27,500) and John Lawrence, porter (18,800). Bartling's adjoining Sixth Street lot appears to have been vacant, as there is no separate listing for it in the tax record. A city survey depicting the first four lots on Sixth Street north of Cherry indicates the two lots Bartling owned on Cherry with brick houses on them. Undated. Div 2T, Race-Arch, pre-1814, Unidentified, PCA. Tax Ledger, 1787, 50, and 1789, 54, PCA; J[ohn] H[arvey] Powell, Bring Out Your Dead, The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793 (New York, 1949, 1965), xiii; "Yellow Fever Deaths in Philadelphia, 1793, 1797, 1798," pp. 79 and 83, Collections of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, HSP. Hereinafter cited, "Yellow Fever Deaths, 1793."

38 1790 Census, 1791 Directory; 1795 Directory, 70; South Mulberry Ward Tax Ledger, 1795, PCA; PG Oct. 22, 1767, Oct. 20, 1768; "Yellow Fever Deaths in Philadelphia," 118; Stephen's Philadelphia Directory for 1796 (Philadelphia); Cornelius William Stafford, The Philadelphia Directory for 1797; The Philadelphia Directory for 1798; The Philadelphia Directory for 1799 (Philadelphia 1797, 1798, 1799); Survey for Francis Zenss, NE Corner of 6th and Cherry, 1797, Third Survey District, Pre-1814 Unidentified, folder 43, Div. 2T, PCA.

39 Amelia Mott Gummere, "Friends in Burlington," PMHB 8 (1884), 10. This conjecture about the familial tie with Edward Cathrall was prompted by the recent information provided by Doug Mooney, archeologist for Kise, Straw and Kolodner, that many trade beads were evident near the lot where Benjamin lived. Phone conversation, Mooney-Toogood, Dec. 17, 2001; "1783 Quaker Anti-Slavery Petition," at http://www.rootsweb.com; Tax Ledger, 1787, 49, and 1791, 48, PCA; 1790 Census, 232.

40 Joseph Hewlings, City of Phila. Bricklayer, Oct. 1, 1793, W.482; Ann Hewlings, city of Phila., Jan. 11, 1800, Y.269, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." Third Survey Dist., pre-1814, PCA.

41 John Lawrence, City of Phila., porter, Aug. 29, 1798, X.756, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." Jacob Umbehend appears in the Provincial Tax for 1774, 1779, and 1780 and in the 1791 Directory at 60 Cherry. He no longer is listed in 1795.

42 At least one number, 19, for Mathew Armbristow is possibly wrong, based on the tax ledger for 1795, which identifies his landlord as Joseph Hewlings, a Cherry Street lot owner. He does not appear on the 1791 tax ledger.

43 1790 Census, 232; 1791 Directory; 1795 Directory, 83-84; 1801 Directory, 133-34. Israel Burgue in the 1791 tax ledger lives in a house assessed at only 40, whereas Cresson's small tenements next door all received a 70 assessment. Tax Ledger, S. Mulberry Ward, 1791, p. 47, PCA.

44 1790 Census, 232; The 1791 Directory published the act signed by Samuel Miles, Mayor, "For Sawing Firewood," dated Feb. 28, 1791. 1795 Directory, 84; 1801 Directory, 134; [Jane Aitken], Census Directory for 1811 Containing the Names Occupations, & Residence of the Inhabitants of the City, Southwark & Northern Liberties, A Separate Division Being Allotted to Persons of Colour … (Philadelphia, 1811), 368. Hereinafter cited 1811 Census Directory. Douglass, Annals of the First African Church, 109-110.

45 City Survey for Isaac Barnet, Mar. 27, 1792, pre-1814, folder 43, Div. 2-T, PCA.

46 The 1793 directory listed him at 12 Cresson's Alley. The 1798 Directory and 1800 Trade Directory gave the address as 13 Cresson's Alley, which would have been across the street. The directories apparently show errors in their address records.

47 Tax Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1795, 62 and 64, PCA. Matthew Amherst showed up in the census as Matthew Ambristow, shoemaker and in the 1791 Directory as Mattias Ambruster, cordwainer, at 19 Cresson's Alley, or on the north side of the street. This is one of several cases where the numbering seems to be in error, as the tax record locates him on the south side by the lot owner where he rented.

48 Weigley, ed, Philadelphia, 240, locates the Mint at Seventh and Filbert streets.

49 1790 Census, 234;

50 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Jesse Roe, May 1, 1772, Dd Bk EF26, 553; Caleb and Arrabella Cresson to Roe, Feb. 9, 1787, Dd Bk D18, 377, microfilm, HSP; Tax Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1795, p. 60, PCA.

51 1795 Tax Ledger, p. 60, PCA; Reading Howell, Jan. 6, 1794, CBk 2, 286.

52 1795 Directory, 60-61; 1795 Tax Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, PCA; Toogood and Mooney phone conversation, Dec. 2001.

53 1795 Directory, 52; 1800 Trade Directory, 19; 1801 Directory, 133; James and Sarah Dexter were listed among the founding members of St. Thomas African Episcopal Church in 1794. Douglass, Annals, 110. A check in city directories for 1796-1800 revealed that James Dexter's last year of residency at 84 N. Fifth Street was 1798. See section on 5th Street below for more information on James Dexter.

54 1811 Directory, 133.

55 Tax Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1795, 84, PCA; 1795 Directory, 85; 1801 Directory, 134; Third Survey District, pre-1814, folder 43, PCA.

56 PG Oct. 24, 1778; 1795 Directory, 85; 1801 Directory, 134; 1811 Directory.

57 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Robinson, Feb. 19, 1766, Dd Bk I-3, 482; May 2, 1768, CBk 2, 1; Census 1790, 223; 1791 Directory.

58 "1783 Quaker Anti-Slavery Petition," an online transcription of at http://www.rootsweb.com. PG Aug. 2, 1786; Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Ebenezer Robinson, brushmaker, Jan. 1, 1770, Philadelphia Deed Book GWR 6, 275; Robinson policies of Nov. 1, 1791, Aug. 7, 1792, CBk 2, 253, 261-2.

59 Robinson, May 2, 1768, CBk 2, 1; Heads of Families 1790, 223; 1795 Directory, 51; Tax ledger, 1795, South Mulberry Ward, p. 60, PCA. The printing business likely was in the westernmost Cherry Street house which ran along Hoffman's Alley. The Cherry Street houses were insured July 7, 1792. CBk 2, 261-2. Ebenezer Robinson, June 5, 1810, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." The will names Mary his wife and two daughters, but no sons. Robinson's purchase and development of his large corner lot extended over a 30-year period, and yet little information turned up on his long life.

60 Dexter is listed as a coachman at 84 N. 5th in the city directories from 1794 to 1798. James Hardie, The Philadelphia Directory and Register, (Philadelphia, 1794), 39; Hogan, Prospect. 52; Stephen's Directory for 1796, 48; Stafford, Directory for 1797, 57; Stafford, Directory for 1798, 46; James Robinson, Philadelphia Register and City Directory (Philadelphia, 1799). Dexter began his life as a slave called Oronoko, owned by Henry Dexter. He gained his freedom in 1767, assisted by prominent members of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. See Appendix E and F on Dexter's life. In 2003 the National Constitution Center provided the funds to complete an archeological investigation of his house lot. Kise, Straw and Kolodner is currently working on the laboratory portion of this project.

61 Heads of Families 1790, 223.

62 Douglass, Annals, 107, 108, 109. This research did not establish what relationship Sarah and Diligent Dexter had to James Dexter. The 1787 testimony on his life, (see Appendix E), stated that he had married, but his wife had died. Perhaps these women, then, were his daughters.

63 Douglass, Annals, 48 & 49; Nash, Forging Freedom, chapters 5 and 6, "A City of Refuge" and "Establishing a Color Line," discusses the complex and disintegrating race relations in Philadelphia.

64 Stafford, Philadelphia Directory for 1801; Powell, Bring Out Your Dead, 153-4. tells the story of Stephen Girard and Peter Helm as managers at Bush Hill hospital.

65 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to Jesse Roe, May 1, 1772, Dd Bk EF 26, 553 and 556, and Caleb and Annabella Cresson to Roe, Feb. 9, 1787, Dd Bk D18, 377, on microfilm, HSP; Jesse Roe, March 1, 1774, CBk 2, 108. See Hoffman's Alley section above for Roe's residence there.

66 Edgar Fahs Smith, "Early Science in Philadelphia," PMHB 51 (1927), 17; Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., "Benjamin Smith Barton, M.D." offprint from Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, XXVI (April 1971), 197. Bell here writes a provocative article on Barton's character and medical degree. Notes on Barton's parentage are found in a footnote of Benjamin Smith Barton, "Historical Notes," PMHB 9 (1885), 334. City Directories for 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801 and 1803 all listed Barton at 44 N. 5th St. Frank Muhly, "The Lewis and Clark Expedition's Ties to Pennsylvania," Pennsylvania Heritage (Summer, 2001), 15-17. Muhly notes that Barton also loaned Lewis his copy of Le Page Du Pratz' The History of Louisiana, which Lewis returned with an enclosed note of thanks. This book is now at the Library Company of Philadelphia.

67 1801 Directory, 133; Robinson, Directory 1810; Mary Reinholdt may have been the widow of George Reinholdt, bookseller, who until his death in 1793 ran his shop on the Mall's Block Two, at the corner of Fifth and Market Streets, "two doors above Fifth." PG March 1, 1786; Jan. 1, 1794. Jesse Roe, Mar. 7, 1814, "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

68 John Harrison's insurance measured the house at 15 by 19'6, the exact dimensions of Howell's 3-story house in the Jan. 6, 1794 insurance. CBk 2, 107 and 286. Howell in 1787 rented from Peter LeMaigre, and in 1789 John Dundas, clerk, lived there. Tax Ledger, S. Mulberry Ward, 1787, 48, and 1789, 52.

69 John Howell, Germantown Township, City of Philadelphia, August 8, 1808, 2.351; Abraham Buzby, Oxford Twp., Phila. Co. Yeoman, Nov. 13, 1813, 5.116, "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

70 Hazel Shields Garrison, "Cartography of Pennsylvania Before 1800," PMHB 59 (1935), 281, 283; Washington purchased the Howell map in November 1792. Stephen Decatur, Jr., Private Affairs of George Washington From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary (Boston, 1933), 300; PG Aug. 1, 1781, Nov. 20, 1782, Aug. 1, 1789 (gives map dimensions and description), July 13, 1791, Jan. 9, 1793.

71 PG Jan. 9, 1799, lists a total of 17 men appointed from South Mulberry Ward. Howell and Evans probably just covered their block. 1811 Directory, 170; a quick check of post-1801 directories listed Howell as R. Howell, surveyor, not mapmaker, possibly because during that time he was the Philadelphia County surveyor. "Notes and Queries," PMHB 16 (1897), 382-3.

72 Tax Ledger, 1787, p. 47, 1789, p. 52, PCA; Directory 1791; see Toogood, HRS for Block Two, about the original Samuel Hudson and his family.

73 PG Aug. 13, 1800; Greville Bathe and Dorothy Bathe, Oliver Evans A Chronicle of Early American Engineering (Philadelphia, 1935), 97;Howard M. Jenkins, "The Welsh Settlement of Gwynedd," PMHB 8 (1884), 182-3. Cadwalader Evans' offered wet goods and spices for sale at his store on the south side of Market Street, second door below Fifth, in the PG Jan 8, 1789. For Evans' study of weather pattern as it pertained to yellow fever is discussed in, Susan E. Klepp, "Appendix I: `How Many Precious Souls are Fled'?: The Magnitude of the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic," in J. Worth Estes and Billy G. Smith, editors, A Melancholy Scene of Devastation The Public Response to the 1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic (1997), 177-179.

74 Robert Taggert, City of Phila. Merchant, Nov. 10, 1798, Y.21, "PA Wills 1682-1834;" Scharf and Wescott, History of Philadelphia, I, 495.

75 His address from 1791 to 1801 was 94 N. 5th St. Robert Jr was listed in 1801 as a hatter living with his father on Fifth Street. Robert Evans, City of Phila., Lumber Merchant, July 5, 1808, 2.515, "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

76 PG Feb. 21, 1781. There was no owner or name attached to this public sale.

77 PG Oct. 8, 1778, Sept. 1, 1779. Ten years earlier Tod, as one of the assignees of the estate of Jacob Kaisor, tailor, advertised the same lot for sale, when it had only one brick two-story house on it. PG Mar. 16, 1769.

78 Effective Supply Tax, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, Mulberry Ward, west part, PA Archives, 3rd Ser., XIV, 554, XV, 301, 638, XVI, 458; Tax Assessor's Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 44, PCA; 1790 Census, 223; 1791 Directory; 1795 Directory, 52, only lists one number, 102, for John Dennis and places Henry Meyer, innkeeper, across Race St., but this location does not line up with the tax record for 1795, which typically lists Henry Meyer, innkeeper, as the first entry on the block. Survey, "Henry Meyer & Val Hoffman lots April 21st, 1785," Pre-1814 Unidentified, folder 43, and Survey June 27, 1829, 1814-1855, Third Survey Dist., Race-Arch, 5-6, PCA; Eckhart to Nagel, June 14, 1784, DdBk IC-17, 622, microfilm, HSP; 1793 Directory, 34, 1794 Directory, 111; 1797 Directory, 127; 1798 Directory, 99 only lists Henry Meyers, Jr., hatter, at 133 N. 3rd St., the same address as 1802, when Myer as gentleman occupied that property. Maybe the son retired and the father is the one in 1802 at Fifth and Race; 1801 Directory, 56. The 1801 Directory also lists Meyer as tavernkeeper, on Race St. the first address above Fifth St. Henry Nagel, City of Phila. Cordwainer, June 2, 1796, X.457, "PA Wills, 1682-1834.

79 PG Feb. 15, 1775.

80 1790 Census, 229; White and MacPherson 1785 Directories; 1791, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1801 Directories; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1789, 1791, 1795, PCA; an intriguing lead on Shallus was published in the PMHB 1 (1877) under "Notes and Queries," 228, that he was the compiler of the Chronological Tables.

81 The first year Hoffman appeared on the local tax lists was 1779. Tax Ledger, Mulberry Ward, West Part, 44, PCA; Hoffman was listed both on Hoffman's Alley and Sassafras Street in the 1811 Directory; Valentine Hoffman, Philadelphia, Smith. Feb. 10, 1812, 4.76, "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

82 Gross owned and lived on the lot to the east of Zachariah Lesh when he bought his lot from the Cressons on June 1, 1772. DdBk D-40, 480, HSP; Census 1790, 229; Directory, 1791; Directory, 1795, 76; Gross may have moved to a frame house on Sixth Street, if a "Jacob Grace, Porter" is the same man. Tax Ledger, 1795, South Mulberry Ward, 57 and 59; Directory, 1801, 80.

83 Cresson to Lesh, June 1, 1772, DdBk D-40, 480, HSP. 1790 Census, 229; Lesh had six boys and five girls. Zachariah Lesh, City of Phila. Carpenter. Apr. 7, 1802. Y.672. "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

84 Tobias King to John Long, July 25, 1788, DdBk EF-10, 398; Tobias King may have been the Tobey King, bricklayer, or his son of the same name, living on the south side of Cherry Street in the 1790 Census, 232. John Long, Jan 16, 1799, CBk 3, 78 and 79; John Long, Jan. 29, 1830, Contributionship Survey Book (CSB) 1824-1839, S4731; James Robinson, The Philadelphia Directory 1802, 150; 1803, 153; 1810, 173; 1811, 211, only lists John Long, grocer, Vine and Fifth, with no Sassafras address, whereas the earlier years included both John Long listings.

85 Caleb and Annabella Cresson to John Hinchman, Jan. 1, 1774, DdBk D39, 447; 1790 Census, 229; 1791 Directory, 1795 Directory, 52; 1801 Directory, 80; 1800 New Trade Directory, 14; 1802 Directory, 1803 Directory and 1810 Directory; 1795 Tax Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 59, PCA; April 3, 1819 survey, Third Survey Dist., Race-Arch, 5-6, Pre-1814, and March 22, 1826 survey, 1814-1855, PCA.

86 1774, 1779, 1780 Effective Supply Tax, Mulberry Ward, West Part, PA Archives 3rd Ser., XIV, 295, 553, XV, 301; 1779 Tax Assessment Ledger, Mulberry Ward, West Ward, 43, PCA; Sulger's public announcement and effort to collect all debts before departing came out in PG June 7, 1780; Jacob Sulgar, Sept. 9, 1793, MAS 383 and 384, Garvan, ed., The Mutual Assurance Company Papers, 1, 248-9.

87 Caleb Cresson's son wrote on June 17, 1795: "Our old neighbour Jacob Sulger put in the ground to day-poor man he has shortened his Days by that execrable thing called Rum. I lament the final Exit of these poor souls from time --& can ten thousand Worlds redeem one of them, No!" Diary of John Elliot Cresson, Three Volumes, 1795-1796, 1, HSP. Garvan, ed., The Mutual Assurance Company Papers, 1, 248-9; Jacob Sulger, City of Phila., Baker, June 19, 1795. X. 264; Margaret Sulger, Widow, Oct. 25, 1822, 7.551; Margaret was the stepdaughter of a baker, John Jacob Scheppach, who died in 1818. "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

88 Francis White, The Philadelphia Directory (Philadelphia, 1785), hereinafter cited White, 1785 Directory; PG May 27, July 20, 1789; 1790 Census, 229; 1791 Directory; Tax Ledgers, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 45, 1789, 48 and 1795, 58, PCA.

89Effective Supply Tax, 1779, PA Archives, 3rd Ser., Vol. 14, 553; Tax Assessment, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 45; 1789, 49-50; 1795, 58, PCA; 1790 Census, 229; 1791, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, and 1801 Directories; Martin Fiss' will named John Fiss as his brother and Joseph Fiss, MD, as his son-in-law, which suggests cousins intermarried. Martin Fiss, City of Phila., Aug. 3, 1796, X.473, "PA Wills, 1682-1834;" the reference to the Fiss lots appears on a survey for Andrew Lex, Regulated Sept. 23, 1789. 3rd Survey Dist, Folder 43, pre-1814, PCA.

90 Effective Supply Tax, Mulberry Ward, West Part, 1779, 1780, PA Archives, 3rd Ser., Vol. 14, 553 and Vol. 15, 305;Tax Assessment, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 45; 1789, 50, 1795, 58, PCA; survey for Andrew Lex, Regulated Sept. 23, 1789, and George Weibel Survey, March 27th, 1792, 3rd Survey Dist., Folder 43, pre-1814, PCA.

91 Richard Lex has no listing in the Genealogical Society's Family Archives CD index of PA Wills, 1682 to 1834.

92 Caleb and Anabella Cresson to Isaac Barnet, Jan. 1, 1774, Dd Bk D-3, 424; 1790 Census, 229; George Weibel Survey, March 27th 1792, 3rd Survey Dist., Folder 43, PCA; Effective Supply Tax, Mulberry Ward, West Part, 1779, PA Archives, Third Ser., Vol. XIV, 553, lists Andrew Leeks next to David Neese.

93 1790 Census, 229; 1791, 1795, 1800 Trade, 1801 Directories; the 1800 Trade Directory, 169, also lists William Arentrue as a soapboiler, corner of 9th and Arch Streets, possibly a son/father of the Joseph Arentrue who took over the soap business on Race in 1801. Tax Assessment Ledger, West Mulberry Ward, 1787, 1795, PCA; Effective Supply Tax, Mulberry Ward, West Part, 1780, PA Archives, 3rd Ser., Vol. XV, 305.

94 See Figure 7, Project Area in 1857, in Kise, Straw & Kolodner, Archeological Sensitivity Study, Block 3 (April 1999).

95 Nicholas Rash, Mar. 25, 1774, CBk 2, 110. The deed research was not done, but the city survey of 1813 for this lot and its neighbor lots indicates Venable owned the property by that year. Third Survey District, pre-1814, PCA.

96 Survey May 29, 1800, on lot marked "late of George Thompson, now of Matthew Walker," Third Survey Dist., pre-1814, PCA; "Provincial Tax, Mulberry Ward, 1774" PA Archives, Third Ser., XIV, 297; 1801 Directory, 35.

97 Tax Ledger, Mulberry Ward, 1787, 50, and 1791, 49, PCA; PG July 8, 1788; 1790 Census, 232, lists Harper on Cherry Street, north side; 1791, 1793, 1795, Stephen's 1796, 1800 and 1801 Directory ; John Harper, Philadelphia, Gentleman, June 25, 1813, 5.12, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." My thanks to Cliff Tobias, Park History Program Leader, Philadelphia Support Office, National Park Service, for providing the Jacob Eckfeldt recollection, which is corroborated by President Washington's Fourth annual address of November 6, 1792, that noted "There has been a small beginning in the coinage of half dismes." On Sept. 23, 1999, Tim Grant, employee at the Mint, wrote to Tobias, "Although we can't confirm through official Mint documents that the first coins were struck off the premises, there are indications that the half dismes were struck at a different location." He then mentioned a Treasury document that reported Eckfeldt's recollection given in 1844 to J.R. McClintock, a Treasury official. Frank H. Stewart, Ye Olde Mint. Being a brief description of the first U.S. Mint (Philadelphia, c. 1909), 13,14; George Washington to David Rittenhouse, July 9, 1792, John Catanzariti, Editor, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 24, 1June to 31 December 1792 (Princeton, 1990), 205.

98 The survey gives the transfer date of the Foulke-Zenss lot as June 11, 1796. The survey is dated Aug. 21, 1797. Third Survey Dist., pre-1814, PCA.

99 Survey for Mathew Walker in 1800 shows Cunningham's lot adjoining. Third Survey Dist., pre-1814, PCA; 1790 Census, 223; 1791 Directory, 1795 Directory,

100 Effective Supply Tax, Mulberry Ward, west part, 1780, PA Archives, Third Ser., XV, 304; 1790 Census, 223; 1791, 1795, 1801 Directory

101 Caleb and Joshua Cresson, et. Ux, to Nicholas Rash, August 1772, Dd Bk D-3, 424; 1780 and 1781 Effective Supply Tax, Mulberry Ward, west part, PA Archives, Third Ser., XV, 304 and 661; Census Directory For 1811…A Separate Division Being Allotted to Persons of Colour… (Philadelphia, 1811).

102 Caleb and Joshua Cresson, et.Ux., to Stephen Phipps, Aug. 1, 1772, DdBk D-44, 70; 1790 census; 1791 City Directory.

103 Mandeville may have had a family tie to William Falconer, minister for the Second Presbyterian Church, because he served as executor for William Falconer's widow. Mary Falconer, Relict of William Falconer, Phila. May 25, 1814, 5. 267 "PAWills, 1682-1834."

104 1795, 1796, 1797, 1800, 1801 City Directories; this research in the directories turned up an inconsistency in addresses. Mandeville was given 89 N. 6th as his address from 1802 to 1804. Checking other residents on Sixth Street indicated that the numbers had been changed, so that Robert Venable, Mandeville's neighbor to the south at 79 N. 6th, was listed in 1802 as 87 N. 6th. David and Sarah Mandeville were mentioned in the will of Mary Falconer, suggesting that Sarah was born Falconer. Mandeville was an executor to the will and received from the estate the works of Reverend Mr. Flavel. No concrete information on Flavel could be found in Scharf and Wescott's History of Philadelphia or other bibliographic sources. He may have been Presbyterian, as a Rev. Thomas Flavell -- perhaps a relative -- was pastor in 1849 at the Fifth Reformed Presbyterian Church. Rev. Wm. P. White, D.D. and William H. Scott, The Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1895), 79.

105 Caleb and Joshua Cresson, merchants to Frederick Walter, bricklayer, June 1, 1772, Dd Bk D39, 335; Caleb Cresson et ux. to William Hancock, house carpenter, Jan. 1, 1774, Dd Bk D35, 323 (refers to John Yardley owning lot to the north and Arnold Michenor to the south); Caleb Cresson et ux to Arnold Mitchenor [torn] 1774, Dd Bk D37, 122.

106 Arnold Mitchenor, Dec. 6, 1774, CBk 2, 126.

107 This undated survey is in Third Survey District Div 2T, Folder 43, pre-1814 unidentified, PCA.

108 Caleb and Joshua Cresson to John Gartley, June 1, 1772, refers to the deed transfer on Nov. 1, 1775 to Isaiah Evans. Dd Bk D-72, 404-5, PCA. John Gartley, stayed in the field of education at least to 1790 when he, along with several others, vouched for a new spelling book for school children prepared by John Barry, Master of the Protestant Episcopal Free School. PG Feb. 24, 1790.

109 PG May 14, 1800; 1791 Tax Ledger, 45; 1795 Tax Ledger, 57-58, PCA; the 1800 Trade Directory, 133.

110 Likely this is the Quaker lady Hannah Clark, widow of Samuel Clark, who died in Philadelphia in 1817. Apr. 2, 1817, 6. 416. "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

111 Leonard Kessler was referenced in the 1775 deed to Isaiah Evans as the lot owner bordering to the north. Dd Bk D72, 404-5, PCA; 1790 census and 1791 directory; 1795 Tax Ledger, 57-58, PCA; The New Trade Directory 1800 and 1801 Directory; Third Survey District Div 2T, Folder 43, pre-1814 unidentified, PCA. Analysis of the 1780, 1787 and 1791 tax records did not give enough familiar property owners to definitively identify the lots in this section.

112 John Lambert, Windsor chair maker, died in Philadelphia during the fall of 1793, likely from the yellow fever epidemic. Nov. 19, 1793, W.609, "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

113 Hansell named his brother-in-law Peter Lex as an executor to his will. Jacob Hansell, Phila., Blacksmith, Jan. 15, 1810, "PA Wills, 1682-1834." See the Race Street section for the Lex lot adjoining Starr Alley to the east.

114 City Survey of four lots, Sixth and Race Streets, no date, Third Survey Dist., pre-1814, PCA; PG May 14, 1800; 1791 Tax Ledger, 45; 1795 Tax Ledger, 57-58, PCA

115 1790 Census, 223; 1795 Directory, 54; 1801 Directory, 57.

116 The park research note card file includes a section on Philadelphia Streets. Beginning in the 1790s the city made a strong effort to pave streets and correct sewer problems. The Minutes of City Council show the progress of this program, based on a 1791 ordinance directing the civic improvements. The Council resolved to pave Fifth between Chestnut and Walnut in the spring of 1791. March 28, 1791, "Minutes of City Council 1789-1793," microfilm, INDE.

117 As quoted in Douglass, Annals, 40.

118 Washington to Fanny Bassett Washington, Philadelphia June 15, 1794, Joseph E. Fields, compiler, "Worthy Partner" The Papers of Martha Washington (Westport, 1994), 268-9.

119 When the city adopted Clement Biddle's numbering system provided in his directory for 1791, the addresses along Arch Street ranged from 177 at the corner of Fifth Street, to 203 at Sixth Street, as laid out in Hogan's Prospect of 1795.

120 "Peter Muhlenberg (one of Council)" rented one of Joseph Donaldson's three houses at the corner in 1787. A former Lutheran minister and major general at the close of the Revolution, Muhlenberg was a son of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg. After the war he rose rapidly in political circles, from the state to national levels. While in residence at Fifth and Arch, he was serving as Vice President of Pennsylvania within the Supreme Executive Council under Benjamin Franklin. Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography 13 (1934), 312. Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 53, PCA. Joseph Donaldson died a gentleman in 1806. When he purchased this real estate is not known. Of interest, however, is that his mother-in-law Sarah Wilkinson may have been heir to Anthony Wilkinson who once owned a 99 by 306 foot lot on this block at Sixth Street, suggesting one more link among the property owners. No will, however, could be found for Anthony. Sarah Wilkinson, of Phila., Widow. Oct. 14, 1776; Joseph Donaldson, Franklin Park, Co. of Burlington, N.J., Gentleman, Apr. 19, 1806. 1.503, PA Wills, 1682-1834. The commentaries about real estate turnover and property ownership come from this and earlier research.

121 Pre-1814 surveys for 2T, Folder 43, Race to Arch, 5-6, PCA.

122 Robert McGee, Policy No. 132, Dec. 26, 1785, in Garvan, The Mutual Assurance Company Papers, 98-99. Garvan explains that Widow Fox's name was Elizabeth when McGee in 1785 transferred the policy and that she was a wealthy gentlewoman, widow of Joseph Fox Esquire. Conflicting or additional information —perhaps a second wife–is found on a city survey that notes on the lot, Robert McGee "in 1802 of Sarah Fox (widow of Jos Fox, Esq.)."Garvan records that the policy expired in 1837, the probable date that the property sold and possibly enlarged in the mid-19th century commercial style.

123 Gleaning residents of Arch in White's 1785 directory requires a scan of the entire alphabetical listing, which may not have caught every resident. The three known for the north side of the block are John Clauges, painter, Robert McGee, lumber merchant, and John Grace, blacksmith.

124 Sarah Fox and Joseph Fox, both listed as owners of a lot near Sixth Street on different undated city surveys, were father and daughter-in-law. Samuel Mickles' will of 1765 names Joseph Fox his son-in-law and Samuel Mickle after him, presumably his son. Samuel Mickle Fox left his estate to his wife Sarah Fox in 1808. 2.295 Pennsylvania Wills, 1632-1834. The Fox family lot on Arch Street stood adjoining ones owned later by other Quakers, Dr. Caspar Wistar, John Hart, druggist, and Peter Brown, Esq.

125 "Draught of lots on east side of Sixth," 1782, City Surveys, Div. 2T, Race-Arch, Fifth-Sixth, pre-1814, PCA; Deborah Morris, Spinster, Ap. 6, 1793, W.367, PA Wills 1682-1834, Family Tree Maker.

126 Catharine Hollingshead, Phila., Dec. 7, 1813, 5,131; Anthony Fothergill, M.D., Feb. 26, 1814, 5.96; William Falconer, Phila., Aug. 16, 1810, 3.231, PA Wills 1682-1834: "Inscriptions on tombstones in the Second Presbyterian Church Cemetery (5th and Arch Streets) c. 1867," 1 vol., MS, Presbyterian H.S. hereinafter cited, "Inscriptions on tombstones".

127 Ann Frazier, a widow, lived at 181 Arch in 1790-91. She may have been related to Nalbro Frazier, merchant, whose 1811 will named as his sole heir Ann Frazier, his wife. Nalbro Frazier, a New Englander, joined in partnership with Tench Coxe to open a large mercantile house in Philadelphia in 1783, with most of their trade in the British West Indies and later, the China Trade. In January 1786 the firm sent to sea the Canton, the second American ship to sail to the Orient. One of their partners in this expedition was John Donnaldson, probably a brother of Joseph Donnaldson who in 1791 owned the two adjoining houses at the corner of Fifth and Arch. Nalbro Frazier, September 19, 1811. 3.532 PA Wills 1682-1834; Tax Assessor's Ledger, S. Mulberry Ward, 1791, 50, PCA; Jacob E. Cooke, Tench Coxe and the Early Republic (Chapel Hill, 1987), 62-79.

128 For the residents' names, see the Arch Street chart in appendices. An 1857 photograph of the corner house at Fifth Street as the Henderson Publishing Company likely depicts the original building erected nearly a century earlier. The photo is in the Free Library of Philadelphia collections and published in Robert F. Looney, Old Philadelphia in Early Photographs 1839-1914 (New York, 1976), 100. Mary Weed at 181 Arch in 1801 was the widow of Elijah Weed, owner of this property from at least 1787. Weed was a local tavernkeeper at Fourth and Arch prior to the Revolution and on Sixth Street in 1783, and in 1791, the able gaoler at the Walnut Street prison. PG Apr 28, May 26, 1768, Nov. 9, 1774, Oct. 15, 1783, Nov. 1, 1791; E. Graham, "Philadelphia Inns and Taverns, 1774-1780," Graduate Paper, University of Pennsylvania, copy in Box 22, INDE Archives; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, p. 53, PCA.

129 Directory for 1791; tax assessment, South Mulberry Ward, 1791, p. 5, PCA.

130 Policy No. 132 for Robert McGee, Dec. 26, 1785, in Garvan, Mutual Assurance, 98-99.

131 Robert McGee still lived in this house in 1787 when he advertised the sale of the Indian Queen tavern. PG Aug. 1, 1787. No will could be found, but he and his wife Hannah and sons Samuel and Gilbert were named in the will of John Little of Princeton in 1794. "PA Wills 1682-1834." Hardie, The Philadelphia Directory; Hogan's Prospect. Neither Gerard H. Clarfield, Timothy Pickering and American Diplomacy, 1795-1800. (Columbia, 1969), or Clarfield, Timothy Pickering and the American Republic. (Pittsburgh, 1980) referenced Lewis in the index. Perhaps Lewis can be found within the 69 microfilm reels of the Pickering papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society.

132 PG Feb. 8, 1792; PG Nov 16, 1796 provides an update on the Sierra Leone Colony, which at that date still had the full determination of the directors, despite depredations from a French squadron that had caused damage up to 40,000L. See Davis, The Problem of Slavery, 429-430, 436 for reference to the abolitionists of London. Davis did not cite Sanford in his index.

133 James Robinson, The Philadelphia Directory for 1803. (Philadelphia, 1803). The writer checked all city directories through 1803 for Thomas Willis. Between 1791 and 1802 only one, Stephen's for 1796, listed Thomas Willis, turner, elsewhere, at 155 South Front St. For some reason the tax assessment in 1795 lists a Musgrave Willis, rather than Thomas Willis, living with Samuel Lewis, which indicates he may have been Thomas' relative and boarding next door with Lewis. Further record of Thomas Willis might be found in Pennsylvania military records, as he served in the Philadelphia Militia during the Revolution.

134 Tax Assessment Ledger, 1787, South Mulberry Ward, p. 54, PCA. The 1789 tax assessment, p. 62, showed Robert Magie (McGee), Board Merchant (see footnote 2) and Widow Walter living in adjoining dwellings valued at 400 and 300. By 1791, however, James Duncan, clerk, leased Widow Fox's Estate and Thomas Willis rented Widow Walters'. Both houses were valued the same as in 1789. City surveys, Div. 2T, pre-1814, PCA. No will was found for Thomas Willis. "PA Wills 1682-1834."

135 During the Revolution, Willis served as a captain in the Pennsylvania militia and as an elected representative for the City and Northern Liberties. PG Aug.4, 1779 and Nov. 27, 1782. Several people he served with then were in the committee to greet Genet. PG May 22, 1793.

136 White, Philadelphia Directory, 1785; MacPherson's Directory for the City The Suburbs of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1785) has a numbering system which followed a method that allowed a rough idea which side of the street the address fell; Peter DeHaven is owner of a large lot at Sixth and Arch Streets on two pre-1814 city surveys of this block. In 1778 De Haven and Elijah Weed, another Arch Street property owner on this block during the 1790s, both signed as witnesses to the will of Ebenezer Kennersley, which indicates that they knew one another prior to purchasing property on this block. Kennersley, Late Professor of English and Oratory. Aug. 3, 1778, R.82. PA Wills, 1682-1834. Peter DeHaven purchased part of the Great Lot at Arch and Sixth Street from the Wilkinson family in the 1760s, but apparently only as an investment. Philadelphia Deed Book I-7, 55-56. See deed summary in Appendices. In 1782 De Haven lived in Fourth Street near the College. PG Feb. 13, 1782.

137 James Simmons, coachmaker, appeared on the 1789 tax assessment and in the 1790 census mid-block on Arch Street, but was located on Chestnut Street in the 1791 directory. The tax showed that he occupied a house owned by John Smith's estate, next door to John Clawges, painter, who is discussed below. Apparently another coachmaker took over the shop. A few facts on his life suggest that Simmons was a talented coachmaker and a patriotic citizen. He was the son-in-law of John Bringhurst of Germantown who fashioned a carriage for George Washington. He served in 1799 as secretary of a volunteer cavalry troop under Captain Robert Wharton, elected that year mayor of Philadelphia. Tax Assessment Ledgers, South Mulberry Ward, 1789, p.5, PCA; PG March 13, 1799; John Bringhurst, Germantown, Coachmaker, Apr. 4, 1795, X.221, PA Wills 1682-1834; John Bringhurst lived in the Germantown house now owned by Independence NHP as part of the Deshler-Morris House complex. Anna Coxe Toogood, "Historic Structure, Furnishings and Grounds Report, Deshler-Morris House and Bringhurst House, Historical Data Section," (Independence National Historical Park, June 1980), 99.

138 The June 2, 1785 survey did not give the footage on Arch Street, but an 1809 survey indicated that the lot, then owned by Joseph Morris, was 23-1/2-feet across. Another city survey sheet dating to the-mid 1780s listed the heirs of Anthony Morris as the owner of a mid-block lot on Arch Street. Pre-1814 Unidentified, Div 2T, Race-Arch, 6-5, PCA. Nathan Smith paid ground rent to John Clawges in the 1787 tax assessment, indicating that he purchased the entire lot to Cherry and sold half to Smith. Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, p. 51.

139 Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, p. 53, and 1791, pp. 50 and 51, PCA.

140 Stafford, Directory, 1799-1801; Robinson, Directory, 1803-5; the 1801 Directory simply listed his address as "next" after 181 Arch. After 1798 Daniel Clawges received no listing, but John Clawges appeared in the directories through 1800 at 110 N. 6th Street and Daniel reappeared in 1802 as a painter, etc., at 188 Vine Street, at a more remote, less valuable piece of real estate. Presumably Arch Street had become too expensive for their profit line.

141 As late as 1788 an advertisement offered "a convenient three story brick House…pleasantly situated in Arch between Fifth and Sixth Streets," which suggests a still bucolic setting. PG Ap. 2, 1788.

142 Hogan, Prospect, 1795; black ball, currently a term for voting against a membership, then was a product manufactured for shoes. Oxford English Dictionary.

143 The Moore estate was assessed only 200 for a dwelling and lot. South Mulberry Ward, 1795, p. 66.

144 An Act for regulating, pitching, paving and cleansing the Highways, Streets, Lanes and Alleys…," in 1769 lumped soapboilers with tallow chandlers and distillers who ran businesses that discharged "foul or nauseous Liquor" into the streets. PG May 11, 1769.

145 Richard Moore did not leave a will, but there is room for conjecture that he was related to other property owners on this Arch Street section. Samuel Preston Moore, landowner within the Fifth and Arch lot, named a Richard Moore as his brother and another as his nephew in his will. Samuel Preston Moore, City of Phila, Practitioner in Physick, Aug. 3, 1785. T. 178. "PA Wills, 1682-1834."

146 Pennsylvania Wills list several generations of Benjamin Shoemaker in the region. One of them who died in 1807 named four Morris grandchildren, perhaps part of the Anthony Morris heirs who owned an Arch Street lot according to a city survey. Benjamin Shoemaker, Late of Philadelphia, now of Germantown, September 22, 1808, 2.369, "PA Wills 1682-1834." "Draught of Lots on East side of 6th Street from Mulberry Street to Cherry alley July 16th 1782, Third Survey District, folder 43, pre-1814, PCA.

147 PG Feb. 15, 1797; 1801 directory.

148 See Chapter 1, footnote 14.

149 E.R. Beadle, Pastor, The Old and the New, 1743-1876. The Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia Its Beginning and Increase, 1876, 21, at Presbyterian Historical Society (PHS). Beadle explains that converts inspired by the evangelical preaching of George Whitefield formed the Second Presbyterian. The church's first minister, Rev. Gilbert Tennent, assisted Whitefield until he left Philadelphia in 1740 and then accepted the calling in 1743 to be the pastor for the new congregation. Tennent served for 23 years. He and his family were interred in the Arch Street burial ground. In the nine years that elapsed between the founding of the church and opening of the cemetery, burials evidently were made in the schoolyard at Fourth and Arch Streets. Beadle, The Old and the New, 20-21, 23 and 161. The latter page is an account by Samuel Hazard in 1864. Hazard mentioned a record he'd seen that part of his grandfather's family had been buried in ground attached to the "new building in Fourth Street." Another account of the church's founding in The Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia Compiled and Edited by Rev. Wm. P. White, D.D. and William H. Scott (Philadelphia, 1895), xvi-xvii, states that a surge of immigration to Philadelphia and church dissension led to the creation of the Second Presbyterian Church establishment.

150 "A Register of the Burying-Grounds of Philadelphia" compiled by Charles R. Barker, 1942-1944. (A copy of the Presbyterian/Reformed materials in Volumes 1-4, 6. (Originals at the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania). PHS; Edward Lynch to Dr. John Redman, Presdt, 3d June 1790, RG 33, 7-7, PHS.

151Second Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia PA, "Minutes of the Corporation, 1772-1805, v. 3, May 9, 1799, 228, May 27, 1799, Sept. 19, 1804, 232. The May 27 entry noted that William Sansom, owner of the lot to the west of the burial ground, objected to the fence erected on the property line. Barker, A Register, also noted that a sketch of the Arch Street burial ground in David Kennedy's "Views of Philadelphia" was at the HSP. A high brick wall around the cemetery would be typical of 18th century practice, as seen today at Christ Church and Friends Society cemeteries in Old City.

152 PG Sept. 27, 1780. John F. Roche, Joseph Reed (New York, 1955), 282; William C. Armor, Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania, With the Incidental History of the State, from 1609 to 1872. (Philadelphia, 1879), 216, gives Joseph Reed's dates of service, Dec. 1, 1778-Oct. 8, 1781, and his birth date as Aug. 27, 1741, making him only forty-four at death.

153William B. Sprague D.D., Annals of the American Presbyterian Pulpit, or Commemorative Notices, Vol. 1 (New York, 1860), 35-37, 125-127.

154 "Inscriptions on tombstones in the Second Presbyterian Church Cemetery (5th and Arch Streets," c. 1867, 1 vol., PHS.

155 Jacob Cox Parsons, ed., Extracts from the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer of Philadelphia, 1765-1798 (Philadelphia, 1893), 174, 235; Marion Nelson Winship, "`Indians Now in This City' — Philadelphia, 1792 The Negotiation of Diplomatic Visits by Indian Guests and Their Official White Hosts," June 1, 1990, History 700 Seminar, (Professor Drew Gilpin Faust), University of Pennsylvania, 32 gives a descriptive quote about Jaquette's funeral from the Worcester, MA Spy, April 12, 1792.

156 "Inscriptions on tombstones," PHS. The wording of Knox's inscription suggested some issue surrounding his death: " Here lies the mortal part of…" Such impersonal definition of the dead may indicate that Knox committed suicide or showed poor character somehow, However, this phrasing may simply refer to the fact that he was from Boston, as Samuel Cotesworthy's tombstone carried similar wording and he, too, was a "native of Boston." Both men died in 1795, only 3 months apart, one at age 38, the other only 29. The coincidence in timing and circumstances also might suggest a homosexual relationship.

157 As quoted in Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, I, 405. See also Bryan's biography, Joseph S. Foster, In Pursuit of Equal Liberty George Bryan and the Revolution in Pennsylvania (University Park, 1994), 109-14. Foster posits "Perhaps no other achievement in his political career was more significant than his unrelenting determination to abolish slavery in the state."(109)

158 As quoted in Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, I, 405.

159 Beadle, The Old and the New, 39. Beadle noted here that Benjamin Franklin had warned the original church elders not to build on an intersection, but to seek a building site in the middle of the block to avoid the noise of carriages and other street distractions. They ignored his advise and built their church at the northwest corner of Third and Arch Streets.

160 "Burying Grounds in Arch Street and in Noble Street Mr. Samuel Hazard, in a communication to the Board of Trustees, upon his retirement from that Board, in 1864," in Beadle, The Old and New, 161.

161 "Plan of the Arch Street Burial Ground, belonging to the Second Presbyterian Church, 1835," Map Case 2.49, PHS. A phone interview with Eileen Skar, reference librarian, PHS, Oct. 15, 2002, revealed that the Session referred to the church body of elders responsible for theological matters.

162 "Detailed Account of removals from Arch St Ground between 11th & 19th October 1852," Thos M. Hughes, undertaker. RG 33, Box 7, PHS. Hughes noted where he found the bodies and where they were reinterred. His explanation divided the Session House lot into Ranges A to F, the latter being along the eastern fence, where the new privy was located. Another untitled document at PHS records new coffins made at the time, each called a "small case," furnished as needed for the reinterred bodies, all of whom are identified by name. RG 33, Box 7, PHS.

163 Hazard, "Burying Grounds in Arch Street in 1864," in Beadle, The Old and New, 161.

164 Beadle, The Old and New, 165. Time did not permit a search to determine whether city legislation banning burial grounds in the city had prompted this vote.

165 Charles McAllister, President of the Board of Trustees, to Health Office, March 1, 1851, in response to a questionnaire sent by that office in January 2, 1851, RG 33-7-8, PHS.

166 Certificates authorizing Sexton to Remove Remains, 1851-1856, 1867, RG 33-7-19, PHS.

167 Today's address for Mount Vernon Cemetery is Ridge and Lehigh Avenues, Philadelphia.

168 Beadle, The Old and New, 166. The deed for the Mount Vernon plot is dated August 20, 1867. They paid $2176 for the land. "A Register of the Burying-Grounds of Philadelphia Compiled by Charles R. Barker, 1942-1944." PHS.

169 Deed to Richard J. Dobbins, 30 March 1874, Map Case, drawer 30.25, PHS. Figure 4 in Kise, Straw & Kolodner, Archeological Sensitivity Study. Recent archeology for the US Constitution Center uncovered the burials, many of them under the Cherry Street right-of-way. The remains were reinterred in a church ceremony at Woodlands Cemetery in 2001. Burial information from phone interview with Jed Levin, National Park Service archeologist, Oct. 16, 2002. Of the 3654 burials recorded as of 1851, only 1,479 went to Mount Vernon cemetery, leaving over 2000 unaccounted for at this date. Some of that 2000-odd were moved by prominent families to other grounds, but some bodies likely remain buried on this block.

170 Samuel Emlen, Gentleman, November 24, 1783, PA Wills 1682-1834. Tax Assessment Ledger, 1787, South Mulberry Ward, p. 52, PCA.

171 Tax Assessment Ledger, 1787, South Mulberry Ward, p. 52, PCA.

172 Tax Assessment, 1787, p. 52-53; Biddle, Directory, 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795;

173 William Thomas insured a house on the west side of Fifth "a little above Mulberry Street," on November 30, 1776. CBk 1, 80; Tax Assessment, 1787, p. 52-53; Biddle, Directory, 1791; John Pemberton, City of Philadelphia, merchant, July 2, 1795, and Margaret Bartholemew, widow of Thomas, Willistown, Jan. 14, 1777, PA Wills, 1682-1834.

174The likelihood that Charles Thompson was the Charles Thomson who served as secretary of the Continental Congress is slim, because when he retired in 1789, Thomson moved to "Harriton," his country house near Philadelphia, where he evidently lived out his long life. (1729-1834). Dumas Malone, The Dictionary of American Biography 18 (New York, 1936), 481.

175 The Pennsylvania Assembly passed an act defining the ban on building in wood in April 1795 and City Council passed an ordinance to that effect on June 6, 1796. Acts of Assembly, No. XXVII, and Chapter XVI, "Acts and Ordinances, 1702-1812," INDE Micro 475, pp. 89 and 126.

176 Tax Assessment, 1787, p. 52-53 and Tax Assessment, 1795, South Mulberry Ward, p. 65, PCA. The ships from the West Indies also likely brought Aëdes aegypti mosquitoes infected with yellow fever that decimated the Philadelphia population that summer.

177 See Appendix for chart showing North Fifth residents in 1790-91, 1795, 1801.

178 "Draught of lots on East side of 6th Street from Mulberry Street to Cherry alley, July 16th 1782, Third Survey District, Pre-1814, folder 43, PCA. Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, pp. 53-4.

179 Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1791, p. 52; Heads of Families, 1790, 223; "Survey for Peter De Haven Sixth Street near Mulberry," September 6, 1791, Third Survey District, Pre-1814, folder 43, PCA. Peter De Haven policy, Jan. 7, 1792, two brick tenements, CBk 2, 248.

180 "Survey for Peter De Haven Sixth Street near Mulberry," September 6, 1791, Third Survey District, Pre-1814, folder 43, PCA ; Hogan, Prospect, 54; Peter De Haven policy 2727 and 2728, Nov. 28, 1795, CBk 3, 30.

181 "Draught of lots on East side of 6th Street from Mulberry Street to Cherry alley, July 16th 1782. Regulated lot for Capt. Danl Joy Godfrey Minick March 16 1785 May 29th 1782 Deborah Morris …" Third Survey District, Pre-1814, folder 43, PCA; policy for Ludwick Karigar, Dec. 5 1775, CBk 2, 141. The policy states that both of the two tenements were new.

182 The Christian name of the Christler property owner was not given in surveys or tax records. Five male Christlers are listed in the index to Philadelphia County wills. Deed work would provide the name, if needed. Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 54, 1791, 52, and 1795, 66; Heads of Family, 1790, 223; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, Stafford, Directory 1801.

183 "Draught of lots on East side of 6th Street," July 16, 1782, Third Survey District, Pre-1814, folder 43, PCA; policy for Godfrey Minnick, [sic] Feb. 1, 1791, CBk 2, 248; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 54, 1791, 52, and 1795, 66; Heads of Family, 1790, 223; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, Stafford, Directory 1801. No will could be found for Godfrey Minnick. Some 12 Minnicks appeared in the master list, however.

184 "Draught of lots on East side of 6th Street," July 16, 1782, Third Survey District, Pre-1814, folder 43, PCA; policy for Godfrey Minnick, [sic] Feb. 1, 1791, CBk 2, 248; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 54, 1791, 52, and 1795, 66; Heads of Family, 1790, 223; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, Stafford, Directory 1801.

185 "Draught of lots on East side of 6th Street," July 16, 1782, Third Survey District, Pre-1814, folder 43, PCA. This survey notes on a lot adjoining Humphreys that Ludwick Kercher sold to Tobias King on August 13, 1788, and that King sold to the Humphrey sisters on April 29, 1788, indicating King made an earlier purchase from Kercher. In 1790 Amy Humphrey's household included a teenage boy and three other women, one who likely was Elizabeth. Heads of Family, 1790, 223; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 54; 1791, 52; and 1795, 66; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, Stafford, Directory 1801; Amy Humphreys, City of Phila., Single Woman, Mar. 14, 1794, X.19, PA Wills 1682-1834.

186 "Draught of lots on East side of 6th Street," July 16, 1782, Third Survey District, Pre-1814, folder 43, PCA. Heads of Family, 232; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1791, 50; 1795, 68; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, 71; Stafford, Directory 1801, 77.

187 Heads of Family, 232; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1791, 50; 1795, 68; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, 71; Stafford, Directory 1801, 77; Robinson, Directory 1811.

188 Heads of Family, 232; ; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 51; 1791, 50; 1795, 68; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, 71; Stafford, Directory 1801, 77

189 Heads of Family, 232; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 51; 1791, 50; 1795, 68; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, 71; Stafford, Directory 1801, 77.

190 Heads of Family, 232; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 51; 1791, 50; 1795, 68; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, 71; Stafford, Directory 1801, 77.

191 Heads of Family, 232; Tax Assessment Ledger, South Mulberry Ward, 1787, 51; 1789, 56; 1791, 50; 1795, 68; Biddle, Directory 1791; Hogan, Prospect, 1795, 71; Stafford, Directory 1801, 77.

192 www.math.udel.edu/~RStevens/datasets/smul1801.xls

1193 Diary of Caleb Cresson 1791-1792 Printed from his Original Manuscripts for Family Distribution by Ezra Townsend Cresson and Charles Caleb Cresson (Philadelphia 1877), 196.



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