FORT VANCOUVER The History of Fort Vancouver and its Physical Structure

¹The inventory has been printed in Elliott, "British Values in Oregon, 1847," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXII (March, 1931), 27-45; and, in slightly different form, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers [II], 118-121. The other sources include testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid.., 177-178; Vavasour's map of 1845 (see plate V); and Covington's map of 1846 (see plate X).

²The copy of the inventory published by Elliott lists still another mill, described as a "New Single Saw Mill 60 x 19-1/2 ft.," but this additional notation is evidently an error, since witnesses stated there were but two sawmills at about this period.

³Leonard Wiley, "Mill Creek Site of Grist Mill of Hudson's Bay Company," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XLIII (September, 1942), 282-285.

⁴Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 220.

⁵There were probably, in addition, several other farm buildings near the fort, including two pig sheds and one or two more stables, but it is difficult to correlate buildings shown on the available maps with those listed in the inventory. A number of the buildings listed above as farm structures were located near the wharf and pond (see plate X).

⁶According to the Covington map, there were two buildings set aside for the use of the coopers in 1846, a cooper's shed and a cooper's shop, the latter being near the pond (see plate X). Which of the two was meant by the "cooper's shop, 70 x 30 feet," listed on the 1846-1847 inventory is not known. Probably the "cooper's shop" of the inventory was the "cooper's shed" of the Covington map, since it was oblong in shape, while Covington's "cooper's shop" is represented as a square structure. Also, in 1853, Dr. Tuzo testified that there was a "large" cooper's "shop" immediately east of the fort.

Certainly by 1860, and probably by 1853, another dwelling had been added to the two noted above, which are shown on the Warre sketch of 1845 (plate VI) and the Covington map (plate X).

⁸Tuzo testified that in 1853 there was also an ice house north of the fort.

⁹The copy of the inventory published by Elliott lists also a dwelling house, 50 x 40 feet, and another granary, 50 x 40 feet, as being on Sauvie Island, but the copy printed in the Br. & Am. Joint Comm. Papers lists these buildings as forming a part of the post of Coweeman, at the mouth of the Cowlitz River.

¹⁰See above, sources cited on pp. 51, 64.

¹¹J. McLoughlin to Governor and Committee, Oregon City, July 1, 1846, in H. B. S., VII, 157.

¹²Clarke, Pioneer Days of Oregon History, I, 185; Snowden, History of Washington, I, 477.

¹³Ball, "Across the Continent," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, III (March, 1902), 98; Wyeth, "Journal," in Hulbert, The Call of the Columbia, 152-153. From the Wyeth journal it appears that the Company had two sawmills at Vancouver in 1832, but the exact meaning of Wyeth's words is not too clear.

¹⁴Jason Lee, "Diary of Rev. Jason Lee," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XVII (September, 1916), 261-262. On November 18, 1834, McLoughlin reported that the old mill had broken, and that a new one "an overshot mill" was then in the course of construction. H. B. S., IV, 224.

¹⁵James Douglas, Private Papers, First Series, MS, 7, in the Bancroft Library.

¹⁶Parker, Journal, 144, 183.

¹⁷H. B. S., IV, 285. There is a possibility that Douglas meant to say that the production was 1,500 feet per day, rather than per week. As late as 1837, William Slacum found the output to be about 2,000-2,500 feet per day. William A. Slacum, "Slacum's Report on Oregon, 1836-1837," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XIII (June, 1912), 185.

¹⁸The fodderers evidently were the men who were sent nearly every day in the winter to obtain "goose grass" for the oxen from the large island in the river opposite the mill. Testimony of W. F. Crate, Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 106, 114.

¹⁹H. B. S., IV, 259-260, 285; testimony of D. Mactavish, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 82-83; Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 194; Slacum, "Slacum's Report," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XIII (June, 1912), 185.

²⁰J. Douglas to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, October 18, 1838, in H. B. S., IV, 259-260.

²¹Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 335-336; Wilkes, Diary, 51. Lieut. Wilkes also remarked that as late as 1841 all hardwood planks needed at the post were "yet cut by hand." Lieut. Emmons, who also visited the mill in 1841, found nine saws in operation, producing about 2,500 feet of boards per day. Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 268.

²²H. B. S., IV, 259-260; testimony of W. F. Crate, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 105.

²³H. B. S., VI, 23.

²⁴Testifying before the Br. & Am. Joint Comm. in 1865, Crate said he first came to the Columbia for the Company in 1832 and remained until 1843. If true, he could have built the new mill in 1834. Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 104-105. However, according to records of the Hudson's Bay Company, his original contract with the firm was made in 1834, and he spent the winter of 1834-1835 at Red River. Thus apparently he could not have built the new mill of 1834-1835 at Vancouver, and the mill he claimed to have built must have been at a later date. H. B. S., VI, 23. Crate himself merely stated that he built the mill before 1843.

²⁵Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 105-106.

²⁶Ibid., 114.

²⁷Testimony of L. Douthit, in ibid., [VIII], 245.

²⁸Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 106, 113; [VIII], 132-133.

²⁹Ibid., [II], 321-323; [VIII], 132-133, 136.

³⁰Ibid., [II], 106, 114.

³¹Testimony of L. Douthit, in ibid., [VIII], 244-245.

³²Testimony of D. Mactavish, in ibid., [XI], 84.

³³Testimony of W. F. Crate, in ibid., [II], 113.

³⁴Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 185-186.

³⁵Ibid., [II], 109-111, 116-229; [VIII], 238; Lewis Love, Manuscript of Captain Love, edited by Clara Love Stone, typescript, copy in Region Four Office, NPS, through the courtesy of Mrs. Clara L. Stone of Oswego, Oregon, p. 9 and note 22. Captain Love later donated a shaft from the H.B.C. sawmill to the Oregon Historical Society, where it is on display. A summary of the sawmill's story is given in Donald H. Clark, "Sawmill on the Columbia," in The Beaver, outfit 281 (June, 1950), 42-44.

³⁶Clarke, Pioneer Days of Oregon History, I, 185; Snowden, History of Washington, I, 477.

³⁷Ibid.

³⁸Dunn, History of the Oregon Territory, 152; Parker, Journal, 183; Townsend, Narrative, 298. See also authorities cited in Leonard Wiley, "Mill Creek Site of Grist Mill of Hudson's Bay Company," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XLIII (September, 1942), p. 282, note 1.

³⁹Whitman, "A Journey Across the Plains in 1836," in Transactions of the . . . Oregon Pioneer Association for 1891, 65.

⁴⁰Parker, Journal, 183.

⁴¹Affidavit of William E. Place, Washington, February 27, 1873, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.

⁴²J. S. Smith, D. E. Jackson, W. L. Sublette to J. H. Eaton, St. Louis, October 29, 1830, in 21 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate, Ex. Doc. No. 39, pp. 21-23.

⁴³[Allan], "Reminiscences," in Transactions of the . . . Oregon Pioneer Association; for 1881, 76.

⁴⁴Hulbert, The Call of the Columbia, 152-153.

⁴⁵H. B. S., IV, 260.

⁴⁶Testimony of W. F. Crate, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 105, 118.

⁴⁷Ibid.; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 335; Wiley, "Mill Creek Site of Grist Mill of Hudson's Bay Company," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XLIII (September, 1952), 283-284.

⁴⁸Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 105, 121; Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 268.

⁴⁹Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 335; I. I. Stevens to W. L. Marcy, Washington, June 21, 1854, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 209-228.

⁵⁰Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 194-195.

⁵¹Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 105.

⁵²Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 335.

⁵³G. Simpson to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, November 25, 1841, as cited in H. B. S., VI, pp. 160-161, note 2.

⁵⁴Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 105; [VIII], 258; [XI], 209-228.

⁵⁵Ibid., [II], 113.

⁵⁶Ibid., 104, 109, 113.

⁵⁷Testimony of L. Douthit, in ibid., [VIII], 245.

⁵⁸There is a possibility that some of the machinery, including the burrs, was taken out of the old mill by Crate and installed in the new one. Ibid., 250, 258. Crate admitted that he did not send any of the burrs to Vancouver. Ibid., [II], 113. Some persons believe that some old millstones preserved in the Esther Short Park in Vancouver may have come from the Hudson's Bay mill. Two stones, said to have been from the H.B.C. mill but found on Loves Creek, were donated to the Oregon Historical Society in 1949. The Columbian (Vancouver, Wash.), August 10-13, 1949.

In U. S., War Dept., Reports of Explorations and. Surveys . . . for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, XII, part 1, opp. p. 146, is a drawing entitled "Hudson Bay Mill." Apparently no indication is given as to the location or type of the mill. The drawing may represent the Company's mill at Fort Colvile, or it may picture one of those near Fort Vancouver.

⁵⁹Theodore Talbot, The Journals of Theodore Talbot, 1843 and. 1849-52, edited by Charles H. Carey (Portland, Ore., 1931), 91-92.

⁶⁰Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 81, 91, 96; [XI], 120; H. B. S., VII, xxvii, liii-liv; H. K. Craig to W. Welcker, Washington, September 15, 1859, MS, in Records of U. S. Army Commands, Dept. of Columbia, Letters Received . . . 1859-1860, Box 3.

⁶¹Oregon Spectator (Oregon City), May 28, 1846; Alice Henson Ernst, "Stage Annals of Early Oregon from 1846 to 1875," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XLII (June, 1941), 152. There is a slight possibility that Dundas Castle and Mosquito Grotto were one and the same structure.

⁶²It has been said that when James Douglas, a "zealous Church of England man," became a member of the board of management in 1845, he moved the Catholic congregation outside the fort. Thomas M. Anderson, "The Vancouver Reservation Case, A Legal Romance," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, VIII (September, 1907), 223. But Anderson was speaking only from hearsay. As has been seen, steps toward founding a church outside the pickets had been taken long before 1845, and the fact that Douglas was a sponsor of the new church at its dedication indicates that there was no hostility between him and the Catholic clergy.

⁶³Deposition of Joseph Petrain, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.

⁶⁴Deposition of Joseph Petrain, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsite Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31; H. B. S., VII, lxi. As late as February 21, 1845, Father Demers was writing of the building of the chapel as an event which was to take place in the future. Carl Landerholm (ed. and trans.), Notices & Voyages of the Famed. Quebec Mission to the Pacific Northwest . . . (Portland, Oregon, 1956), 234.

⁶⁵Affidavit of Joseph Petrain, October 25, 1873, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31; Deposition of Daniel Harvey, April [23 or 24], 1860, MS, in ibid.

⁶⁶Copy, Act of Dedication of Church of St. James at Vancouver, MS, in ibid.; Oregon Spectator (Oregon City), June 25, 1846. See also Nichols, The Mantle of Elias, 280. The translation of the act of dedication printed in the latter work, however, appears not to be entirely accurate.

⁶⁷H. A. Goldsborough to J. M. Edmunds, Washington, June 30, 1862, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31

⁶⁸Affidavit of Joseph Petrain, October 25, 1873, MS, in ibid.; Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 118-119; Oregon Spectator (Oregon City), June 25, 1846.

⁶⁹Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 354-359; [Cameron], Fort Vancouver Military Reservation, 3, 5-6; T. Morris to S. Cooper, Fort Vancouver, January 20, 1859, in A. G. O., Fort Vancouver, Letter Sent Book, 1857-1865, MS, 70-74, in War Records Division, the National Archives.

⁷⁰Deposition of Forbes Barclay, April 24, 1860, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31. It was later claimed by some Army officers that there were no priests present at Vancouver when the military forces first arrived in 1849. These statements were in error, as shown by indisputable contemporary evidence. See Talbot, Journals, 90-93.

⁷¹Edwin V. O'Hara, Pioneer Catholic History of Oregon (Portland, Oregon, 1911), 158.

⁷²Affidavit of T. J. Eckerson, August 18, 1863, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.

⁷³P. S. Ogden to J. B. Preston, Fort Vancouver, May 23, 1853, MS, in ibid.

⁷⁴Nichols, The Mantle of Elias, 286.

⁷⁵Thomas M. Anderson, "Vancouver Barracks—Past and Present," in Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United. States, XXXV (September-October, 1904), 275; Anderson, "The Vancouver Reservation Case," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, VIII (September, 1907), 219-230; J. H. Gustin to the Quartermaster General, Vancouver Barracks, January 27, 1890, MS, in Office of the Quartermaster General, in War Records Division, the National Archives.

⁷⁶The complete story of the St. James Mission case has never been written. It is one of the most fascinating incidents in the history of the Pacific Northwest. The best published account is Howard J. Burnham, "Government Grants and Patents in Vancouver, Washington," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XLVIII (June, 1947), 7-44. See also Thomas M. Anderson, "The Vancouver Reservation Case, A Legal Romance," in ibid., VIII (September, 1907), 219-230.

For the most part, however, the facts still remain locked in voluminous files of manuscripts to be found in the records of the General Land Office, the various courts involved, numerous Congressional committees, and the United States Army. The archives of the Church have not been investigated by the present writer, but they should contain much illuminating material. Various newspaper accounts and a number of printed legal briefs, listed in the bibliography appended to this report, contain material of value.

For specific references to support facts stated in the above paragraphs, see, particularly, the above-mentioned articles by Mr. Burnham and General Anderson; and R. Ingalls to T. S. Jesup, Fort Vancouver, January 15, 1859, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 354-359; T. Morris to S. Cooper, Fort Vancouver, January 20, 1859, in A. G. O., Fort Vancouver, Letters Sent Book, 1857-1865, MS, 70-74; T. M. Anderson to S. Holabird, Vancouver Barracks, February 13, 1888, MS, in Office of the Quartermaster General, Consolidated Correspondence File, Box 1177, in War Records Division, the National Archives; Plan No. 100, "Vancouver Barracks, Wash.," in Office of Chief of Engineers, RG 77, Army Map Service, Set of Plans of Army Posts, United States, S17-4-QM-V, in Division of Cartographic Records, the National Archives.

⁷⁷Deposition of Joseph Petrain, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.

⁷⁸Information from the archives of the Providence Academy, Vancouver, as supplied through the kindness of Mr. Howard J. Burnham, of the Vancouver Historical Society. H. J. Burnham to J. A. Hussey, Vancouver, February 19, 1948, MS, in possession of the writer.

⁷⁹58 Cong., 3 Sess., House, Report No. 3766, "Mission of St. James in the State of Washington," MS, in House Documents, Nos. 3, 764-3, 915, in Division of Legislative Records, the National Archives.

⁸⁰Writers' Program, Washington, Washington, A Guide to the Evergreen State (Portland, Oregon, [1941]), 286; H. J. Burnham to J. A. Hussey, Vancouver, February 19, 1948, MS.

⁸¹Deposition of Joseph Petrain, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31; deposition of Forbes Barclay, April 24, 1860, MS, in ibid.; Report of a board of officers, Fort Vancouver, January 23, 1854, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 104-106; (see also plate XXI).

⁸²Deposition of F. N. Blanchet, in Claim of the Mission of St. James, 28.

⁸³Anderson, "Vancouver Barracks—Past and Present," in Journal of the Military Service Institution," XXXV (September-October, 1904), 267; deposition of F. Barclay, April 24, 1860, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.

⁸⁴G. Gibbs to J. M. Edmunds, Washington, June 22, 1862, MS, in ibid.; deposition of F. Barclay, April 24, 1860, MS, in ibid.; Diagram of Survey of St. James Mission Claim, Vancouver, Washington Territory, Surveyed July 10th, A. D. 1872, Levi Farnsworth, U. S. Deputy Surveyor, MS map, in ibid.

⁸⁵H. Beaver to Governor and Committee, Fort Vancouver, November 10, 1836, in The Beaver, outfit 272 (September, 1941), 10-11.

⁸⁶Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 332.

⁸⁷Pipes, "Translation of Extract from Exploration of Oregon Territory . . . by Eugene Duflot de Mofras," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (June, 1925), 153, 156;

⁸⁸Deposition of F. Barclay, April 24, 1860, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Town sites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31; see also G. Gibbs to J. M. Edmunds, Washington, June 22, 1862, MS, in ibid.

⁸⁹Rockwood, "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 184-185; testimony of L. Brooke, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 129.

⁹⁰Rockwood, "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 184-185. Atkinson was told that the male teacher, who was to be a member of the "High Church of England," was also to act as Protestant chaplain at the fort.

⁹¹Cross, The March of the Mounted Riflemen, 266 and same page, note 271.

⁹²G. Gibbs to J. M. Edmunds, Washington, June 22, 1862, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.

⁹³Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 320-321; R. Ingalls to D. H. Vinton, Fort Vancouver, October 17, 1849, in 31 Cong., 1 Sess., Ex. Doc. No. 1, part 2, pp. 284-289; D. H. Vinton to T. S. Jesup, Washington, March 29. 1850, in ibid., 245-266; D. H. Vinton to J. S. Jesup, Fort Vancouver, October 5, 1849, MS, in Office of the Quartermaster General, Consolidated Correspondence File, Box 1176.

⁹⁴D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 133.

⁹⁵Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid., [II], 177-I78.

⁹⁶Report of a board of officers, Fort Vancouver, January 23, 1854, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers [IX], 104-106; Mansfield, Report . . . March 1, 1855, MS, 68-69; T. L. Brent, Estimate of Funds and Supplies, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1855, MS, in Office of the Quartermaster General, Consolidated Correspondence File, Box 1178

⁹⁷War Department, Surgeon-General's Office, A Report on Barracks and. Hospitals, 422; proceedings of a board of officers, Fort Vancouver, June 15, 1860, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 75-77.

⁹⁸Testimony of W. F. Crate, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 107-108,

⁹⁹Ball, "Across the Continent Seventy Years Ago," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, III (March, 1902), 98.

¹⁰⁰Townsend, Narrative, 299.

¹⁰¹Powell, "Hall Jackson Kelley—Prophet of Oregon," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XVIII (June, 1917), 126-127.

¹⁰²Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 170, 194.

¹⁰³Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," in Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, XXVI (September, 1925), 266; Wilkes, Narrative, IV, 326.

¹⁰⁴Palmer, Journal, 210.

¹⁰⁵Affidavit of Joseph Petrain, October 25, 1873, MS, in General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket 1 (165), Box No. 31.

¹⁰⁶Affidavit of W. E. Place, February 27, 1873, MS, in ibid.

¹⁰⁷Testimony of W. F. Crate, in Br, & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 107-108, 115, 137; testimony of J. F. Noble, in ibid., [IX], 408.

¹⁰⁸31 Cong., 2 Sess., House, Ex. Doc. No, I, part 2, pp. 263, 285, 289.

¹⁰⁹Testimony of J. Steinberger, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [IX], 51; Fred Lockley, History of the Columbia River Valley (Chicago, 1928), 352.

¹¹⁰I. I. Stevens to W. L. Marcy, Washington, June 21, 1854, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [XI], 218-219.

¹¹¹Testimony of R. Ingalls, in ibid., [IX], 537.

¹¹²Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid., [II], 178-179.

¹¹³The documents and testimony upon which this account of the final destruction of the village is based will be found in Br, & Am, Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 189-193; [IX], 78-85, 537-538.

¹¹⁴A. G. Harvey, "Meredith Gairdner: Doctor of Medicine," in British Columbia Historical Quarterly, IX (April, 1945), 98. This article also contains a fine survey of the early medical history of Fort Vancouver.

¹¹⁵Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies, 194.

¹¹⁶Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in Br, & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 177-178, 184.

¹¹⁷Deposition of J. M. Wark, September 28, 1865, in ibid., 191.

¹¹⁸Palmer, Journal, 207-209.

¹¹⁹Lockley, History of the Columbia River Valley, 352; testimony of L. Brooke, in Br, & Am, Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 129-130; testimony of J. F. Noble, in ibid., [IX], 408.

¹²⁰J. Douglas and J. Work to D. Mactavish, Victoria, August 20, 1857, in A. G. O., Fort Vancouver, Letters Sent Book, 1857-1865, MS, 3-5.

¹²¹R. Ingalls to D. Mactavish, Fort Vancouver, September 23, 1857. in ibid., 7-17. This and other letters referring to the controversy over the salmon house have been printed in Br, & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 334-346.

¹²²Ibid., 190-191.

¹²³R. Ingalls to A. Pleasonton, Fort Vancouver Depot, April 2, 1860, MS, in Records of U. S. Army Commands, Department of the Columbia, Letters Received, C4-P34, 1860, Box No. 4, in War Records Division, the National Archives.

¹²⁴T. Fraser to Lord J. Russell, [London], August 22, 1860, in Br, & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 416-417.

¹²⁵Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid.,, 180-181; testimony of D. Mactavish, in ibid., 215; testimony of L. Brooke, in ibid., [VIII], 156.

¹²⁶J. A. Grahame to R. Ingalls, Fort Vancouver, July 28, 1857, in ibid., [II], 335.

¹²⁷Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid., [II], 180; testimony of L. Brooke, in ibid., [VIII], 154.

¹²⁸R. Ingalls to D. Mactavish, Fort Vancouver, September 23, 1857, in A. G. O., Fort Vancouver, Letters Sent Book, 1857-1865, MS, 7-17. This same letter, dated September 24, 1857, is printed in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 340-346. For other letters dealing with this matter, see ibid., 334-340.

According to J. Neilson Barry, the piling of the old Company wharf could still be seen as late as 1939. See his "The Murals in the State Capitol," in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XL (June, 1939), 158.

¹²⁹Testimony of L. Brooke, in Br, & Am, Joint Comm., Papers, [VIII], 156; ibid., [II], 344.

¹³⁰Although only one large shed is shown on the Covington map of 1846, H. A. Tuzo testified that there were two boat houses near the landing jetty as late as 1853. Ibid., [II], 177-I78.

¹³¹Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXII, 34; in the version of the inventory printed in Br, & Am, Joint Comm., Papers, [II], 118-119, both are termed "boat sheds."

¹³²Ibid., [VIII], 129-130.

¹³³Testimony of H. A. Tuzo, in ibid., [II], 185.