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Fauna Series No. 4


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Cover

Contents

Foreword

Introduction

Population and Mortality

Habits

Food

Elk

Deer

Antelope

Bighorn

Other Larger Mammals

Small Mammals

Birds

Misc. Diet

Conclusions

Bibliography





Fauna of the National Parks — No. 4
Ecology of the Coyote in the Yellowstone
National Park Service Arrowhead


CHAPTER VII:
ANTELOPE IN RELATION TO COYOTES


MATERNAL PROTECTION

The does travel together up to fawning time. As each doe feels the time approach she goes off by herself, but not necessarily far from the others, for often lone antelope may be seen only one or two hundred yards apart. A few days after birth of the fawns, the does begin to bunch up and soon the bands are together again. The fawns romp and rest together and when the band is traveling they are usually bunched. In June I have seen as many as seven fawns following one doe. On July 2, 1937, eight fawns were frolicking together two or three hundred yards away from the adults, and some of them lay down by themselves at that distance. When the fawns saw me they galloped away until they were about one-third of a mile from the adults. Here some of them lay down. At this time the young seem to be as fleet as the adults. They spend much time racing over the slopes and continue this frolicsome activity through cold weather. In late winter I have seen them lay back their ears and chase each other at great speed.

A new-born antelope fawn found June 7, 1938, measured between 16 and 17 inches in height at the shoulder; an accurate measurement was not secured because of difficulty in getting it to stand on its feet quietly. It could travel but did so with some unsteadiness. A day or two after birth the fawns travel quite well and soon move about freely with their mothers and the band. In early June fawns were frequently seen following their mothers.

The fawn has a strong instinct for hiding and lies motionless and limp when handled. It lacks spots and has a greyish-brown coat which makes it hard to find. On June 3 a doe, and a fawn which had been nursing, became frightened and galloped away. When the fawn came to a clump of sagebrush and cinquefoil it dropped beside it as though shot and lay still. It seemed to know the hiding possibilities offered by the vegetation. When it was lifted to its feet it galloped away to join its mother and disappear over a ridge. It is my impression that antelope young get up and run away from disturbances at an earlier age than do the elk calves.

antelope
Figure 33— Among the antelope several cripples were noted, some of which nevertheless traveled far.
The buck in the illustration had a stiff, bent foreleg. He lived the year round near Gardiner.
May 22, 1938.

The protection the fawns receive from their mothers before they begin to travel to any extent with the bands is of importance in connection with the vulnerability of the fawns to predators. On June 4, 1938, I watched three does, each with two fawns, from 9:30 a. m. until 8 p. m. The does were on two rather gentle slopes of some low buttes east of Trumpeter Lake; one doe was alone on one slope and two does were together on the other. The following observations were made of the lone doe:

9:30 a. m. . .

Two fawns were nursing. When finished they lay down a few yards away. There were two other does and a yearling nearby. The mother of the fawns followed one of the does to chase it away. After feeding in the vicinity of the fawns, the mother and the two does and yearling lay down near the top of the ridge about 150 yards from the fawns.

1:10 p. m. . .

The mother approached the two fawns which had been lying about 30 yards apart, and they both nursed at once for about a minute.

1:20 p. m. . .

The two fawns lay down 25 yards from where they had nursed and the mother fed slowly up the slope.

1:45 p. m. . .

The mother went over the ridge out of sight of the fawns.

2:10 p. m. . .

She came in sight, and lay down near the top of the ridge from where she could see the fawns 150 yards below.

4:10 p. m. . .

She began to feed, always in sight of her fawns.

4:30 p. m. . .

The two fawns, lying 5 yards apart, rose, and the mother, who was 35 yards away, approached them. The fawns nursed together, one for 1 minute, the other for 1-1/2 minutes. A few minutes later they both nursed again briefly. The mother spent some time licking them between the hind legs.

4:40 p. m. . .

The fawns lay down; the mother moved up the hill.

5:20 p. m. . .

The mother stood on top of the ridge peering down the other side.

5:25 p. m. . .

She lay down on top of the ridge 150 yards above the fawns and in view of them.

6:00 p. m. . .

She commenced to feed. Two heavy does and a yearling wandered near the fawns.

6:10 p. m. . .

A third doe wandered near where the fawns lay.

6:30 p. m. . .

The mother went over the ridge out of view.

6:45 p. m. . .

She reappeared on the horizon and looked toward her fawns at intervals while feeding.

7:10 p. m. . .

She moved out of sight of the fawns, but returned in a few minutes. For the next 50 minutes she fed back and forth across the slope in the general direction of her fawns.

8:00 p. m. . .

She approached the fawns and both nursed together. Dusk prevented further observations.

During the period of 1-1/2 hours that I watched, the mother was out of sight of the fawns for about 40 minutes. The inactivity of the fawns indicated that they were very young.

Movement of does numbers 2 and 3:

9:30 a. m. . .

The two does, along with a third doe which appeared heavy, were feeding on a ridge.

11:00 a. m. . .

Four grazing elk cows appeared on the slope. They, as well as the three antelope, peered up the slope at two elk calves, one of which had stood up. One of the antelope approached within about 20 yards of the calves, and one of the elk to within about 40 yards of them. The calf lay down and the antelope and elk began to feed. Three jackrabbits playing around two large boulders attracted the attention of the elk and antelope. The three antelope approached within 50 yards of the hares and the elk approached almost as near. The antelope disappeared over the ridge, along the crest of which they had been feeding. The elk grazed down the slope.

11:15 a. m. . .

An antelope fawn cried out and leaped away from the feet of one of the cow elk; the cow was startled and jumped to one side. I could not determine whether the fawn had been trampled. The fawn ran out of sight 200 yards away near the base of and around the ridge over which the three does had disappeared, but probably too low to be seen by them.

11:45 a. m. . .

The elk went out of sight.

12 noon . .

The three does reappeared on the ridge at the place where they had gone out of sight. One of them was followed by two fawns and another by a singleton. All three fawns nursed. One of the fawns, after nursing from one doe, walked over to try the other and was gently butted away. After the three fawns had frolicked together about 4 minutes they lay down. One, rising to follow its mother, lay down when she turned abruptly and faced it. This fawn changed its resting place two or three times, moving only a few yards each time.

12:20 p. m. . .

The doe with the single young came down the slope to the spot where the elk had startled a fawn. The doe smelled of the place and followed in the direction the fawn had taken for about 30 yards; it then turned down the hill and walked aimlessly here and there for about 25 minutes, bleating at intervals the whole time. She seemed to be searching for the fawn that had run away.

12:45 p. m. . .

After returning again to the spot where the fawn had lain the doe walked up to her other offspring and lay down about 50 yards away from it. During this time the other two does had been resting a short distance above the three fawns.

2:10 p. m. . .

All three does were feeding. An elk calf stood up and attracted the notice of one of the does 75 yards below.

3:15 p. m. . .

Two of the does were resting 50 yards above the fawns, and the other was feeding. Then for 10 minutes the doe that had last fed searched for the lost fawn, going twice to where it had lain.

3:30 p. m. . .

The two does fed their fawns, each fawn nursing about 1 minute. Before feeding started one fawn came 10 yards to meet a doe, which shied away after smelling noses with it and walked up to one of her own offspring. After she had fed this fawn, she walked toward the other one, which got up when she was 30 yards away and came to meet her. These two fawns scampered and played and then ran down the slope together. The fawn that had smelled noses with the strange doe was approached by its own mother and nursed. This doe then searched for the lost one, returning again and again to where it had lain.

3:35 p. m. . .

The lone fawn lay down,

3:50 p. m. . .

The twin fawns lay down 35 yards from their mother. One of these in a few minutes got up to meet the other doe, then trotted 30 yards down the hill where it lay beside a rock. The doe smelled of this fawn, then returned to search for her lost one, crying at intervals. The bleat could be heard plainly 100 yards away. The mother of the two fawns fed about 140 yards away from them but remained in their sight.

4:00 p. m. . .

The mother in search of her fawn went over the ridge in the direction in which it had disappeared.

4:10 p. m. . .

The mother of the twins lay down 130 yards from them.

4:40 p. m. . .

The mother returned to the slope from over the ridge and examined the spot where the lost fawn had lain.

4:45 p. m. . .

One of the twins rose and followed the mother of the lone fawn as it wandered past; it then ran off 30 yards and lay down. This time the doe did not smell of it.

4:50 p. m. . .

The mother of the lost fawn, after feeding in the flat, lay down.

5:30 p. m. . .

The mother of the twins began to feed.

5:40 p. m. . .

The mother of the lost fawn walked below the spot where it had been lying, and then looked over the ridge where it had disappeared.

7:00 p. m. . .

Both mothers were resting within 100 yards of their fawns.

7:10 p. m. . .

The doe again examined the spot where the lost fawn had been lying.

One of the fawns was seen looking around as it rested.

7:30 p. m. . .

The two mothers were out of sight of the resting fawns for a few minutes a heavy doe and a yearling had wandered near.

7:35 p. m. . .

The two mothers and another doe romped a few minutes; one of the does ran about 150 yards in a big circle.

7:45 p. m. . .

The mother of the lost fawn returned to sight after searching over the ridge for a few minutes. The other mother fed out of sight over the ridge.

7:55 p. m. .

. A yearling cautiously approached within 6 feet of one of the fawns and then shied off. A pregnant doe did likewise but actually smelled of the fawn before wheeling away. The mother of twins came in sight of them again, after being out of their sight 10 minutes.

8:00 p. m. . .

The mother of the lost one was bleating while she searched for her fawn. (There is some possibility that the "lost fawn" was the one which followed the mother over the ridge at noon but the behavior of the mother would indicate that the fawn was actually missing.)

From noon to 8 p. m. the doe searching for her fawn had been out of sight of her remaining one about 45 minutes. The other mother was out of sight of her fawns only about 10 minutes. It therefore appears that the mothers remain close enough to their offspring to watch for intruders most of the time when the fawns are young.

On June 4 near Tower Falls I saw a doe looking at a spot 10 or 15 yards from her and upon investigation found a fawn. The doe ran off a hundred yards. When I picked up the little one it cried and brought the mother, on a dead run, to within 10 yards of me. I put the fawn down and it ran off with its mother on unsteady legs. The mother was in this case quite fearless in approaching me when it felt its young endangered.

During the summer of 1937 fawn remains were found in 32 coyote droppings. This of course gives but little information on the number of antelope fawns which may be consumed by coyotes. Whether or not there is too heavy a drain on the fawns from all sources can only be determined by ascertaining the fawn survival. The counts as later reported showed a good survival, sufficient no doubt to increase the size of the herd. The proportion of the fawns that are eaten as carrion or are killed by coyotes is not known; but it is certain that some of the fawns represent carrion. Under "elk" I have discussed the general mortality of new-born ungulates. Among antelope there is also no doubt that a rather definite proportion of fawns die at birth or shortly thereafter. Ranger Ben Arnold reported finding on June 19, 1931 a dead doe antelope and two dead fawns, one born and the other still unborn, and attributed death to travail during fawning. When the mother has two fawns, it may occasionally happen that one is lost. The incident cited of a fawn antelope scared away from its bed by an elk on June 4 illustrates how a fawn might be lost. Whether this one was found by its mother I did not learn but it is possible that it was lost to later become carrion.

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