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Death Valley
Historic Resource Study A History of Mining |
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SECTION III:
Endnotes
1. Inyo Independent, 21 September 1872.
3. Ibid. See Appendix A for a copy of the laws of the new mining district.
6. Ibid., in Mining & Scientific Press, 40, no. 1 (3 January 1880). The meaning of this designation for the district is unknown. Perhaps these men actually thought they had discovered the fabled lost mine of that name.
7. Mining & Scientific Press, 18 March 1876, p. 181; U.S. Director of the Mint, Report of the Director of the Mint upon the Statistics of the Production of the Precious Metals in the United States (Washington: GPO, 1883), p. 53.
8. Engineering and Mining Journal, 12 May 1894, p. 445.
9. Mining & Scientific Press, 25 August 1894, p. 122; 16 May 1896, p. 402.
10. Inyo Register, 31 January 1895.
11. Inyo Independent, 16 April 1897.
13. Ibid., 13 August 1897. Two other later mining towns also referred to themselves, initially at least, as "Panamint." In 1906 such a town was mentioned sixteen miles south of Ballarat, possibly in Goler Canyon. It was called "Panamini"--whether this was a typographical error or a variation of the name has not been determined. The townsite was said to have been laid out by J.C. Cress and J.W. Callaway. Ibid., 23 February, 8 June 1906. In 1907 a new mining town of "Shadow Mountain" was later renamed "Panamint"; it was located up Johnson Canyon not far from old Panamint City.
14. Ibid., 13 August, 30 July 1897.
16. Ibid., and 13 August 1897.
21. Inyo Register, 14 April 1898.
22. Inyo Independent, 17 June 1898, 27 October 1905.
24. Engineering and Mining Journal, 11 October 1902, p. 493; 1 November 1902, p. 595; 5 December 1903, p. 867.
25. Inyo Independent, 28 October 1904.
26. Ibid., 16 June, 23 June 1905.
27. Engineering and Mining Journal, 19 August 1905, p. 305.
28. Inyo Independent, 27 October 1905.
30. Ibid., 23 February, 8 June 1906.
31. Engineering and Mining Journal, 11 August 1906, p. 271; Inyo Independent, 1 March 1907; Rhyolite (Nev.) Daily Bulletin, 17 October 1907.
32. Bullfrog Miner, 3 August 1907.
33. Inyo Independent, 24 March 1923.
34. Notice of Application to Construct Toll Road, in Inyo Independent, 26 September 1925.
35. Inyo Independent, 24 July 1936.
38. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):78.
39. Ibid.; Supt., DEVA NM, to Dir., WRO, 1 April 1971.
40. Inyo Independent, 12 July 1873.
42. Los Angeles Star, 13 December 1873, quoted in Inyo Independent, 20 December 1873.
43. Caruthers, Loafing Along Death Valley Trails, p. 165; Glenn C. Quiett, Pay Dirt: A Panorama of American Gold-Rushes (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1936), pp. 417-18.
44. A Notice of Location for the Happy Valley Toll Road, "Through Happy Canyon in Panamint Mining District, beginning at mouth of Happy Canyon and follows meandering of main canyon from said mouth to summit of Panamint Range, East of Juno Quartz Lode." Filed for record 5 May 1875. Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 89, Inyo County Courthouse, Independence, Ca.
45. Nadeau, City-Makers, p. 111.
46. Edmond Leuba, "A Frenchman in the Panamints," California Historical Society Quarterly, 17 (September 1938):212.
49. Inyo Independent, 23 August 1907.
52. Los Angeles Times, 11 February 1969.
53. Inyo Independent, 21 June 1873.
55. Location Notice, Quartz Claim, Memo, DEVA NM mining office.
56. Articles of Incorporation for South Park Development Company, Pleasant Canyon, Panamint Mining District, in Inyo Independent, 12 March 1897.
57. Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book B, pp. 50, 152.
72. Land, Water and Mining Claims, Book E, Inyo Co. Courthouse, Independence, Ca.
73. Notice of Application for U.S. Patent, Inyo Independent, 2 May 1931.
74. Mining & Scientific Press, 16 February 1884, p. 125.
75. U.S. Director of the Mint, Report of the Director of the Mint Upon the Production of the Precious Metals in the United States During the Calendar Year 1884 (Washington: GPO, 1885), p. 104.
76. Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book E.
77. Cover letter, William H. Pratt, U.S. Surveyor General's Office for the District of California, to Mr. R. Decker, at Panamint, Inyo Co., dated San Francisco, 2 September 1892.
78. Delinquent Tax List of Inyo Co., 1911, Inyo Independent, 7 June 1912.
79. Description of Real Estate, Notice of Sale, Office of Tax Collector, Inyo County, Inyo Independent, 16 February 1917.
80. Description of Real Estate, Notice of Sale, Office of Tax Collector, Inyo County, Inyo Independent, 23 March 1917.
81. Miscellaneous memo on Anacanda Quartz, Grandview Quartz, 2 Mill Sites, American Claim, Criswick Claim Groups, 11 December 1973.
82. Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book D, p. 100.
83. F. MacMurphy, "Geology of the Panamint Silver District, California," Economic Geology, 25 (1930):317.
84. Inyo independent, 19 August 1922.
88. Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book D, p. 112.
89. T.S. Palmer, ed., Place Names of the Death Valley Region in California and Nevada (n.p., 1948), p. 30.
90. Certificate of Work, Gold Hill No. 1, filed 7 May 1875, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 92; Notice of Location, Bullion Mine, ibid., p. 268.
91. Inyo Independent, 8 June 1889.
92. Notice of Location, Taylor Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book E, p. 579; Plat of the Claim of the Death Valley Mining Co. Upon the Taylor Quartz Mine & Millsite, Panamint Mining District, Inyo Co., California, Mineral Survey No. 3097, June 12-22, 1891, Inyo Co. Courthouse, Independence, Ca.
93. Taylor Mill Site and Water Notice in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book D, p. 583; Plat of the Claim of the Death Valley Mining Co. upon the Taylor Quartz Mine & Millsite, Panamint Mining District, Inyo County, California, Survey No. 3097, June 12-22, 1891, Inyo Co. Courthouse, Independence, Ca.; Notice of Location, Taylor Mill Site, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book E.
94. Notice of Location, Gold Hilt Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book E, p. 576; Notice of Location, Gold Hill Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 477; Plat of the Claim of Death Valley Mining Co., upon the Gold Hill Quartz Mine, Panamint Mining District, Inyo County, California, Mineral Survey No. 3095, June 15-21, 1891, Inyo Co. Courthouse, Independence, Ca.; Certificate of Assessment Work, Gold Hill Mine, filed 11 December 1890, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 492.
95. Notice of Location, Gold Hill Mill Site, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book E, p. 581; Gold Hill Mill Site Location, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book D.
96. Notice of Location, Death Valley Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 201; Notice of Location, Death Valley Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book E, p. 580; Notice of Location, Death Valley Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 485; Notice of Location, Death Valley Mine, in ibid., p. 555.
97. Notice of Location Treasure Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book E, p. 578; Plat of the Claim of the Death Valley Mining Co., Upon the Treasure Quartz Mine, Panamint Mining District, Inyo County, California, Mineral Survey No. 3096, June 18-19, 1891, Inyo Co. Courthouse, Independence, Ca.; Certificate of Assessment Work, Treasure Mine, filed 11 December 1890, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 490.
98. Notice of Location, No One Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book D; Certificate of Assessment Work, filed 11 December 1890, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 491.
99. Notice of Location, Silver Reef Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book D; Notice of Location, Silver Reefe Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 488.
100. Notice of Location, Ibex Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 487.
101. Notice of Location, May Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo County, Book D; Notice of Location, May Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 489.
102. Notice of Location, Breyfogle Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, pp. 547-48; Notice of Location of Quartz Claim, Bryfogle Quartz Mining Claim, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book I, pp. 133-34; Notice of Location, Breyfogle Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book D, p. 71; A Nutmeg Mine mentioned as being in the vicinity of Anvil Spring does not appear to have any connection with the one mentioned here. The Butte Valley mine was not discovered until July 1896, and the directions given for its location seem to definitely place it near the spring.
103. Notice of Location, Oro Grande Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book C, p. 549; Notice of Appropriation of Water, Oro Grande Springs, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book D.
104. Notice of Location, Beckerton Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book D.
105. Notice of Location, Georgia Mine, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co.
106. Inyo Independent, 15 June 1889.
107. Articles of Incorporation of the Death Valley Mining Company, filed with Secretary of State 13 July 1889, Record Book 67, p. 124, Office of the Secretary of State, California State Archives, Sacramento, Ca. This charter was forfeited in December 1905 for failure to pay a license tax for the year ending 30 June 1906; Inyo Independent, 12 September 1897.
108. Mining & Scientific Press, 31 August 1889, p. 164.
109. Inyo independent, 31 July 1896.
112. Ibid., 29 December 1899; Inyo Register, 21 December 1899.
113. Inyo Independent, 16 February 1900.
115. Ibid., 27 April 1900; Inyo Register, 3 May 1900.
116. Inyo Independent, 18 May 1900.
117. Delinquent Tax-List of the County of Inyo, State of California, for the Year 1903, in Inyo Independent, 3 June 1904.
118. Inyo Independent, 16 February 1906; The Rhyolite Herald, 20 July 1906.
119. Delinquent Tax-List of the County of Inyo, State of California, for the Year 1910, in Inyo Register, 1 June 1911.
120. Notice of Sale, Controller's Department, State of California, in Inyo Independent, 16 February 1917.
121. Notice of Sale, Controller's Department, State of California, in Inyo Independent, 23 March 1917.
122. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 28 (July, October 1932):369.
123. John H. Eric, "Tabulation of Copper Deposits of California," Part Three in Olaf P. Jenkins, Copper in California, Bulletin 144 (San Francisco: Calif. Div. of Mines, Dept. of Nat. Res., 1948), p. 244.
124. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):43.
127. Memorandum, Emigrant District Ranger (Matt H. Ryan) to Chief Ranger, DEVA NM, 25 March 1960.
128. Record of on-site visit to Panamint Treasure Claim by Rich Ginkus, 25 July 1974, DEVA NM mining office.
129. Index to Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co. Courthouse, Independence, Ca
130. Mining & Scientific Press, 16 August 1890, p. 106.
131. Ibid., 25 September 1897, p. 294.
132. Labbe, Rocky Trails, p. 116.
133. Inyo Independent, 4 May 1889; Water Location Notice, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book O.
134. Engineering and Mining Journal, 17 December 1892, p. 589; Ibid., 17 February 1894, p. 158.
135. Inyo Independent, 17 June 1898.
137. Los Angeles Mining Review, 11 March 1899.
138. Inyo Independent, 24 March 1923.
139. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 34 (January 1938):495.
140. Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book D.
142. Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book F, n.p.; Ibid., Book G, p. 367; Ibid., Book 1, p. 125.
143. Ibid., Inyo Co., Book G, p. 68.
145. Inyo Independent, 4 February 1898.
146. Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book D, p. 154.
147. Erwin G. Gudde, California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), p. 12; Milo Page, "Unwritten History--The First Mining Locations in Inyo County Credited to Mormon Teamsters, 1854," in Inyo Register, 2 August 1906.
148. Mining & Scientific Press, 31 August 1889, p. 164.
149. 18 March 1899, p. 295; Inyo Independent, 21 April 1899; Mining & Scientific Press, 6 May 1899.
150. Inyo Independent, 16 February 1900.
151. Inyo Independent, 6 April 1900.
152. Inyo Register, 17 May 1900.
153. Engineering and Mining Journal, 7 February 1903, p. 236.
154. Inyo Independent, 1 April 1904, and 8 April 1904.
156. Inyo Register, 20 July 1905.
158. Ibid.; Inyo Register, 28 September, 5 October, 12 October 1905.
159. Engineering and Mining Journal, 27 January 1906, p. 197; Bullfrog Miner, 14 March 1908.
160. Inyo Independent, 24 March 1923.
161. Mining Claims Listed by Common Claimant Group, DEVA NM mining office; Inyo Independent, 17 October 1931.
162. Asa M. Russell, "We Lost a Ledge of Gold!," Desert Magazine, 31 (November 1968), pp. 14-17, 34-35.
163. Archie Burnett, "Report on the Golden Star-Apex and Ready Cash-Sunrise Groups of Mining Claims," 21 December 1928, p. 6, DEVA NM mining office.
164. Margaret Long, "The Woman of Death Valley," MS, 1929, Manuscripts II, in Margaret Long Collection, #281, Western History Collection, University of Colorado Library, Boulder, p. 82.
165. Panamint Russ (Asa M. Russell), "Life on the Desert," Desert Magazine, 18 (April 1955), pp. 13-14.
167. Russell, "We Lost a Ledge of Gold!," pp. 14-15.
168. William J. Wallace, "Death Valley Indian Use of Caves and Rockshelters," The Masterkey, 52 (October-December 1978), p. 130.
169. Ellen Black, "Mineral Report for the Mah Jongg No. 6 Mining Claim in Death Valley National Monument, California," 17 April 1978, DEVA NM mining office, pp. 1-2.
170. Ruth Kirk, Exploring Death Valley, 2d ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965), p. 61.
171. Burnett, "Report on the Golden Star-Apex and Ready Cash-Sunrise Groups of Mining Claims," p. 10.
172. Wallace, "Use of Caves and Rockshelters," passim.
173. L. Burr Belden, Death Valley Historical Report 2 vols., typescript, (San Francisco: National Park Service, 1959), p. X-22; Work Projects Administration of Northern California, Federal Writer's Project, Death Valley: A Guide, American Guide Series (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939), p. 62.
174. Case File, Clinton Anderson, Mining Claims Listed by Common Claimant Group, Abstract dated 23 February 1973, pp. 1-2; Ellen Black, "Mineral Report for the Greater View Springs No. 1 and 'Dipper' Mining Claims and the Greater View Springs Millsite in Death Valley National Monument, California," 17 April 1978, DEVA NM mining office.
175. The Sun-Telegram (San Bernardino, Ca.), 6 June 1976, p.B-4.
177. Daniel Cronkhite, Death Valley's Victims: A Descriptive Chronology, 1849-1977 (Morongo Valley, Ca.: Sagebrush Press, 1977), p. 28.
178. Sun-Telegram, p. B-4; Belden, Historical Report, p. X-23.
179. Russell, "We Lost a Ledge of Gold!," p. 14.
180. Case File, Clinton Anderson, Mining Claims Listed by Common Claimant Group, 23 February 1973, DEVA NM mining office, p. 2.
181. Page, "Unwritten History," in Inyo Register, 2 August 1906.
182. "Location Certificate of [Ten Spot] Mill Site, Claimant Asa M. Russell, South Park Mining District, Inyo County, State of California," Land, Water and Mining Claims, Book C, p. 411.
183. Notice of Location, Quartz (Lode, Gold & Silver), Vol. 42, p. 51; Notice of Location, Quartz, Vol. 44, p. 201. In 1978 the Lucky Strike Claim, running northwest and southeast, was owned by Steve Penner and Fred, Mike, and Tom Kuretich. Ellen Black, "Mineral Report for the Lucky Strike Claim and Ten Spot Millsite in Death Valley National Monument, California," 8 March 1978, DEVA NM mining office.
184. Notice of Location, Nipper Quartz Mining Claim, Vol. 44, p. 199; Notice of Location, Nipper No. 1 Quartz Mining Claim, Vol. 44, p. 200; Notice of Location, Ready Cash Lode Mining Claim, Vol. 58, p. 128, and Vol. 116, p. 761; Notice of Location, Big Blue Quartz Mining Claim, Vol. 44, p. 202, and Vol. 116, p. 762; Notice of Location, Ten Spot Lode Mining Claim, Vol. 53, p. 485.
185. Black, "Mineral Report for the Lucky Strike Claim and Ten Spot Millsite," p. 4.
187. Memo, Park Ranger Warren H. Hill to Chief Ranger and District Ranger, DEVA NM, 8 February 1962.
188. Water Right, Willow Spring, Panamint Mining Register (1897), filed 1 September 1874, Book B, p. 99.
189. Inyo Register, 14 April 1898; Thompson, USGS Water-Supply Paper 578, p. 190.
191. Deed to Mining Claim, Quitclaim, between Wallace Todd and James H. Barker, recorded 16 May 1961, Official Records, Inyo Co., Vol. 146, p. 39.
192. Ralph E. Pray, President, Keystone Canyon Mining Co., Inc., to James B. Thompson, Supt., DEVA NM, 7 December 1974; Robert T. Mitcham, Chief, Mining Division, DEVA NM, to Linda W. Greene, Historian, TWE, DSC, 29 November 1978; Mill Site Location, recorded 25 October 1973, Mining Locations, Inyo Co., Vol. 115, p. 372.
193. Ralph E. Pray to James B. Thompson, 30 March 1975.
194. Special Use Permit No. 14-10-4:143-377, issued 13 May 1975.
195. USDI, NPS, Case Incident Record, Filed by Robert Mitcham, 16 June 1975, DEVA NM mining office.
196. Ralph E. Pray to Donald M. Spalding, Supt., DEVA NM, 29 November 1976.
197. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology 34 (January 1938):495; Lauren A. Wright, Talc Deposits of the Southern Death Valley-Kingston Range Region, California Special Report 95 (San Francisco: Calif. Div. of Mines and Geology, 1968), pp. 34-35, hereafter cited as Special Report 95.
198. Kirk, Exploring Death Valley, p. 69.
199. Gudde, California Place Names, p. 366; Hank Johnston, Death Valley Scotty: "The Fastest Con in the West (Corona del Mar, Ca.: Trans-Anglo Books, 197T p. 59. Whatever the genesis of the name, in 1915 the U.S. Geological Survey opted for the name "Wingate Pass."
200. Harold O. Weight, Twenty Mule Team Days in Death Valley (Twentynine Palms, Ca.: The Calico Press, 1955), p. 7.
201. John R. Spears, Illustrated Sketches of Death Valley and Other Borax Deserts of the Pacific Coast (Chicago: Rand, McNally, 1892), p. 106.
203. Gudde, California Place Names, p. 366.
204. Spears, Illustrated Sketches, p. 87.
205. Inyo Independent, 27 November 1936.
207. Bullfrog Miner, 26 October 1907.
208. Inyo Independent, 10 January 1908.
209. Bullfrog Miner, 11 April 1908.
211. Rhyolite Herald, 17 June 1908.
212. Bullfrog Miner, 20 June 1908; Rhyolite Herald, 24 June 1908.
213. Rhyolite Herald, 30 September 1908; Inyo Independent, 25 February 1910; Rhyolite Herald, 19 March 1910.
214. Rhyolite Herald, 11 February 1911.
215. Thompson, USGS Water-Supply Paper 578, p. 591; David F. Myrick, Railroads of Nevada and Eastern California, 2 vols. (Berkeley: Howell-North Books, 1963), pp. 808-9; Inyo Independent, 29 December 1923. Thompson gives the impression that the monorail system had been constructed by 1918, but this is about five years too early.
216. N.M. Thompson, "Historic Photos of the High-Riding 'Magnesium Flyer,'" Desert Magazine, 26 (January 1963), p. 13. Myrick, Railroads of Nevada and Eastern California, p. 810.
217. Myrick, Railroads of Nevada and Eastern California, p. 810.
218. Harry P. Gower, 50 Years in Death Valley--Memoirs of a Borax Man, Publication No. 9 of the Death Valley '49ers (San Bernardino, Ca.: Inland Printing & Engraving Co., 1969), p. 19.
219. Inyo Independent, 29 December 1923; Charles Hardy, "Monorail Transportation for Magnesium Ore in California," Engineering and Mining Journal-Press, 21 July 1923, p. 100; Thompson, "Historic Photos," pp. 13-14; Myrick, Railroads of Nevada and Eastern California, p. 811; Lee, Death Valley Men, p. 220.
220. Myrick, Railroads of Nevada and Eastern California, p. 811.
221. Hardy, "Monorail Transportation," p. 100.
223. Inyo Independent, 24 March 1923; 19 July 1924.
224. Chalfant, Death Valley: The Facts, p. 112; Lee, Death Valley Men, p. 220.
225. Thompson, "Historic Photos," p. 14; Chalfant, Death Valley: The Facts, p. 112; Gower, 50 Years in Death Valley, p. 19; Myrick, Railroads of Nevada and Eastern California, pp. 811, 814.
226. Lee, Death Valley Men, p. 220; New York Sun, 3 February 1941.
227. Memo, Director, Geological Survey, to Assistant Chief of Lands, NPS; 27 April 1961, on "Occurrence of minerals of possible potential commercial importance in certain National parks and monuments," p. 3, DEVA NM mining office. Ward C. Smith, Mineral Resources In and Near Death Valley National Monument (n.p., n.d. p. 26, DEVA NM mining office.
228. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):83.
229. Ibid.; Commodity Sheet, Manganite Group, DEVA NM mining office.
230. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):84. Data was also found linking Roy C. Troeger with the Wingate-National Group of mining claims in Wingate Wash about 71 miles west of the valley floor around 1942. Roy C. Troeger to Parties occupying Campsite on Wingate-National Group of Mining Claims, 16 February 1942, DEVA NM mining office.
231. Inyo Independent, 24 March 1923.
232. Memo, District Ranger, Emigrant, to Chief Ranger, DEVA NM, 25 March 1960.
233. Evans et al., Special Report 125, p. 19.
234. Ibid.; L.S. Zentner, "Mineral Report for the DV Group of Lode Mining Claims in Death Valley National Monument, California," 27 March 1978, DEVA NM mining office, pp. 2-3.
235. Los Angeles Evening News, 19 March 1906, quoted in Johnston, Death Valley Scotty, p. 68.
236. Los Angeles Evening News, no date, quoted in Johnston, Death Valley Scotty, p. 70.
237. Inyo Independent, 30 March 1906.
239. Eleanor Jordan Houston, Death Valley Scotty Told Me (Louisville: The Franklin Press, 1954), pp. 72-73.
240. Johnston, Death Valley Scotty, pp. 76-77; L. Burr Belden, "The Battle of Wingate Pass," Westways (November 1956), p. 8.
241. Rhyolite Herald, 10 June, 30 September 1908.
242. Inyo Register, 20 June 1912.
243. Lee, Death Valley Men, p. 220.
244. Zentner, "Mineral Report for the DV Group of Lode Mining Claims," p. 1.
245. Rhyolite Herald, 19 March 1910.
246. Information on the twenty-mule teams has been taken from: Chap. II. The Twenty-Mule Teams, in U.S. Borax and Chemical Co., "100 Years of U.S. Borax," (1872-1972), published in Pioneer (1972), pp. 32, 40-41, 43-44; Gower, 50 Years in Death Valley, p. 12; Harry Barber, "The Rise and Fall of a man named Smith," Desert Magazine, (November 1964), p. 11; Death Valley Natural History Association, The Borax Story: A Self-Guiding Tour of the Harmony Borax Works (San Bernardino, Ca.: Inland Printing & Engraving Co., n.d.), n.p.
247. Wright, Special Report 95, p. 62.
248. Ibid.; Field survey conducted by writer in April 1978.
249. Evans et al., Special Report 125, p. 35; Smith, Mineral Resources, p. 4; Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):115.
250. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47, January 1951):114; Lauren A. Wright, Geology of the Superior Talc Area, Death Valley, California Special Report 20 (San Francisco: Calif. Div. of Mines and Geology, 1952), p. 3, hereafter cited as Special Report 20.
251. Wright, Special Report 95, p. 48; Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 34 (October 1938):494; National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big Talc Mine, Plan of Operations, Desert Minerals, Inc., Death Valley National Monument," 2 February 1978, p. 2; Map I accompanying Memo, Archeologist, Division of Internal Archeological Studies, to Chief, Division of Internal Archeological Studies, concerning archeological clearance, Big Talc Plan of Operations, 9 January 1978; National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big Talc Mine, Plan of Operations, Continental Minerals Corporation, Death Valley National Monument," 6 June 1978, pp. III, 2; National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Supplementation of Big Talc Mine Plan of Operations, Continental Minerals Corporation, Death Valley National Monument," 22 December 1978, p. 3; National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Warm Springs Talc Mine, Plan of Operations, Continental Minerals Corporation, Death Valley National Monument," 12 September 1978, pp. 1-3.
252. John J. Kennedy, Pres., Kennedy Minerals Co., Inc., to O.A. Tomlinson, Reg. Dir., WRO, 2 March 1945.
253. Otis Booth, Vice-President, Sierra Talc Co., to C.C. Morris, U.S. Public Roads Administration, 14 March 1945.
254. Doris Bray, "Talc Miners in Death Valley Ask Change in Truck Route," San Bernardino (Ca.) Sun, 20 June 1968.
255. N PS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Warm Springs Talc Mine," p. 3; Donald F. Anderson, "Summary of John Mansville Operation, L. Grantham Talc Mines, Death Valley," 17 April 1978, p. 59; NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big Talc Mine," 2 February 1978, p. iii.
256. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big Talc Mine," p. 4; Clarence Wendel, Special Report on Talc Resources: A Supply and Marketing Study (San Francisco: Mining and Minerals Division, August 1978), p. 36; NIPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Supplementation of Big Talc Mine Plan of Operations,' pp. iii, 12; NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Warm Springs Talc Mine," pp. 3-4.
257. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big Talc Mine," pp. iii, 2; Wright, Special Report 95, p. 48.
258. Evans et al., Special Report 125, p. 38; Wright, Special Report 95, pp. 51-52; NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big Talc Mine," pp. iii, 6.
259. Keith G. Papke, Guidebook: Las Vegas to Death Valley and Return, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Report 26 (Reno: University of Nevada, 1975), pp. 37, 39; Evans et al., Special Report 125, pp. 38, 43; Wright, Special Report 95, p. 52; NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Warm Springs Talc Mine," pp. iii, 4, 8.
260. Evans et al., Special Report 125, p. 41; NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big Talc Mine," pp. iii, 4, 6-7, 10.
261. "Big Talc Mine Surface Plant and Area," Figure 6 in NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big Talc Mine," 2 February 1978.
262. Information in this section results from field surveys made by the writer during January, April, and May 1938.
263. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Supplementation of Big Talc Mine Plan of Operations," p. 2; NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Warm Springs Talc. Mine," p. 2.
264. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 28 (July, October 1932):369.
265. Notice of Appropriation of Water, in Land, Water and Mining Claims, Book D, Inyo County.
266. Memo, Superintendent, Death Valley National Monument, to Regional Director, Region Four, concerning Proposed Acquisition of Bob Thompson Indian Allotment, Warm Springs Area, 7 January 1955, DEVA NM mining office, p. 1.
267. Ibid. If this means the mill was to be located across the driveway that enters the allotment area off the Warm Spring Canyon road and that separates the residential and office area from the garage and storage buildings, then this would seem to refer to the mill ruins existing there now and would give the structure a construction date of about 1955. The date 1939, however, is scratched into one of the cement foundations on the site.
268. Figures 7 and 8 in "Environmental Review and Analysis, Big, Talc Mine," 2 February 1978.
272. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):100.
273. Land, Water and Mining Claims, Inyo Co., Book 50, pp. 471-73, Book 52, pp. 360-62, Book 55, p. 405; USDI, General Land Office, Mineral Survey No. 6301 A and B, Field Notes of the Survey of the Mining Claim of General Chemical Company, April 26 to May 7, 1943.
274. Inyo County Tax Assessor's Office, Independence, Ca., DEVA NM mining office.
275. A frame compressor house, measuring eighteen by eighteen feet in size, is listed as an "improvement" on the property when it was patented in 1946. Also mentioned was a well or the Pink Elephant Millsite Claim just north of the Warm Spring Canyon road. Mineral Survey No. 6301 A and B, p. 13; "Red" Johnson, foreman of the Cyprus Panamint Mine, in a brief discussion held with the writer on the Warm Spring Canyon road on 11 May 1978, stated that compressor machinery was moved from the Gold Hill Mill Site complex for use at the Pink Elephant Mine.
276. G. R. Radcliffe, "Mineral Appraisal of Tract 45-106, Pink Elephant Patented Claims in Death Valley National Monument, Inyo County, California," p. 3, performed for the USDI, 5 July 1978, mimeograph copy in DEVA NM mining office.
278. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 34 (October 1938):482.
280. Wright, Special Report 95, p. 60; NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Panamint Mine, Application for Enlargement and Plan of Operations, Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co., Death Valley National Monument," 14 April 1978, pp. iii, 1-4.
281. Evans et al., Special Report 125, p. 43; NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Panamint Mine," pp. iii, 3.
282. Wright, Special Report 95, p. 60.
283. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Panamint Mine," p. 3; A road leading west from this stockpile heads up into the hills to an abandoned talc operation referred to by the mine superintendent as the "Sunset Mine" (although he may have meant "Sunrise"). This is located directly west about one mile from the pit workings. Remains here consist of an adit opening and a long one-chute ore bin leading from the adit level, several yards southeast of the entrance, down to a loading area on the road below.
284. Inyo Register, 26 February 1914; Pray was found dead at a road construction camp between Zabriskie and Carbonite in June 1913. It was never determined whether he committed suicide or was murdered. He had been working the mine alone up until that time. Ibid., 12 June 1913; Palmer, Place Names, p. 15.
285. Salsberry had worked as a miner in Nevada in the late 1890s after acquiring some education in the mining field at the Van Dernalian School of Mines in San Francisco. He was in Tonopah by 1901, subsequently establishing a brokerage office there. He became a prominent lumber man (Tonopah Lumber Co.), assisted in formation of the Fraction Mining Co., and was involved in one way or another in several of the big mines in southern Nevada. Around 1905, living in the new camp of Manhattan, he located more properties and built a large stamp mill. He was also involved in railroads, the telephone system, and public utilities in southern Nevada. Alfred H. Dutton, Notable Nevadans in Caricature (Reno, 1915), n.p. His vigorous development of several copper properties in the Ubehebe District of Death Valley will be discussed later in this report.
286. Inyo Register, 4 September 1913.
287. Ibid., 16 October, 6 November 1913.
289. Ibid.; Mining World, 7 March 1914, p. 473.
290. Inyo Register, 26 February 1914.
291. Mining World, 13 March 1915, p. 521.
292. Inyo Register, 29 July 1915.
294. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Fifteenth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the year Ending December 1917 (Sacramento: Calif. St. Prtg. Off., 1917):89-90.
295. Paul K. Morton, Geology of the Queen of Sheba Lead Mine, Death Valley, California Special Report 88 (San Francisco: Calif. Div. of Mines and Geology, 1965), p. 7, hereafter cited as Special Report 88.
296. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Report 17 of the State Mineralogist: Mining in California During 1920 (Sacramento: Calif. St. Prtg. Off. 1921); David G. Thompson, Routes to desert watering places in the Mohave Desert region, California, USGS Water-Supply Paper 490-B (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1921), pp. 197-99; Inyo Independent, 24 March 1923.
297. Deeds Filed, in Inyo Independent, 9 June 1923. The location given for the July 1-3 claims places them in the Carbonate Mine area. No "Salsbury Wells" exists in the monument today. This possibly refers to what is now known as Salt Well, which is four miles east of the Carbonate Mine area; An A. I. (often written A. L.) D'Arcy was president of the Victory Divide Mining Company (home office, Reno) which later entered into a leasing arrangement with the New Sutherland company. D'Arcy was evidently also president of the Goldfield Deep Mines Company. Mining Journal 15 May 1926, p. 17; The R. H. Downer mentioned was undoubtedly Roger H. Downer, later consulting engineer for the Victory Divide Mining Company; The New Sutherland Divide Mining Company was incorporated in December 1919 with a capital stock of one thousand dollars (later increased to $150,000 and then to $300,000). A. I. D'Arcy was appointed president, and the principal place of business was Goldfield. John Salsberry, who maintained an office in the Mills Building in San Francisco, was designated the duly authorized resident agent of the company in California. Articles of Incorporation of New Sutherland Divide Mining Company, filed 13 December 1919, with the State of Nevada Department of State, recorded in Record of Corporations, Office of the Secretary of State., State Capitol Bldg., Carson City, Nevada, Vol. 36, p. 560; Designation of John Salsberry as Resident Agent in the State of California for New Sutherland Divide Mining Company, a Nevada Corporation, 13 May 1924, and Certificates of Amendment of Articles of Incorporation of New Sutherland Divide Mining Company, January 1931 and August 1947, on file, Office of the Secretary of State of the State of California, Sacramento.
298. Deeds Filed, in Inyo Independent, 3 November 1923. These claims were located 1,500 feet southwest of the future Queen of Sheba tunnels.
299. Engineering and Mining Journal-Press, 1 December 1923, p. 959.
300. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Report Twenty of the State Mineralogist Concerning Mining in California and the Activities of the State Mining Bureau (Sacramento: Calif. St. Prtg. Off., 1924), p. ? As it turned out, however, the Queen of Sheba deposit was the less productive of the two lodes. Morton, Special Report 88, p. 14.
301. Inyo Independent, 27 February 1926.
302. Mining Journal, 15 August 1925, p. 34; Inyo Independent, 4 December 1926; Morton, Special Report 88, p. 7.
303. Inyo Independent, 27 February 1926.
304. Ibid., 20, 27 March 1926; Mining Journal, 15 April 1926.
305. Inyo Independent, 3 April 1926.
307. Ibid., 15 May 1926; Mining Journal, 15 May 1926, p. 17.
308. Inyo Independent, 12 June 1926.
309. Mining Journal, 30 June 1926, p. 35.
310. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Report 22 of the State Mineralogist covering Mining in California and the Activities of the State Mining Bureau (Sacramento: Calif. St. Prtg. Off., 1927, p. 480.
311. Inyo Independent, 4 December 1926; Mining Journal, 15 December 1926, p. 37.
312. Morton, Special Report 88, p. 7.
313. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 28 (July, October 1932):361.
314. T. B. Nolan, "Nonferrous-metal deposits," in D. F. Hewett et al., "Mineral resources of the region around Boulder Dam," USGS Bulletin 871 (Washington: GPO, 1936), p. 36.
315. Inyo Independent, 20 May 1938; Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 34 (October 1938):430-31.
316. T. R. Goodwin, Supt., DEVA NM, to D. C. Wray, 20 November 1942.
317. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):76.
319. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):76.
320. Ibid.; Morton, Special Report 88, p. 7.
321. Morton, Special Report 88, p. 7.
323. Alvin H. Lense, "Mineral Report for the Roy, Roy #1 through Roy #14 Lode Mining Claims and the Roy Millsite Claim in Death Valley National Monument, California," 16 April 1976, pp. 3, 19, 21, DEVA NM mining office.
324. Field survey conducted by Linda W. Greene, Historian, TWE, DSC, 1 April 1978.
325. Smith, Mineral Resources, p. 20; Morton, Special Report 88, p. 7; Ellen Black, "Mineral Report for the Ubehebe Lead Mine, Copper Bell Claim Group, in Death Valley National Monument, California," May 1978, p. 2.
326. Wright, Special Report 95, pp. 36-37.
327. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Bonnie Mine, Plan of Operations, Pfizer Inc., Death Valley National Monument," 15 August 1977, p. 1.
328. Evans et al., Special Report 125, pp. 43, 46.
329. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Bonnie Mine," pp. 2, 4.
330. Alice Hunt, Archeology of the Death Valley Salt Pan, California, University of Utah Department of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers, no. 47 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1960), pp. 65, 73.
331. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Mongolian Mine, Plan of Operations, Pfizer Inc., Death Valley National Monument," 10 March 1978, p. 1.
332. Ibid., p. 3; Evans et al., Special Report 125, p. 45.
333. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Mongolian Mine," p. iii.
334. NPS, USDI, "Environmental Review and Analysis, Mammoth Mine, Plan of Operations, Pfizer Inc., Death Valley National Monument," 17 May 1978, pp. iii, 1, 3-4, 6-8; Evans et al., Special Report 125, p. 45.
335. Articles of Incorporation of American-Italian Talc Company, filed 6 February 1928, in the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of California, Book 567, p. 290, California State Archives, Sacramento; The capital stock of the company was later reduced from 5 million dollars divided into S million shares to $250,000 divided into 25,000 shares with a par value of $10.00 each. Certificate of Reduction of Capital Stock of American-Italian Talc Company, 17 May 1929, California State Archives, Sacramento; Two of the talc claims acquired by the company were the Lilly White and Lilly White No. 1, "situated about 10 miles in a westerly direction from Zabriskie." Inyo Independent, 21 May 1927.
336. Mining Journal, 15 October 1929, p. 35; Wright, Special Report 95, p. 42.
337. Certificate of Amendments of Articles of Incorporation of American-Italian Talc Company, 10 July 1933, California State Archives, Sacramento.
338. W. M. Umbdenstock, vice-president, Death Valley Talc Company, to Col. John R. White, Supt. National Parks, Sequoia National Park, Calif., 7 November 1933; To compensate for the fact that less remote deposits could easily provide the commercial talc quantities needed in the state, operators at the Death Valley Mine sought to provide a higher-quality cosmetic product. Wright, Special Report 95, p. 42.
339. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 34 (October 1938):493.
340. Wright, Special Report 95, pp. 40, 42.
341. Evans et al., Special Report 125, p. 45.
342. Wright, Special Report 95, p. 42; Supt., DEVA NM, to Dir., WRO, 1 April 1971.
343. Field survey conducted by Linda W. Greene, Historian, TWE, DSC, 1 April 1978.
344. Julian H. Steward, Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 120 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1938), pp. 92-93; William J. Wallace and Edith S. Taylor, "The Surface Archeology of Butte Valley, Death Valley National Monument," in Contributions to California Archaeology (Los Angeles: Archeological Research Assoc., 1956), p. 2.
345. "East of the Range," in Inyo Independent, 17 May 1873.
346. Lt. Birnie's Report, App. JJ (1876), Wheeler Survey, Report of the Chief of Engineers, p. 352.
347. Frederick Vernon Coville, "The Panamint Indians of California," American Anthropologist, 5 (October 1892):352.
348. Hunt, Archeology of the Death Valley Salt Pan, p. 15; E.W.Nelson, "The Panamint and Saline Valley Indians," American Anthropologist, 4 (October 1891):372.
349. "Progressive Indians," in Inyo Register, 14 May 1896.
351. "News from the Southern Mines," in Inyo Independent, 13 August 1897. The designation of Panamint Tom as "notorious" is probably a reflection of the rumor that he had recently killed two miners in Pleasant Canyon. See ibid. He also held the reputation in the late 1800s of being a horse thief. Gebhardt, Inside Death Valley, p. 5.
352. "News from the Southern Mines," in Inyo Independent, 13 August 1897.
353. Hubbard et al., Ballarat 1897-1917, p. 91.
354. "Trip to Panamints," in The Rhyolite Herald, 12 March 1910.
355. Homer B. Jenkins, Chief, Branch of Tribal Programs, Bureau of Indian Affairs, to Fred W. Binnewies, Supt., DEVA NM, 18 February 1960; Dept. of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Application for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California under the Act of May 18, 1928 (45 Stat. L. 602), Application Number 8870 by Mabel Hungry Bill; Ibid., Application Number 8904 by Susie Wilson.
356. Jenkins to Binnewies, 18 February 1960; Census of the Paiute, Shoshone, Monache & Washoe Indians of Bishop Agency, 30 June 1927, taken by Ray R. Parrett, Supt.; Dept. of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Application for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California under the Act of May 18, 1928 (45 Stat. L. 602), Application Number 8869 by Tim Billson.
357. Jenkins to Binnewies, 18 February 1960; Susie Wilson, Application Number 8904 for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California; 1927 Census of the Indians of Bishop Agency.
358. Jenkins to Binnewies, 18 February 1960; Mabel Hungry Bill, Application Number 8870 for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California; 1927 Census of the Indians of Bishop Agency.
359. Steward, Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups, p. 93.
360. T. R. Goodwin, "Park Ranger Believes Early White History Lies Behind Sealed Lips of Red Man Of The Desert," Inyo Independent, 29 October 1937; George Pipkin, "T. R. Goodwin-Indians--Emigrants," Trona (Ca.) Argonaut, 23 July 1975; Dept. of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Application for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California under the Act of May 18, 1928 (45 Stat. L. 602), Application Number 8903 by Tom Wilson.
361. "Progressive Indians," in Inyo Register, 14 May 1896.
362. "News from the Southern Mines," in Inyo Independent, 13 August 1897.
363. "Rich Mine," in Inyo Independent, 15 June 1889; "News from the Southern Mines," in ibid., 13 August 1897.
364. The (Las Vegas) Nevadan, 1 June 1969; Caruthers, Loafing Along Death Valley Trails, p. 168.
365. Notice of Location, Nellie Mine, Panamint Mining Register (1897), Book D, p. 204.
366. Bullfrog Miner, 15 June, 6 July 1907.
367. Ibid., 15, 22 June, 13 July 1907.
370. Ibid.; Bullfrog Miner, 13, 20 July 1907.
373. Ibid., 22 June, 6 July 1907.
379. Ibid., 3 August 1907; Inyo Independent, 9 August 1907.
380. Bullfrog Miner, 21 September 1907; Articles of Incorporation were found for the Death Valley Mines Company, whose principal place of business was to be in Los Angeles, and whose three directors included Clarence and Juanita M., Eddy. The corporation was formed to work the Death Valley Queen Nos. 1 and 2 and the Koriahnoor, all located in the Carbonate Mining District. The company was organized in March 1912 and filed with the California Secretary of State on 26 March 1920. Recorded in Book 372, p. 62, Office of the Secretary of State of the State of California, Sacramento.
381. Inyo Independent, 29 November 1907. For more information on the attempts by Eddy and others to placer mine the Death Valley sink, see the section on Amargosa Gold Placers in Volume II. The ensuing fortunes of Eddy were not investigated by this writer, but they seem to be clearly inferred by a comment in the Herald three years later which mentioned the attempts at placer mining made by "James Edmonds of Iowa and the poet prospector, Clarence E. Eddy,--(has anybody here seen or heard of Bro. Eddy of late?). . ." The Rhyolite Herald, 4 June 1910.
382. Jenkins to Binnewies, 18 February 1960.
383. Gudde, California Place Names, p. 148.
384. Fred W. Binnewies, Supt., DEVA NM, to L. Burr Belden, 1 October 1959.
385. The LCS survey crew. suggested that this might be an ore roasting furnace complex, but no signs of charcoal or burning were found.
386. Field surveys by members of Western Regional Office, 1975, and by Linda W. Greene, 17 September 1978.
387. Kirk, Exploring Death Valley, p. 75.
388. "Progressive Indians," in Inyo Register, 14 May 1896; "Trip to Panamints," in The Rhyolite Herald, 12 March 1910.
389. William J. Wallace, Death Valley National Monument's Prehistoric Past: An Archeological Overview (NPS, 1977), p. 156; Hunt, Archeology of the Death Valley Salt Pan, pp. 174, 176.
390. Hunt, Archeology of the Death Valley Salt Pan, pp. 282, 127.
391. Mining & Scientific Press, 21 September 1889, p. 224.
392. "Panamint Country," in Inyo Independent, 16 February 1900.
393. "New Discoveries in Panamint," Inyo Register, 10 August 1905.
394. "Another Rival to Greenwater," in Inyo Independent, 8 March 1907.
395. "Kennedy's Rich Silver," in Inyo Independent, 6 September 1907.
396. "Water Applications," in Inyo independent, 26 March 1921.
397. "Deeds Filed," in Inyo Independent, 25 March, 1 April 1922.
398. Belden, Historical Report, pp. X-23 to 24; L. Burr Belden, Mines of Death Valley (Glendale, ca.: La Siesta Press, 1966), pp. 54-55; Memo, Park Naturalist, DEVA NM, to Supt., DEVA NM, concerning interpretive signs, 16 May 1952.
399. List of claimants and property (no date), DEVA NM mining office.
400. Kirk, Exploring Death Valley, p. 68.
401. Mining & Scientific Press, 21 September 1889, p. 224.
402. Belden, Mines of Death Valley, p. 54.
403. Hunt, Archeology of the Death Valley Salt Pan, p. 147.
404. Articles of Incorporation, Death Valley Wonder Mining & Milling Company, filed in office of Territorial Auditor, Territory of Arizona, 5 March 1906, filed in Office of the Secretary of State, State of California, 24 March 1906, in California State Archives, Sacramento, Record Book 185, p. 301; Beatty Bullfrog Miner, 31 March 1906.
405. Rhyolite Herald, 12 October 1906; Ibid., 4 January, 22 March, 19 April 1907.
406. Ibid., 12 October 1906, 19 April 1907.
407. Rhyolite Herald, 19 April 1907; Mining World, 27 April 1907, p. 542; Inyo Independent, 17 May 1907.
408. Rhyolite Herald, 22 March 1907.
409. Articles of. Incorporation of the Trail Canyon Mining Company, filed in the Office of the Secretary of State, State of South Dakota, on 21 November 1906, on file in Office of Secretary of State, Pierre, South 'Dakota; Foreign Incorporations, 1903-1906, in Nevada Secretary of State Report, 1905-1906, p. 116.
410. Rhyolite Herald, 19 April 1907.
411. Loren Briggs Chan, Sagebrush Statesman: Tasker L. Oddie of Nevada (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1973), pp. 28, 33-34. The other on-paper-only companies that Oddie ran were the Greenwater Arcturus Copper Co., the Monitor Mining Co., the Silver Peak Blue Jay Mining Co., and the Paradise Mining Co.
412. G. W. Nielsan and Fred Boyd, "A Study of the Mineral Potential of Death Valley National Monument," Bureau of Land Management, USDI, 10 January 1964, p. 30; Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):29, 36; Inyo Independent, 9 February 1940; R. L. Jordan to T. Raymond Goodwin, Supt., DEVA NM, 16 September 1948.
413. "New Uses Spur Tungsten Industry," Inyo Independent, 29 October 1937.
414. Smith, Mineral Resources, p. 27.
415. Calif. St. Mng. Bur., Journal of Mines and Geology, 47 (January 1951):95.
416. Memo on miscellaneous mining activity in the Furnace Creek District, no date, DEVA NM mining office; Memo, Supt., DEVA NM, to Director, NPS, on Mining Claim Locations, 6 April 1960, DEVA NM mining office; Memo, Robert Mitcham (Death Valley mining engineer), Presenting Historical Information on Del Norte and Skidoo, Mines, DEVA NM mining office, 12 June 1975.
417. Thomas Hunt and James Cloninger, presumably to Supt., DEVA NM, 17 July 1971, DEVA NM mining office.
418. Kirk, Exploring Death Valley,, p. 68; Notes of Matt Ryan on Trail Canyon mines, 3/30/60, DEVA NM mining office; Smith, Mineral Resources, p. 23; Hunt, Archeology of the Death Valley Salt Pan, p. 77.
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