Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resource Study

¹ James H. Whyte, The Uncivil War: Washington during the Reconstruction 1865-78 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1958), 17.

² Edward Ingle, The Negro in the District of Columbia (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1893), 91; Whyte, The Uncivil War, 21, 31, 106, 178-79, 251, 257; Judith Beck Helm, Tenleytown, D. C.: Country Village into City Neighborhood (Washington, DC: Tennally Press, 1981), 168; Louise Daniel Hutchinson, The Anacostia Story: 1608-1930 (Washington, DC: Published for the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 70; Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard Major General United States Army, Two Volumes (New York: The Baker & Taylor Company, 1908), volume 2, page 460.

³ Patricia L. Faust, "Freedmen's Bureau," in Historical Times illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War. (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 290; Bobbi Schildt, "Freedman's Village," Northern Virginia Heritage, 7 (February 1985), 12; Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom and the Civil War, Edited by Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, Reprint Edition (Edison, NJ: The Blue & Gray Press, 1997), xxxiii, 331; Elaine Cutler Everly, "The Freedmen's Bureau in the National Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, 1972.

⁴ Schildt, "Freedmen's Village," 11-12; University of Maryland, Freedmen and Southern Society Project, Xeroxed Documents Collection, J47; E.H. Luddington to Inspector General, Army; RG92, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Alexandria, Va," Box 22, DC area, March 1867, Capt S.F. Lee to Lt. W.W. Rogers, March 21, 1867; RG 105, District of Columbia, AC, Entry 456, Letters Received, S.N. Clark to W.W. Rogers, 10 Nov 1866, Box 3, #130, 9792; Eilliam Hazaiah Williams, "The Negro in the District of Columbia during Reconstruction," The Howard Review, 1 (June 1924), 140; Whyte, The Uncivil War, 32-33; Everly, "The Freedmen's Bureau."

⁵ The District of Columbia Bureau officers submitted numerous reports, found in the Bureau records in the National Archives and among the Xeroxed Documents Collection maintained by the Freedmen and Southern Society Project at the University of Maryland describing and documenting the living conditions of freedmen and other refugees in the city but none of those examined contained any information about squatters at forts; Whyte, The Uncivil War, page 15; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, Symbol, Sword, and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War Second Edition (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1991), 238-39.

⁶ George Alfred Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside. A Picture and A Narrative of the Origin, Growth, Excellences, Abuses, Beauties, and Personages of Our Governing City (Hartford, CT: James Betts & Co., 1873), 219-20.

⁷ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 640-41.

⁸ Whyte, The Uncivil War, 15.

⁹ Helm, Tenleytown, D. C., 168; Louana M. Lackey, "A Preliminary Archaeological and Historical Survey of A Portion of Fort Reno Park in Washington, D. C. Prepared by the Department of General Services of the District of Columbia." Washington, DC: The Potomac River Archeology Survey, American University, 1983, 5-7; Neil E. Heyden, "The Fort Reno Community: The Conversion and Its Causes. Washington, DC: Department of History, American University, 1981, 1-2.

¹⁰ Helm, Tenleytown, D. C., 168, 173-74; Lackey, "A Preliminary Archaeological and Historical Survey," 7; Heyden, "The Fort Reno Community," 1-2.

¹¹ Anne C. Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights," Arlington Historical Magazine, 5 (October 1973), 39; Anne Ciprani Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights," Periodical: The Journal of the Council on Abandoned Military Posts, 4, July 1972, 6; John. L. Viven, 1st Lt., 12th US Infantry, Acting Garrison Quartermaster, to Lt. Will A. Coulter, 12th U.S. Infantry, Garrison Adjutant, Washington, DC, RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, E-5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 8W 1867, August [27 or 28], 1867; Special Order 54, Headquarters, Department of Washington, March 15, 1866; IV, RG92. Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, D.C., 1863—, Box 892; Army and Navy Journal, 3 (March 24, 1866), 486; Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 1863-65, Vol. 13 (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1866), July 2, 1864, Chapt. CCXI, An Act making Appropriation For the Construction, Preservation, and Repairs of certain Fortifications for Year ending the 30th of June, 1865..., 353-54; Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 1863-65, Vol. 13 (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1866), February 28, 1865, Chapt. LXVIII, An Act making Appropriations for the Construction, Preservation, and Repairs of certain Fortifications for Year ending the 30th of June, 1866 ..., 442-43; Helm, Tenleytown, 168; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5395, Station Book of Troops, 1866-68, Volume 59/73 DW, various returns; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Volume 5 of 5, Vol. 24, Letters Sent, Department of Washington, 1866-69, page 229, Assistant Adjutant General to General J.C. McFerrar, Oct 15, 1867, page 396, Acting Assistant Adjutant General Stacy to George W. Wallace, 12th US Infantry, Commanding Garrison, Washington, DC, Aug 18, 1868, and page 429, Oct. 3, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt: 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5381, Registers of Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Volume 18 DW, August 1868, Guard at forts Corcoran, Greble & Strong; RG 393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Lt. Col. Geo. W. Wallace, 12th US Infantry, Commanding Garrison of Washington, Washington, DC to Bvt. Col. J.H. Taylor, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, 131 W 1868, Sept. 22, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Bvt. Major R.C. Parker, Capt. 12th Infantry, Commanding Post, Russell Barracks, Washington, DC, 28 R 1868, Sept 30, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, 82 A 1868, March 14, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, DC, to Commanding General. Department of Washington, Through Headquarters, Military Division of the Atlantic, Washington, DC, 300 A 1868, August 13, 1868; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 2, Defenses of Washington, August 1865-April 1866, Entry 698, Special Orders and General Orders, August 1865-April 1866, Volume 248/612 DW, Headquarters, Defenses of Washington page 36, Special Order No. 61, Nov. 11, 1865; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5376, Letters Sent, Supplemental, 1866-69, Vol. 25/31 DW, page 50, JA Hopkins, Chief of Artillery to G.A. DeRussy, Chief of Artillery, Commanding Division, April 13, 1865, page 62, J.A. Haskins to M.D. Hardin, Commdg Division, June 12, 1865, and page 63, J.A. Haskins to G.A. DeRussy, June 12, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-1866, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2331, Oct 18, 1865.

¹² RG 77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield; A2395, December 12, 1865; "The Dismantled Forts," The Evening Star, Thursday, Sept. 28, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2326, Oct. 17, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2363, Nov 25, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2379, Dec. 5, 1865; RG77, E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2395, Dec. 12, 1865; RG77, Entry 30, Letters Sent, Third Division, Volume 2, page 527, J.D. Kurtz (OCE) to N. Michler, April 20, 1869: RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2191, June 5, 1865; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, 233; Record Group 77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Major W.K. King to Gen. J.H. Simpson, A1173, Received July 20, 1868; Anne Ciprani Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights, "Periodical, 6; Special Order 54, Headquarters, Department of Washington, March 15, 1866; IV, RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, D.C., 1863—," Box 892; Special Order No. 533, Headquarters of the Army, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, DC, October 9, 1865; 4; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, By Brig. Gen. N. Michler, Office of Public Buildings, Grounds, and Works, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, to Chief of Engineers, A2284, May 8, 1869; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, By Maj. W.R. King, July 2, 1868, Letter Sent to Gen. James H. Simpson, A1173, July 2, 1868; RG92, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Alexandria, Va," Box 22, DC area, March 1867, Capt S.F. Lee to Lt. W.W. Rogers, March 21, 1867; Army and Navy Journal, November 25, 1865, page 208; Anne C. Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights," Arlington, 39; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, 82 A 1868, March 14, 1868; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, 1864-69, Volume 23 DW, page 440, Acting Assistant Adjutant General to J.A. Haskin, April 18, 1866; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79 DW, page 29, J.B. Campbell to Bvt. Col. D.M. Sells, Commanding 107 U.S. Colored Troops, October 19, 1866.

¹³ RG393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, E-5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, John L. Viven, 1st Lt., 12 US Infantry, Acting Garrison Quartermaster, to Lt. Will A. Coulter, 12th U.S. Infantry, Garrison Adjutant, Washington, DC, 8 W 1867, August [27 or 28], 1867; Special Order 54, Headquarters, Department of Washington, March 15, 1866; IV, RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, D.C., 1863—," Box 892; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, E-5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, 82 A 1868, March 14, 1868; The Army and Navy Journal, 2 (November 25, 1865), 208.

¹⁴ RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Vol 5 of 5, Vol. 24, Letters Sent, Department of Washington, 1866-69, page 187, Aug. 29, 1867, General Commanding Department to General A.B. Dyer, Ordnance Department; National Archives Microfilm Pub., M6 17, Post Returns, Post Return, Fort Greble, DC, Roll 1378, October, 1867; Army and Navy Journal, Volume 3, March 24, 1866, 486.

¹⁵ Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 215; Jacqui Handly, Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C.: A Cultural Landscape Inventory (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, Falls Church Office, Denver Service Center, National Park Service], 1996), 45; George J. Olszewski, Historic Structures Report: Forts Carroll and Greble, Washington, D.C. (Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center, National Park Service, 1970), 24; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5381, Registers of Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Volume 18 DW, Albert J. Myer Meyer request Fort Greble, August 12, 1868; Rebecca Robbins Raines. "Getting the Message Through": A Branch History of the US Army Signal Corps Army Historical Series (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1996), 43-44; Paul J. Scheips, "'Old Probabilities': A.J. Myer and the Signal Corps Weather Service," The Arlington Historical Magazine, 5 (October 1974), 31; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, J.C. Kelton, Asst. Adj. Gen., War Department, to the Commanding General, Department of Washington, through Headquarters Military Division of the Atlantic, Washington, DC., Washington, D.C., 107 W 1868 August 20, 1868.

¹⁶ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2379, Dec. 5, 1865; RG77, E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2395, Dec. 12, 1865; RG77, E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2363, Nov 25, 1865; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, T.J. Treadwell, Ordnance Department to Chief of Engineers, A2190, April 14, 1869; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, T.J. Treadwell, Ordnance Department to Chief of Engineers, A2205, April 19, 1869; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, W.P. Craighill, Engineer Office, Baltimore, MD, to Ch. Of Engineers, A3624, May 13, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Mr. Samuel O. Bagot to W.P. Craighill, A-3557, April 20, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, W.P. Craighill, Engineer Office, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3624, April 28, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Adjutant General to Commanding General, 1st Military District, Richmond, Va., A 10623, June 6, 1868; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, By Maj. W.R. King, A1173, July 2, 1868, Letter Sent to Gen. James H. Simpson, July 2, 1868; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Brig. Gen. N. Michler, Office of Public Buildings, Grounds, and Works, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, to Chief of Engineers, A2284, May 8, 1869; The Army and Navy Journal, 2 (November 25, 1865), 208, and 3 (March 24, 1866), 486; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 29, J.B. Campbell to Bvt. Col. D.M. Sells, Commanding. 107 US Colored Troops, October 19, 1866; RG77, Entry 30, Letters Sent, 1866-70, Volume 3, 1869-70, 1st Division, Page 18, N. Michler, June 24, 1869; Special Order 54, Headquarters, Department of Washington, March 15, 1866; IV, RG92, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, "Fort Reno, D.C., 1863—," Box 892; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 23 DW, Page 440, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington to J.A. Haskins, April 18, 1866; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 29, J.B. Campbell to Bvt. Col. D.M. Sells, Commanding. 107 US Colored Troops, October 19, 1866; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, 233; RG 77, Entry 36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Major W.K. King to Chief of Engineers, Sent to Gen. J.H. Simpson, A1173, Received July 20, 1868; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-1866, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, A2326, Received Oct. 18, 1865,; Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-1866, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2395, December 12, 1865; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1. Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, E-5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, E.D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, Adjutant General's Office, to Bvt. Maj. Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, 82 A 1868, March 14, 1868.

¹⁷ RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Bvt. Brig. Gen. F.T. Dent, ADC, by order of Secretary of War, to Gen. W.H. Emory, Commanding Department of Washington, 285 W 1867, Nov. 23, 1867; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, Entry 5376, Letters Sent, Supplemental, 1866-69, Vol. 25/31 DW, page 76, July 17th, 1865; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 29, J.B. Campbell to Bvt. Col. D.M. Sells, Commanding. 107 US Colored Troops, October 19, 1866; Leonard E. Brown, National Capital Parks: Fort Stanton, Fort Foote, Battery Ricketts (Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center, National Park Service, 1970), 78; U.S., Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, A Historical Summary of the Works of the Corps of Engineers in Washington, DC and Vicinity 1852-1952 By Sacket L. Duryee (Washington, DC: U.S., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, 1952), 26; RG 94, E-464, Reservation File, "Fort Foote."

¹⁸ The Army and Navy Journal, 3 (March 10, 1866), 454 and (March 24, 1866), 486; Anne Ciprani Webb, "Fort Strong on Arlington Heights," Periodical, 6.

¹⁹ RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, 1864-69, volume 23 DW, page 210, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to J.A. Haskin, Commanding Defenses of Washington, Aug. 28, 1865 and page 410, Major General Commanding to J.A. Haskin, Commanding Defenses of Washington, March 7, 1866.

²⁰ RG77 E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt Col W.P. Craighill, Engineer Office, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3624, April 28, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3602, May 4, 1870; Adjutant General to Commanding General, 1st Military District, Richmond, Va., A10623, June 6, 1868, furnished for the information of the Chief of Engineers, June 11, 1868]; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3694, June 9, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3779, July 4, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3909, July 10, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3892, Aug 9, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Ch. of Engineers, A4268, Nov 1, 1870; George W. Cullum, Z.B. Tower & Wm. P. Craighill, Office, Board of Engineers for Fortifications, Army Bldg. New York, to Chief of Engineers, A4320, Nov. 9, 1870; and Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A4354, Dec 1, 1870; T. Michael Miller, "Jones Point: Haven of History," The Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia Yearbook, 21(1986-1988), 15-73; William J. Dickman, Battery Rodgers at Alexandria, Virginia (Manhattan, KS: MA/AH Publishing, 1980), 30.

²¹ Report of the Chief of Engineers Accompanying Report of Secretary of War, 1867 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1870), 520; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1870 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1870), 21; Report of the Secretary of War, Being Part of the Message and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress at the Beginning of the Second Session of the Forty-Second Congress, House Executive Document 1, Part 2 (42d Congress, 2d Session) Volume II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 17-18; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1873, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1873), 15; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1874, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1874), 18; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1875, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1875), 19; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1876, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1876), 20; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1877, House Executive Document, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1877), 16; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1878, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1878), 19; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1879, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1879), 23; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1880, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880), 39; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1882, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1882), 35-36, 421; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1882, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1882), 35-36, 42; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, to the Secretary of War for the Year 1885, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1885), 30; Brown, Fort Stanton, 51-129; Surgeon General Circular No. 8, A Report on the Hygiene of the United States Army, with Descriptions of Military Posts (Washington, DC: GPO, 1875), 24-25; RG 94, E-464, Reservation File, "Fort Foote"; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 121 F 1868; U.S., Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District, A Historical Summary, 25; RG77, Entry 171, Land Papers, 1794-1916, District of Columbia; RG 393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Bvt. Col. R. Losear (?), Capt., 4th US Artillery to Department Commander, 179 F 1867, Nov. 28, 1867; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, 1864-69, volume 23 DW, pages 508-10, Major General commanding to the Chief of Staff, Army of the United States, August 30, 1866; RG393, PI172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5395, Station Book of Troops, 1866-68, Volume 59/73 DW, various dates; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 28, J.B. Campbell, Acting Assistant Inspector General, to Bvt. Col. J.H. Taylor, AAG, Department of Washington, Oct. 15, 1865; RG77, E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B.S. Alexander to R. Delafield, A2260, Aug. 2, 1865; RG77. E-18, Letters Received, 1826-66, Report on 15-inch Gun at Ft. Foote, A2303, Sept. 16, 1865; Randolph Keim. Keim's Illustrated Hand-Book. Washington and Its Environs: A Descriptive and Historical Hand-Book to the Capital of the United States of America Fourth Edition, corrected to July, 1874 (Washington, DC: For the Compiler, 1874), 230.; Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 723; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt: 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, 1864-69, Volume 23 DW, pages 508-10, Major General Commanding to the Chief of Staff, Army of the U.S., August 30, 1866; National Archives Microfilm Publication, M6 17, Post Returns, Fort Foote, MD, 1864-78, roll 370; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3711, June 8, 1870; RG 77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, J.D. Kurtz, Lt. Col. Engineers, Bvt. Col., US Engineer Office, No.1930 Penn Ave, Washington, DC,, to By Maj. Gen. A.A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, Washington, DC, A3412, March 2, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Brig. Gen. N. Michler, Office of Public Buildings, Grounds, and Works, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, to Chief of Engineers, A2284, May 8, 1869; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3602, May 4, 1870; RG77, E-36, Vol. 53 DW, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3694, June 9, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief Of Engineers, A3779, July 4, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3909, July 10, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3892, Aug 9, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A4268, Nov 1, 1870; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, George W. Cullum, Z.B. Tower & Win. P. Craighill, Office Board of Engineers for Fortifications, Army Bldg. New York, to Chief of Engineers, A4320, Nov. 9, 1870; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5385, Volume 6 of 6, Volume 53 DW, General Order No. 62, Headquarters, Department of Washington, October 19, 1866; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Bvt. Brig. Gen. N. Michler, Office of Public Bldgs, Grounds, and Works, to Chief of Engineers, Al 149, July 14, 1868; RG 393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5386, General Orders and Circulars, 1867-69, volume 1 of 2, General Order No. 18, March 14th, 1867, Headquarters, Department Of Washington; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry E-5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 23DW, pages 508-10, Major General Commanding to the Chief of Staff, Army of the United States, August 30, 1866.

²² Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 232; Ed Fitzgerald to Rock Comstock, September 24, 1973, CRBIB Material, Fort Circle Parks, in Stephen Potter's Office, National Park Service, National Capital Parks; U.S., Army Corps of Engineers, Washington District. A Historical Summary, 25; Brown, Fort Stanton, 78, 92-94; RG 94, E-464, Reservation File, Fort Foote; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1879, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1879), 23: Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1880, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880), 39; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year 1882, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1882), 35-36, 421; Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, to the Secretary of War for the Year 1885, House Executive Document 1, Part 2, Vol. II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1885), 30; Martha Strayer, "Old Fort Foote, A Forlorn and Forgotten Place," The Washington Daily News, Monday, July 20, 1931.

²³ Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 233; Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 1863-65, Volume 13 (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1866), 354; RG77, E-36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, Chief of Engineers to Secretary of War, A1396, September 19, 1868; N. Michler to Chief of Engineers, A1386, August 1868; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3602, May 4, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Ch. of Engrs, A3694, June 9, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. W.P. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3779, July 4, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A3892, August 9, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A4268, Nov 1, 1870; Bvt. Lt. Col. Craighill, Baltimore, MD, to Chief of Engineers, A4354, Dec 1, 1870; By BG N. Michler, Office of Public Bldgs, Grounds, and Works, to Chief of Engineers, A1149, July 14, 1868; Report of the Secretary of War, Being Part of the Message and Documents Communicated to the Two Houses of Congress at the Beginning of the Second Session of the Forty-Second Congress, House Executive Document 1, Part 2 (42d Congress, 2d Session) Volume II (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 17-18; Brown, Fort Stanton, 119-21.

²⁴ The Army and Navy Journal, 3 (March 10, 1966), 454 and (March 24, 1966), 486; RG393, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5421, Letters Sent, 1865-69 & Entry 5422, Endorsements Sent, 1865-69, volume 79/126 & 127 DW, page 37, J.B. Campbell, Acting Assistant Inspector General, to Bvt. Col. D.H. Taylor, February 28, 1867; U.S., War Department, Report of the Secretary of War, with the Reports of Officers, for the Year 1869, Accompanying Papers Abridged (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1869), 276-81; Surgeon General Circular No. 8, 94; National Archives Records Administration, Record Group 98 (now in Record Group 393), Fort Myer, VA, Administrative History and Records Listings Page; A Narrative History of Fort Myer Virginia (Falls Church, VA: Litho-Print Press, 1954?), 2-3; The History of Fort Myer Virginia 100th anniversary Issue (Special Centennial Edition of the Fort Myer Post) June 1963, 4, 6, 8; RG77, E 171, Land Papers, 1794-1916, District of Columbia; Raines, Getting the Message Through, 43-44; Scheips, Old Probabilities, 31.

²⁵ General Orders No. 56., Headquarters Department Of Washington, Twenty-Second Army Corps, April 26, 1865, In U.S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880-190), Serial 97, 962, 1299; General Orders No. 118, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, June 27, 1865, U.S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion, Serial 97, 1299; The Army and Navy Journal, 2 (August 5, 1865), 796 (August 12, 1865), 801; RG393, P.I. 172, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5385, Volume 6 of 6, volume 53 DW, volume 6 of 6, General Order No. 17, Headquarters, Department of Washington, Washington, DC, April 27th, 1866 [CC Augur, Commanding]; RG393, Pt. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22d Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5385, Volume 6 of 6, Volume 53 DW, volume 5 of 6, General Order No. 109, Headquarters, Department of East, Aug 5, 1865, 2d.

²⁶ Henry L. Abbot, "Biographical Memoir of John Gross Barnard.' Professional Memoirs, Corps of Engineers, United States Army and Engineer Department at Large, 5 (January-February 1913), 83-90; Robert G. Kindmark, "John Gross Barnard: His Civil War Career and Military Writings," Senior Paper, Allegheny College, April 1978; RG77, Entry 36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3335, March 28, 1870; John G. Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U S. Army, Corps of Engineers. Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871).

²⁷ Jubal A. Early, "General Barnard's Report on the Defences of Washington, in July 1864," Southern Magazine (Baltimore), 10 (June 1872), 724; RG77, Entry 36, Letters Received ("A" File), November 1867-November 1870, J.G. Barnard to Chief of Engineers, A1840, January 20, 1869; J.G. Barnard to J.D. Kurtz, A2987, November 11, 1869; J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3335, March 28, 1870; J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3544, April 11, 1870; J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3711, June 8, 1870; J.G. Barnard, New York, to Chief of Engineers, A3758, June 27, 1870; Record Group 77, Entry 30, Letters Sent, 1866-70, Volume 2, Third Division, page 429, to J.G. Barnard, Jan.25, 1869; John G. Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U S. Army Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871).

²⁸ RG 77, Entry 103, General Correspondence, 1894-1923, #14394.

²⁹ John B. Ellis, Sights and Secrets of the National Capital; A Work Descriptive of Washington and All Its Phases (Chicago, IL: Jones, Junkin and Company, 1869), 22-23.

³⁰ A Guide to the City of Washington, What To See, and How To See It (Washington, DC: Philip & Solomons, 1869), 25-26.

³¹ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 219.

³² Townsend Washington, Outside and Inside, 220.

³³ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 638.

³⁴ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 640-41.

³⁵ Townsend, Washington: Outside and Inside, 722-23.

³⁶ Townsend, Washington, Outside and Inside, 723.

³⁷ Mary Clemmer Ames, Ten Years in Washington. Life and Scenes in the National Capital, as A Woman Sees Them (Hartford, CT: A.D. Worthington & Co., 1873), 75.

³⁸ Keim, Keim 's Illustrated Hand-Book, 232-33.

³⁹ Stilson Hutchins and W.F. Morse, A Souvenir of the Federal Capital and of the National Drill and Encampment at Washington, D.C. May 23d to May 30th. 1887 (Washington, DC: W.F. Morse, 1887), 62.

⁴⁰ William H. Beach, The First New York Lincoln (Cavalry) from April 19, 1861 to July 7, 1865 (New York: The Lincoln Cavalry Association, 1902), 523.

⁴¹ RG46, 56th Congress, Committee Papers, Committee on Military Affairs, Sen 56A-F21, Box 97; Archives of the District of Columbia, Records of the District of Columbia, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department, (ED) Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #23181.

⁴² U.S., Congress, Senate. The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia, Senate Report No. 166, Edited by Charles Moore, 57th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1902), 11-12; U.S., Congress, Senate, Committee on the District of Columbia. Park Improvement Papers: A Series of Twenty Papers Relating to the Improvement of Park System of the District of Columbia, No. 4, Fort Stevens, Where Lincoln Was Under Fire by William V. Cox (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1901), 17-25; "For Park At Fort Stevens," The Washington Post, December 21, 1906; "Fort Stevens," The Washington Star, March 27, 1911; Pamphlet, Commemoration Ceremony on The One Hundreth Anniversary of the Battle of Fort Stevens at Fort Stevens (Washington, D.C., July 11, 1864).

⁴³ Rock Creek Park Files, Fort Stevens: Enabling Legislation, "Fort Stevens Property, Washington, D.C., Rock Creek Park Files, Fort Stevens: Enabling Legislation, S. 8142, 62d Congress, 3d Session, January 16, 1913; "Fort Stevens-Lincoln National Military Park," Senate Document No. 433, 57th Congress, 1st Session, June 26, 1902 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902); RG46, 59th Cong. Sen 59A-E1, Box 45; "For Military Park," The Evening Star, Thursday, December 20, 1906; "Fort Stevens, Near Washington City," Confederate Veteran, 8 (December 1900), 538; RG46, 56th Congress, Committee Papers, Committee on Military Affairs, Sen 56A-F21, Box 97; Archives of the District of Columbia, Records of the District of Columbia, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department, (ED) Engineer Department Case Files, 1897-1955, #23181; Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 56th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1901), 247 (S6065); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 57th Congress, 1st Session, 1901-02 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902), 290 (HR 10528); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 57th Congress, 1st Session, 1901-02 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902), 228, 521, 527 (S4476); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 58th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1903), 30, 47 (S2526); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 58th Congress, 3d session, 1904-05 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1905), 455 (HR19204); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 59th Congress, 1st Session, 1905-06 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1906), 525, 547 (S 6265); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 62d Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1912), 70(S8142).

⁴⁴ "Fort Stevens," Editorial in The Washington Star, March 27, 1911; "Old Fort Stevens Sold, Purchased by Syndicate of Virginia and Maryland Capitalists": The Evening Star, March 22, 1911; "For Military Park," The Evening Star, Thursday, December 20, 1906; "Fort Stevens, Near Washington City," Confederate Veteran, 8 (December 1900), 538.

⁴⁵ RG46, 59th Congress, Sen 59A-E1, Box 54 and 60th Congress, Sen 60A-E1, Box 36; "Public Park at Fort Thayer, District of Columbia," Senate Report No. 362, 60th Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1908); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 59th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1907), 91(S7646): Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 60th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1908), 216(S5132); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 1907-08, 60th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1908), 526 (HR18129).

⁴⁶ RG46 58th Congress, Sen 58A-E1, Box 38; US, US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District. "AAA Site Fort Reno, Washington, D.C., Project Number-C03DC048401, March 1997," 4.1.1 General Site History"; RG66, E-17, Project Files, 1910-52, Forts, Fort Reno—Water Tower; RG77, E-103, General Correspondence, 1894-1923, #22803, September 25, 1897; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 58th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1904), 270 (HR 12149); Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States . . . 1907-08, 60th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1908), 16, (HR291); Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 58th Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1904), 119 (S3886).

⁴⁷ Journal of the Senate of the United States . . . 62 Congress, 2d Session (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1912), 75, 93, 107; Statutes at Large, 62d Congress, 1911-13, Vol. 37, Pt. 1, June 24, 19 12—Ch. 182 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1918), 178-79; John Nolen, Jr., Director of Planning, Memorandum to Mr. Wirth: Subject: Fort Dupont Park, June 5, 1937, "Fort Dupont Park,"535, Parks & Recreation, Planning Files, 1924-67, General Records, Records of the National Capital Planning Commission, Record Group 328.

⁴⁸ U.S., Congress, House of Representatives. Investigations Into the Affairs of the District of Columbia, House Report No. 72, 42nd Congress, 2d Session (Serial 1542) (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1872), 739.

⁴⁹ "The Fort Drive, Major Powell's Proposed Circuit of the War Time Defenses, Historic Remains About This City, How Washington Was Defended During the Rebellion, Memories of the War: The Proposition of Engineer Commissioner Powell to establish a new drive-way through the suburbs of Washington to be called "Fort Drive," The Evening Star, May 23, 1896; Whyte, The Uncivil War, 137-48; Regina D. Eliot, "The Fort Drive." The Washingtonian, November 1930, 18; Gene Hart Day, "Washington's Scenic Masterpiece—A Highway of Fort," American Motorist, (February 1933), 16-17, 32-33; Paul H. Caemmerer, A Manual of the Origin and Development of Washington; Senate Document No. 178 (75th Congress, 3d Session) (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1939), 108, 111-12; U.S., National Capital Planning Commission. Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital. Frederick Gutheim, Consultant (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), 194-96; William Bushong, Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek Park - District of Columbia (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1990), 93-95, 102; Thomas Walton, "The 1901 McMillan Commission: Beaux Arts Plan for the Nation's Capital," Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University, 1980, 138, 149; U.S., Congress, Senate, The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia; 57th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Report No. 166 Edited by Charles Moore (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1902), 111-12; Carey H. Brown, Engineer, to The Newspaper Information Service, 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, DC, May 4, 1927, RG328, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, Fort Drive #1, page 6; Civil War Round Table of the District of Columbia, "Washington Needs The Fort Memorial Freeway," Brochure (1953); T. S. Settle, Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia, November 14-15, 1940; T.C. Jeffers, A Brief History of The Fort Drive - Evolution of Its Concept and Function, March 17, 1947; T.C. Jeffers, "The Fort Drive, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; RG328, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2; Colonel William W. Harts to Brigadier General William M. Black, Chief of Engineers, Re: Fort Drive, June 12, 1917, RG328, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #1; "Justification: The Fort Drive - Washington, D.C., Syllabus, Archives of the District of Columbia, Records of the District of Columbia, Central Classified Files: Engineer Department (ED), Case Files, 1897-1955, #248515.

⁵⁰ RG328, General Records, Planning Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.S. Settle, Secretary, and Legal Advisor, National Capital Park and Planning Commission. "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940, 2.

⁵¹ U.S., Congress, Senate. The improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia, Senate Report No. 166, Edited by Charles Moore, 57th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D C The Government Printing Office, 1902), 111-12.