1. Harper, pp. 30-32.

2. Ibid., p. 30; Report of the Director, 1935, frontispiece. For an example of McKinney's work, see Guy D. McKinney, "An Army in the Forests," Natural History, XXXIV (Feb., 1934), 141-150.

3. Harper, p. 31.

4. Ibid.

5. Advisory Council, Minutes, Oct. 11, Nov. 14, 1935.

6. Ibid., Oct. 9, 1936.

7. Ibid., June 18, 25, and 27, 1935.

8. Ibid. For example, the minutes record no meeting between March 23, 1936, and Sept. 8, 1936, a time when Fechner was in the camps. There was no meeting recorded between Dec. 5, 1935, and Feb. 5, 1936, nor between Sept. 8, 1936, and Oct. 9, 1936.

9. Ibid., Feb. 28, 1934, Jan. 17, 1935. Much to the Army's displeasure, the council decided against including rifle shooting as a sport for enrollees for fear of being called a military organization.

10. Wirth, p. 3.

11. Advisory Council, Minutes, April 9, 1934.

12. Wirth, p. 4.

13. Harper, p. 30. Fechner later received authority over the siting of all work projects.

14. Fechner to Roosevelt, Nov. 2, 1934, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 4.

15. Literary Digest, CXXI (April 18, 1936), 48.

16. Nixon, I, 327; interview with Dean Snyder, Dec. 12, 1962.

17. Happy Days, June 17, 1933.

18. Snyder to Persons, April 29, 1936, S.D., Education, Correspondence.

19. Schlesinger, II, 339-340.

20. To Make the Civilian Corps a Permanent Agency: Hearings Before the Committee on Labor, House of Representatives, 75th Congress, First Session, on H.R. 6180, April 14 and 15, 1937 (Washington, 1937), p. 98-99 (hereinafter cited as Permanency Hearings, 1937).

21. See chap. v, below.

22. Fechner to Roosevelt, Nov. 2, 1934, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 4.

23. Fechner to McIntyre, May 4, 1936, ibid., Box 7.

24. The National Youth Administration, like the CCC, was created to help destitute young people, but its original aim was to help them to complete their high school or college education. To this end, students were given part-time work, often related directly to their particular fields of academic interest. The NYA did, however, aid 2.6 million young men and women who had left school by providing them with full-time work. It was a far broader institution than the CCC, broader in the total numbers employed of both sexes, and broader in the type of tasks undertaken. Moreover, the approach was vastly different. The NYA built few camps, concentrating rather on helping young people within their home environment. See William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York, 1963), p. 129.

25. Wirth, pp. 3-4.

26. Rosenman, ed., Papers, III, 423; Nixon, I, 239.

27. E.g., Advisory Council, Minutes, March 2, 1934; Nixon, I, 325, 351. Roosevelt turned down a proposal by Ickes to increase the scope of National Park work because Fechner had so recommended.

28. Roosevelt to Gov. Henry Horner, Ill., Jan. 2, 1940, Roosevelt Papers, P.P.F. 6386.

29. Advisory Council, Minutes, May 26, 1939.

30. Fechner, of course, was not alone in becoming exasperated at Roosevelt's disregard of established administrative practices when it suited him. Most New Deal officials who had any contact with the President complained of the same "occupational hazard." See Schlesinger, II, 533-552.

31. McIntyre to Fechner and Hopkins, Nov. 13, 1933, McIntyre to Early, Nov. 20, 1933, Hopkins to Howe, Nov. 2, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 3.

32. Roosevelt to Fechner, Oct. 11, 1933, Fechner to Roosevelt, Feb. 19, 1934, ibid. This was Rep. Miles C. Algood (Dem., Ala.).

33. Advisory Council, Minutes, Oct. 11, 1935; see also chaps. ii and iii, above.

34. Ibid., June 9, 1934. Hopkins' causticity, candor, and shrewdness irritated many others besides Fechner. See Schlesinger, III, 351-361. Hopkins' various claims regarding the CCC were not always consistent. See above, p. 75.

35. Douglas to Roosevelt, Dec. 30, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 1; see also Douglas to Roosevelt, Jan. 24, 1934, ibid., Box 3.

36. Nixon, I, 160, 208; Douglas to Roosevelt, Sept. 26, 1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 2; Schlesinger, II, 289-292.

37. New York Times, Nov. 16, 1934.

38. Fechner to Adjutant General, Nov. 2, 1934, C.R.M., Appendix III.

39. New York Times, Nov. 25, Dec. 2, 1934.

40. Advisory Council, Minutes, Sept. 21, 1933, Feb. 5 and 24, 1934.

41. Ibid., Nov. 21, 1934. Col. Major objected violently to the seating of project assistants on boards of discipline because he considered this would undermine military authority.

42. Wallace to Roosevelt, Dec. 6, 1935, Files of the Secretary of Agriculture—Conservation.

43. Ickes, Diary, II, The Inside Struggle, 1936-1939 (New York, 1954), 375. Ickes, of course, rarely found anyone to be "co-operative." See Schlesinger, II, 282-283.

44. Ickes, Diary, II, 8, 23; Ickes to Fechner, Dec. 2, 1935, Secretary of Interior, Records; Nixon, I, 351.

45. Nixon, I, 474.

46. Ibid., II, 416.

47. Wirth, p. 3.

48. See chap. v, below.

49. Fechner to Persons, July 24, 1934, S.D., Correspondence, Discussion of Selection Policy, 1935.

50. E.g., Persons to State Directors, Dec. 19, 1936, March 11, 1937, S.D. Correspondence, Selection Policy, 1937.

51. Interview with Dean Snyder, Dec. 12, 1962.

52. Hugh H. Bennett, director, Soil Conservation Service, to Ickes, Feb. 3, 1935, in Nixon, I, 357.

53. Roosevelt to Wallace, March 27, 1935, C.R.M., No. 783, Soil Erosion.

54. E.g., Stuart to Wallace, July 17, 1933, ibid., No. 782(2), Hammatt, Source Data.

55. Harper, pp. 39-41. The number of camps in each state varied according to the total number of camps in existence at any particular time, but the proportions remained similar throughout the CCC's life span. On June 30, 1935, when there were 2,110 camps in all, the number of camps in each state was as follows (see Report of the Director, 1935, Appendix D):

56. Harper, pp. 45-46.

57. Ibid., pp. 47-49.

58. Perkins, p. 179.

59. See chaps. v, vi, below; Rawick, pp. 132-136. Moseley, who revealed himself in his unpublished autobiography to be a man of decidedly fascist sympathies, also believed in the basic inferiority of Negroes and in the sterilization of all Jews "and their eventual elimination from the human family." In order to save the United States, he thought a five-year plan should be implemented, civil liberties should be suspended, and the country placed under the control of General MacArthur.

60. Saalberg, pp. 52-53.

61. Roberts, pp. 211-218.

62. Harper, p. 65.

63. Ibid., p. 43.

64. Ibid., pp. 65-66.

65. Ibid., p. 35.