Chapter 1
Endnotes
1. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The
Age of Roosevelt, III, The Politics of Upheaval (Boston,
1960), 428-429.
2. Schlesinger, Age of
Roosevelt, I, The Crisis of the Old Order (Boston, 1956),
251.
3. George P. Rawick, "The New Deal
and Youth: The Civilian Conservation Corps, the National Youth
Administration, the American Youth Congress" (unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1957), pp. 18-29.
4. Kenneth Holland and Frank Ernest
Hill, Youth and the CCC (Washington, 1942), p. 12; Stuart Chase,
"Where the Crop Lands Go: Spendthrift America's Dwindling Estate,"
Harper's, CXXXV (Aug., 1936), 225-233.
5. William James, Memories and
Studies (New York, 1912), pp. 290-291.
6. Roosevelt to Prof. I. C. Keller,
Nov. 15, 1934, in Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Official File
268Miscellaneous (hereinafter cited as Roosevelt Papers, O.F.
268), Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.
7. R. F. Hamnmatt, "The Forest
Service and Emergency Conservation Work" (typescript in National
Archives), pp. 1-3. Records of the CCC, Chronological Reference Material
by Subjects (hereinafter cited as C.R.M.), No. 782(a), in National
Archives. See also R. L. Deering, "Camps for the Unemployed in the
Forests of California," Journal of Forestry, XXX (May, 1932),
554-557; F. A. Anderson, Executive Committee, Mississippi Forest
Service, to Roosevelt, Nov. 5, 1931, in E. B. Nixon, ed., Franklin D.
Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945 (New York, 1957), I, 49.
8. The best book on European labor
camps is Kenneth Holland, Youth in European Labor Camps
(Washington, 1939); see also Stephen H. Roberts, The House That
Hitler Built (London, 1937), pp. 211-218.
9. Schlesinger, Age of
Roosevelt, II, The Coming of the New Deal (Boston, 1959),
335-336; Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt, III, The
Triumph (Boston, 1956), 224-225.
10. Schlesinger, II, 335.
11. Freidel, III, 232; Schlesinger,
II, 336.
12. Freidel, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, I, The Apprenticeship (Boston, 1952), 136-138; II,
The Ordeal (Boston, 1954), 84, 149; see also Nixon, I, 38-41.
13. Freidel, III, 231; see also
Bernard E. Bellush, Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York
(New York, 1955), pp. 94-98.
14. Congressional Record
(hereinafter cited as C.R.), 73rd Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. 77, Pt.
3, pp. 3004-3005, where a speech by Morgenthau to the twenty-first
annual meeting of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce is reprinted.
15. Nixon, I, 112.
16. New York Times, July 6
and 7, 1932.
17. Nixon, I, 119-126.
18. C.R.M., Appendix I, Documents 3
and 4.
19. Hammatt, pp. 1-3.
20. Ibid., pp. 3-6; see also
John Jacob Saalberg, "Roosevelt, Fechner and the CCCA Study in
Executive Leadership" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell
University, 1962), pp. 9-10.
21. Finney to K. Rucker, March 11,
1933, Roosevelt Papers, O.F. 268, Box 1; see also Nixon, I, 138n.
22. Chicago Tribune, March
11, 1933.
23. For details of this important
interview, see Raymond Moley, After Seven Years (New York, 1939),
pp. 173-174.
24. Roosevelt to Secretary of
Agriculture, March 14, 1933, Files of the Secretary of
AgricultureConservation in National Archives. The memorandum is
also printed in Nixon, I, 138. The secretary of labor was now included
in the discussions, partly because of the new approach to the CCC as
part of a general scheme to relieve unemployment, but also to forestall
opposition to the Army's recruiting of the men. This job was now to be
done by the U.S. Employment Service. See Francis Perkins, The
Roosevelt I Knew (New York, 1946), pp. 178-179.
25. The Secret Diary of Harold L.
Ickes, I, The First Thousand Days (New York, 1953), 7. The
other prongs were (1) federal appropriations for grants-in-aid to the
various states for direct relief work, and (2) "A measure for a large,
practical, labor-producing program of public works under the control of
a board which can allocate them in such a manner as to drain the largest
pools of unemployment in the country. . . " See Nixon, I, 141-142.
26. Moley, p. 174.
27. Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The
Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Roosevelt (New York,
1938-1950), II, 69-71.
28. A memorandum from the chief
forester, Major Stuart, forwarded by the secretary of agriculture, Henry
Wallace, to the President on March 20, 1933, foreshadowed much of the
eventual organization of the CCC, including enrolment and conditioning
by the Army, a director, and an advisory council composed of one
representation for each department involved. Stuart suggested Frederick
A. Delano as a possible director for the work. See C.R.M., No. 780(a),
Organization.
29. For the message, see Rosenman,
ed., Papers, II, 80-81.
30. C.R., 73rd Cong., 1st
Sess., Vol. 77, Pt. 1, pp. 650-651, 701. The Senate measure (S. 598) was
introduced by Sen. Joseph T. Robinson (Ark.), the House measure (H.R.
3905) by Rep. Joseph W. Byrns (Tenn.). Charles Price Harper, in The
Administration of the Civilian Conservation Corps (Clarksburg, W.
Va., 1939), p. 9, says that the "original bill, introduced in Congress
March 13, by Senator Costigan, evolved much criticism," and he cites
C.R., 73rd Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. 77, Pt. 1, p. 247, as his
source. Here Harper is clearly in error. No such bill was introduced
that day; indeed, at that early date very little had been made final
about the CCC. Sen. Costigan did introduce S. 325, "To Provide Emergency
Financing Facilities for Unemployed Workers, to Reduce Their Distress,
to Increase Their Purchasing Power, and Employment, and for Other
Purposes." This bill had nothing to do with the CCC and was referred to
the Committee on Manufactures without debate.
31. For the original bill, see
Unemployment Relief: Joint Hearings Before the Committee on Education
and Labor, United States Senate, and the Committee on Labor, House of
Representatives, 73rd Congress, First Session, on S. 598, March 23
and 24, 1933 (Washington, 1933), p. 1. Hereinafter cited as
Unemployment Relief, Joint Hearings, 1933.
32. New York Times, March 22,
1933.
33. Ibid., March 22 and 24,
1933.
34. Ibid., March 15 and 24,
1933; Literary Digest, CXV (April 15, 1933), 6.
35. New York Times, March 23,
1933; see also Time, XXI (April 2, 1933), 11.
36. Unemployment Relief, Joint
Hearings, 1933, p. 3.
37. Ibid., pp. 9-14.
38. Ibid., p. 19.
39. Ibid., pp. 22-27.
40. New York Times, March 24,
1933. The role of the Army was to increase greatly in the following
weeks.
41. Unemployment Relief, Joint
Hearings, 1933, pp. 34-36.
42. Ibid., p. 41.
43. For Green's testimony, see
ibid., pp. 44-61.
44. Ibid., p. 46.
45. Ibid., p. 48.
46. Ibid., pp. 53, 61.
47. Schlesinger, II, 295; see also
Unemployment Relief, Joint Hearings, 1933, p. 72.
48. Ibid., pp. 72-73.
49. See Chicago Tribune,
March 27, 1933; New York Herald Tribune, March 23, 1933; St.
Louis Post-Dispatch, March 25, 1933.
50. C.R. 73rd Cong., 1st
Sess., Vol. 77, Pt. 1, p. 862.
51. Nixon, I, 146-147.
52. C.R., 73rd Cong., 1st
Sess., Vol. 77, Pt. 1, p. 864. The only amendment of any importance
which was added in the Senate extended the President's authority under
the act from one to two years; see ibid., p. 929.
53. Ibid., p. 863.
54. Ibid., p. 934.
55. Ibid., p. 936.
56. Ibid., pp. 929-936.
57. Ibid., pp. 876-878.
58. Ibid., pp. 957-959.
59. Ibid., pp. 972,
974-975.
60. Ibid., pp. 963-967.
61. Ibid., p. 991. Other
Republicans who supported the bill included Reps. George W. Blanchard
(Wis.), p. 972, and Clyde Kelly (Pa.), p. 975.
62. Ibid., pp. 980-981.
63. Ibid., p. 983.
64. Ibid., pp. 983-990.
65. Ibid., pp. 1012-1013; see
also Harper, p. 19.
66. Chicago Tribune, March
30, 1933.
67. New York Times, March 31,
1933; New York Herald Tribune, April 1, 1933; St. Louis
Post-Dispatch, March 31, 1933; New Republic, LXXIX (April
5, 1933), 202; Literary Digest, CXV (April 15, 1933), 6.
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