CABRILLO Historic Structures Report

ENDNOTES

1. Barry Alan Joyce, A Harbor Worth Defending: A Military History of Point Loma (Cabrillo Historical Association, 1995), 5.

2. Keniston Architects, Fort Rosecrans: Point Loma Coastal Defenses, (National Register of Historic Places Nomination, May 1996), Section 7, p1. According to Barry Alan Joyce book, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was from Guatemala, p. 5).

3. United States Department of the Interior, National Register of Historic Places Nomination, (Statement of Significance, November 1988), Section 8, p.1.

4. Erwin N. Thompson, The Guns of San Diego: San Diego Harbor Defenses, 1796-1947, Edited by Howard B. Overton, (San Diego National Park Service, 1991), 2.

5. Keniston, Section 7, p.1.

6. Thompson, 3.

7. Joyce, 6.

8. Thompson, 3.

9. Thompson, 3.

10. Joyce, 6.

11. Joyce, 6.

12. Thompson, 4.

13. Joyce, 6, Thompson, 10.

14. Joyce, 6.

15. Thompson, 10,11.

16. Thompson, 11.

17. Thompson, 12.

18. Joyce, 9.

19. Keniston, Section 7, p.2.

20. Joyce, 9.

21. Thompson, 13.

22. Joyce, 9.

23. Keniston, Section 7, p. 2.

24. Keniston, Section 7, p.2.

25. Joyce, 11.

26. Thompson, 24.

27. Keniston, Section 7, p.2.

28. Thompson, 24.

29. Keniston, Section 7, p.2.

30. Thompson, 25.

31. Keniston, Section 7, p.2.

32. Thompson, 25, 26.

33. Keniston, Section 7, p.2.

34. Joyce, 11.

35. Thompson, 28, 30.

36. This comment is from NPS Historian Gordon Chappell: "The nation had always been serious about coast defenses, and prior to 1861 had spent millions building 'Third System' forts of the Fort Sumter type all up and down the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and even one at the entrance to San Francisco Bay. The program stumbled to a stop in the late 1860s, 1870s and 1880s because the assaults during the Civil War on Fort Pulaski and the Confederate assault on the Union Fort Sumter, and the later Union assault on the Confederate Fort Sumter, had proved that the new rifled artillery could penetrate the walls of brick and masonry Third System forts like the proverbial hot knife through butter. During the 1870s the Army fell back to building earthwork-protected magazines for barbette batteries similarly behind earthworks as sort of an interim measure. Meanwhile, new developments in the making and casting and machining of steel permitted by the 1880s construction of large caliber, breech-loading rifles and mortars, while military inventors provided a new generation of barbette and mortar carriages and wholly new type of 'disappearing' carriage for heavy caliber rifles which allowed the gun to recoil back and downwards to a loading position protected behind the earthworks, then raising it again to firing position. Concurrently, new developments in explosives chemistry produced both 'smokeless' powder and powders in the nitrocellulose family such as guncotton which burned more slowly than black gunpowder and thus provided a continuous kick to a shell throughout the time of its traverse of a long rifled barrel, which black powder could not. These scientific advances made possible the new 'Endicott System' of batteries, with ranges greatly increased over those of smoothbore and even rifled muzzle loading cannon of the Civil War era. It was not that the Army and the Nation was not serious about harbor defense; it was that the Civil War demonstrated the obsolescence of the pre-Civil War 'Third System' brick and masonry forts, and it was not until the new steel technology, new carriages, and new explosives made possible the Endicott type batteries that serious construction on coast defenses could resume."

37. Thompson, 34.

38. Thompson, 35.

39. Joyce, 14.

40. Thompson, 41.

41. Thompson, 41, 42.

42. Thompson, 41.

43. Thompson, 43.

44. Keniston, Section 7, p.2.

45. Keniston, Section 7, p.3.

46. Thompson, 56.

47. Thompson, 55.

48. Thompson, 57.

49. Thompson, 62, 69.

50. National Register Nomination, Section 8, p.4.

51. Thompson, 57; National Register Nomination, Section 8, p.4.

52. National Register Nomination, Section 8, p.4.

53. Thompson, 60.

54. National Register Nomination, Section 8, p.4.

55. Thompson, 66.

56. National Register Nomination, Section 8, p.4.

57. Thompson, 137. This road was originally named Meyler Road in honor of 1^st Lt. James Meyler, the engineer who built the first Endicott batteries in San Diego. The road was renamed Sylvester Road in honor of 1^st Lt. William G. Sylvester, who was killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The portion of this road located inside the park today is called the Bayside Trail.

58. National Register Nomination, Section 8, p. 6.

59. Keniston, Section 7, p.3.

60. Thompson, 57.

61. Thompson, 78.

62. Thompson, 80, 82.

63. Thompson, 82.

64. Keniston, Section 7, p. 4.

65. Thompson, 80.

66. Keniston, Section 7, p. 4.

67. Keniston, Section 7, p.4.

68. Joyce, 36.

69. Thompson, 91.

70. Thompson, 94.

71. Thompson, 95.

72. Thompson, 96.

73. Thompson, 98.

74. Thompson, 98.

75. Thompson, 99.

76. Thompson, 100.

77. Thompson, 101.

78. Thompson, 102.

79. Keniston, Section 7, p.4.

80. Thompson, 112.

81. Thompson, 108.

82. Thompson, 109.

83. Thompson, 112.

84. National Register Nomination, Section 8, p. 5.

85. Thompson, 121.

86. Thompson, 122.

87. Keniston, Section 7, p.4.

88. Joyce, 67.

89. Joyce, 67.

90. Joyce, 69.

91. National Register Nomination, Section 6, p.1.

92. National Register Nomination, Section 7, p.2.

93. National Register Nomination, Section 8, p.6.