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CABRILLO
Administrative History |
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CHAPTER V NOTES
1Visitation figures provided by United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Harpers Ferry Center, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.
2Hal Rothman, "Protected by a Gold Fence with Diamond Tips: a Cultural History of the American National Monuments" (Ph.D. dissertation, the University of Texas at Austin, 1985), 329.
3John R. White to Leroy Wright, 11 January 1935, National Park Service Records, Cabrillo National Monument File, RG 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
4Clifford Rock to John R. White, 8 July 1935, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
7White to Director, National Park Service, 29 July 1935, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
9Director to Tolson and Moskey, 5 August 1935, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
10A. E. Demaray to White, 31 August 1935. CNM File, RG 79, NA.
11Miscellaneous Service Permit, 1 October 1935, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
12White to Director, 5 October 1935, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
13Rock to Tobin, 17 December 1935, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
14White to Director, 23 December 1935, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
15Tolson to White, 14 January 1936, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
16Budget of the United States Government for Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1938, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 434.
17Annual Report to the Superintendent, December 1935, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
18Monthly Report to the Superintendent, October 1936, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
19San Diego Union, 16 January 1938.
20Report to Superintendent, June 1936, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
21Report to Superintendent, August 1936, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
22Superintendent's Monthly Report, September 1937, CNM File, RG 79, NA. The reports to the Superintendent were written by Clifton Rock and sent to Superintendent White in Sequoia. White, in turn, submitted them to Washington, often times adding his own comments in the form of a Superintendent's Report.
23Rock to White, 11 June 1936, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
24Financial Report to the Superintendent, 1936, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
25Unsigned memo to Acting Associate Director Tolson, 18 June 1936, CNM File, RG 79. NA.
26Memo from Director to Under Secretary of the Interior, 21 February 1940, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
27Report to Superintendent, 27 September 1938, CNM File, RG 79. NA.
28Kahler to Chatelain, 30 December 1933, Castillo De San Marcos National Monument File, RG 79, NA, quoted in Rothman, p. 331.
29Leroy A. Wright to Advisory Committee, 5 March 1935, Cabrillo File, San Diego Historical Society Manuscripts Collection.
30Hagen to Chatelain, 9 January 1936, CNM File, RG 79, NA. (The letter is misdated 9 January 1935 but attached as cover letter to a report of 9 January 1936).
32White to Chatelain, 4 February 1936, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
33Scoyen to Regional Director 18 December 1940, CNM File, RG 79, NA. Changes in position within the Park Service administration seemed to have been quite frequent, especially during the War years. E.T. Scoyen, (according to Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, U. S. Department of the Interior, 1986, 139), replaced White as superintendent of Sequoia National Park from 1939 to 1941 and again as superintendent of Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks from 1947 to 1956. In 1940, when this letter was written by Scoyen, White was serving as Director of the Western Region, a position he held until 15 July 1941. See Russ Olsen, Administrative History: Organizational Structures of the National Park Service — 1917 to 1985 (n.p., 1985), 61-63.
34Paul Michael Callaghan, "Fort Rosecrans, California" (Masters thesis, University of San Diego, 1980), 183.
35Los Angeles Times, 18 November 1940.
36Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1940, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
37San Francisco Chronicle, 11 December 1934.
38Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1940, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
40Report to Superintendent, January 1941, CNM File, RG 79 NA.
41Scoyen to Regional Director, Region Four, 12 November 1940, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
42Confidential memo from Regional Director to Clifton Rock, 11 March 1941, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
43Director Drury to White, 13 February 1941, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
44Confidential memo from White to Regional Director, Region Four, 5 January 1943, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
46Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1941, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
47"History of Harbor Defenses of San Diego," Appendix VII, Annex B, History of the Western Defense Command, Vol. 6, Pt 6 (Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: U.S. Army Military History Institute, 1945), 1.
48Ibid, 2. The armament included the following:
Batteries White and Whistler: 12" mortar batteries of four guns each. Installed in 1920, they were slow firing and could be easily outranged by any ship larger than a destroyer.
Batteries Calef and Wilkeson: two 10" gun batteries of two guns each. Installed in 1900, they covered only a limited water area to the south.
Battery Strong: the only modern battery in the Harbor Defense. Completed in the summer of 1941, it had a modern plotting room but the guns were not shielded from air attack and they had no power equipment.
Battery McGrath: a battery of two 3" guns, which had been installed in 1919.
50Hollis T. Gillespie to Ranger Brett Jones, 4 July 1979, on file, Cabrillo National Monument
52Stephen R. Van Wormer and Linda Roth, "Guns on Point Loma: A History of Fort Rosecrans and the Defense of San Diego Harbor," The Military on Point Loma (San Diego: Cabrillo Historical Association, 1985), 11. This article provides a summary of the military presence on Point Loma and describes the various installations in more detail than is possible to deal with here.
53"History of Harbor Defenses," 3.
54Nearly all Army big-gun fire was controlled by optical methods in the hopes of achieving the accuracy required to hit the target with the first shot. Telescopes on rigid mounts and with various scales to indicate direction and elevation angles were located in steel and concrete boxes called base-end stations. These boxes were located at exactly known locations with respect to the gun or battery served and communicated with the plotting room of the fort or the individual battery.
In most cases, there were one or two near the gun and one or two each direction along the coast, generally five to ten miles away. The stations were usually almost buried with only a six inch slit and a foot of roof visible. Two base end stations still exist on the grounds of the monument. Robert D. Zink, "A Tourist's Guide to the Fixed Defenses of San Diego Harbor," 1971, unpublished typescript on file at Cabrillo National Monument.
56Van Wormer and Roth, "Guns on Point Loma," 14. Though most of the large gun batteries have been destroyed by later construction or used by the Navy for other purposes, the giant doors of Battery Ashford can still be seen on the approach road to Cabrillo National Monument. In addition, remnants of bunkers and searchlight installations still exist on monument grounds.
57White to Director, 14 October 1941. CNM File, RG 79, NA.
58Confidential Memo from White to Regional Director, 5 January 1943, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
60Herbert Maier to O.A. Tomlinson, 11 January 1943, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
61Kahler to Director, 8 February 1943, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
62Conrad L. Wirth to Director, 26 February 1943, CNM File, RG 79. NA.
63Arthur E. Demaray to Director, 3 March 1943, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
64White to Regional Director, Region Four, 15 March 1946, CNM File. RG 79, NA.
67Ronald F. Lee to Director, 25 March 1946, RG 79, CNM File, NA.
68Drury to Demaray, 5 April 1946, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
69Rock to White, 30 April 1946, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
70San Diego Tribune, 20 September 1946.
71San Diego Journal, 21 September 1946.
72San Diego Union, 25 September 1946. Either Lee erred, or the newspaper misquoted him, because Joshua Tree National Monument, established in 1933, was another Park Service property south of Sequoia.
73San Diego Union, 5 November 1946.
75San Diego Union, 12 November 1946.
76Telegram from Director to Regional Director, Region Four, 5 February 1947, CNM File, RG 79, NA.
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