BUFFALO Let The River Be: A History of the Ozark's Buffalo River

1. Charles O. Paullin, Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, ed. by John K. Wright, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications, No. 401 (Washington: Published Jointly by Carnegie Institution of Washington and the American Geographical Society of New York, 1932), plate 76-F.

2. Ibid.; United States, Census Bureau, [1970 Census], Nineteenth Decennial Census of the United States, Census of Population: 1970, vol. I, Part 5, Arkansas (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 7.

3. John Quincy Wolf, Life in the Leatherwoods, ed. by John Quincy Wolf, Jr. (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1974), pp. 75, 132.

4. John Shaw, (Colonel), "Shaw's Narrative," Wisconsin State Historical Society Collections, II (1903), p. 201.

5. Ibid., p. 202.

6. For an interesting study of the trapper as entrepreneur see William H. Goetzmann, "The Mountain Man as Jacksonian Man," American Quarterly, XV (Fall 1963), pp. 402-415.

7. Henry R. Schoolcraft, Journal of a Tour into the Interior of Missouri and Arkansaw, From Potosi, or Mine a Burton, in Missouri Territory, in a South-West Direction, Toward the Rocky Mountains: Performed in the years 1818 and 1819 (London: Printed for Sir Richard Phillips and Co., 1821), p. 72.

8. Robert B. Walz, "Migration into Arkansas 1834-1889," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, 1958), p. 295.

9. Ibid.; Everard B. Dickinson to Philo Dickinson, June 21, 1850, Dickinson Collection, J.N. Heiskell Collection, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Special Collections.

10. Frederick L. Paxson, History of the American Frontier 1763-1893 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1924), p. 299.

11. Charles J. Kappler, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, vol. II (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), pp. 288-292; Charles C. Royce, "The Cherokee Nation of Indians," in Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1883-'84 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1887), pp. 247-248.

12. Timothy Flint, A Condensed Geography and History of the Western States or the Mississippi Valley, introduction by Bernard Rosenthal, vol. I (Gainsville, Florida: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1970), p. v.

13. Ibid., I, pp. 571-573.

14. A Reminiscent History of the Ozark Region, Comprising A Condensed General History, A Brief Descriptive History of Each County, and Numerous Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens of Such Counties (Chicago: Goodspeed Brothers, 1894), p. 194.

15. Orville J. McInturff, Searcy County, My Dear: A History of Searcy County, Arkansas (Marshall, Arkansas: Marshall Mountain Wave, 1963), p. 5.

16. Walter F. Lackey, History of Newton County. Arkansas (Point Lookout, Missouri: S of O Press, 1950), p. 56.

17. A Reminiscent History, p. 322.

18. Lackey, History of Newton County, p. 18.

19. Everard B. Dickinson to Philo Dickinson, September 22, 1848, Dickinson Collection; Marian Burnes, "Early Days in Marion County," Yellville (Arkansas) Mountain Echo, November 7, 1963, p. 2.

20. A Reminiscent History, p. 289; Otto E. Rayburn, Ozark Country, (New York: Duel, Sloan & Pearce, 1941), p. 182; S.C. Turnbo, "Stories of the Ozarks: Accounts of Pioneer Life in Southwest Missouri and Northwest Arkansas in the Country Adjacent to the White River; Where the Pioneers Lived, How They Lived and Died and Where They are Buried and Particularly the Adventures of the First Settlers With the Wild Animals of those Regions—Buffaloes, Bears, Deer, Wolves, Panthers, Catamounts, Wildcats, Snakes, and Wild Turkeys," (typescript, J.N. Heiskell Collection, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Special Collections), IV, p. 1132.

21. Mrs. J.N. Bromley, "Colorful Colonel Campbell: Searcy County Pioneer Who Came to Arkansas From Tennessee and Settled on Lower Calf Creek Played a Big Part in Civic and Political Life of His Section," Little Rock Arkansas Gazette, August 29, 1937, Magazine Section, p. 5; F.D. Campbell, "The Honorable Colonel Campbell and His Descendants," (typescript, Searcy County Library, Marshall, Arkansas). p. 3; James J. Johnston, "Letter of John Campbell, Unionist," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, XXIX (Summer 1970), pp. 176-177.

22. Noah Barnett to J.J. Johnston, September 6, 1973, James J. Johnston Private Collection, Marshall, Arkansas.

23. Walz, "Migration," p. 296.

24. Melbourne (Arkansas) Clipper, August 11, 1877, p. 1; Fay Hempstead, A Pictorial History of Arkansas, From Earliest Times to the year 1890, A Full and Complete Account, Embracing the Indian Tribes Occupying the Country: the Early French and Spanish Explorers and Governors; the Colonial Period: the Louisiana Purchase: the Period of the Territory, the State, the Civil War, and the Subsequent Period, Also, an Extended History of Each County in Order of Formation, and of the Principal Cities and Towns: Together with Biographical Notices of Distinguished and Prominent Citizens (St. Louis: N.D. Thompson Publishing Company, 1890), p. 1029.

25. William D. James, A Sketch of the Life of Brig. Gen. Francis Marion and A History of His Brigade From Its Rise in June 1780 until Disbanded in December, 1782 With Descriptions of Characters and Scenes Not Heretofore Published, Containing Also An Appendix With Copies of Letters Which Passed Between Several of the Leading Characters of That Day Principally From Gen. Greene to Gen. Marion (Marietta, Georgia: Continental Book Company, 1948), pp. 15-18, 181.

26. Melbourne (Arkansas) Clipper, August 11, 1877, p. 1; Kelly Bryant, Historical Report of the Secretary of State (Little Rock: Kelly Bryant, 1968), p. 241.

27. Hempstead, Pictorial History, p. 1049; Dallas T. Herndon, ed., Annals of Arkansas, vol. II (Little Rock: Historical Record Association, 1947), p. 717.

28. Little Rock Arkansas Advocate, January 9, 1833, p. 3; John Hallum, Biographical and Pictorial History of Arkansas (Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers, 1887), vol. I, p. 241; Robert Neill, "Reminiscences of Independence County," Publications of the Arkansas Historical Association, III (1911), p. 341.

29. Hempstead, Pictorial History, p. 1049; McInturff, Searcy County, pp. 10-12.

30. Hempstead, Pictorial History, p. 1073; Lackey, History of Newton County, p. 13.

31. Margaret Ross, "Whigs Often Elected to State Legislature; Only One, Newton, Ever Went to Congress," Little Rock Arkansas Gazette, March 31, 1968, p. E6; Josiah H. Shinn, Pioneers and Makers of Arkansas (Baltimore: Genealogical and Historical Publishing Company, 1908), pp. 190-192.

32. United States, Census Bureau, [1840 Census], Sixth Census of Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States as Corrected At the Department of State, in 1840 (Washington: Printed by Blair and Rives, 1841), p. 432; United States, Census Bureau, [1850 Census], The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 (Washington: Robert Armstrong, Public Printer, 1853), pp. 528-535; United States, Census Bureau, [1860 Census], Population of the United States in 1860 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), pp. 12-17.

33. United States, Census Bureau, [1860 Census], Population..., pp. 12-17; United States, Census Bureau, [1970 Census], Nineteenth Decennial Census of the United States, Census of Population: 1970, vol. I, Part 5, Arkansas (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 7.

34. Walz, "Migration," p. 111.

35. Benjamin H. Hibbard, A History of the Public Land Policies (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), p. 144.

36. Marion Clawson, Uncle Sam's Acres (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1951), pp. 63-64; Walz, "Migration," p. 7.

37. Aaron M. Sakolski, Land Tenure and Land Taxation in America (New York: Robert Schalkenback Foundation, 1957), p. 129.

38. [United States, Land Office], Original Field Notes, East and South Boundary, T14N R18W, Book 559A, Bundle 62, p. 482.

39. United States, Statutes at Large, "An Act making further provision for the sale of the public lands," April 24, 1820, vol. III, pp. 566-567; Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain, Its History, With Statistics, With References to the National Domain, Colonization, Acquirement of the Territory, the Survey, Administration and Several Methods of Sale and Disposition of the Public Domain of the United States, With Sketch of Legislative History of the Land States and Territories, and References to the Land System of the Colonies, and Also That of Several Foreign Governments (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1884), p. 206.

40. A check of the initial survey maps revealed a list of individuals living within the drainage basin at the time of the first government survey. The list was then cross-checked with the entry records which provided the names of the original owners and dates of the patents. Maps and entry records are located in the Arkansas State Land Office, Little Rock, Arkansas.

41. Ibid.

42. Gertrude Studyvin (Compton, Arkansas) to Dwight Pitcaithley, August 15, 1974, taped interview, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University.

43. United States, Census Bureau, [1850 Census], The Seventh Census..., p. 344.

44. United States, Census Bureau, [1850 Census], Manuscript Schedules, Social Statistics, Marion County, Arkansas, Special Collections Library, University of Arkansas.

45. Ibid.

46. United States, Census Bureau, [1850 Census], The Seventh Census..., p. 552.

47. United States, Census Bureau, [1850 Census], Statistical View of the United States, Embracing Its Territory, Population—White, Free Colored, and Slave—Moral and Social Condition, Industry, Property, and Revenue: The Detailed Statistics of Cities, Towns, and Counties, Being a Compendium of the Seventh Census; to Which are added the Results of Every Previous Census Beginning With 1790, in Comparative Tables, With Explanatory and Illustrative Notes, Based Upon the Schedules and Other Official Sources of Information (Washington: Beverly Tucker, Senate Printer, 1854), p. 202.

48. United States, Census Bureau, [1860 Census], Population..., pp. 15-17; McInturff, Searcy County, pp. 79-80; United States, Census Bureau, [1860 Census], Agriculture of the United States in 1860: Compiled From the Original Returns of the Eighth Census (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), p. 224; National Archives Microfilm Publications, Microcopy No. 653, Population Schedules of the Eighth Census of the United States, 1960, Roll 54 Arkansas [Slave Schedules], Volume 2, p. 44; Messick, Mary Ann, History of Baxter County, 1873-1973 (Mountain Home: Mountain Home Chamber of Commerce, 1973), pp. 43, 377.

49. United States, Census Bureau, [1840 Census], Sixth Census..., p. 94; Ibid., [1850 Census], The Seventh Census..., pp. 528-535; Ibid., [1860 Census], Population..., pp. 12-17; Ibid., [1850 Census], "Population Schedules of the Seventh Census of the United States: 1850," Micro-copy No. 432, Roll 28 (Washington: National Archives, 1964), Marion County, pp. 1-47.

50. United States, Census Bureau, [1840 Census], Sixth Census..., p. 439; Ibid., [1850 Census], The Seventh Census..., p. 535; Ibid., [1860 Census], Population..., pp. 15-18.

51. Clyde W. Cathey, "Slavery in Arkansas," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, III (Spring 1944), pp. 72-73. See also Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Master: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974), pp. 372-374; Taylor, Orville W., Negro Slavery in Arkansas, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1958), pp. 256-258.